Anatomy Chapter 12 Summary Questions

Response to a withdrawal reflex; causes extension of the opposite limb

Cross extensor reflex

There is ___ coccygeal nerve

1

From superficial to deep, put the following meninges and their related spaces in the correct order.

1. Dura mater 2. Subdural space 3. Arachnoid mater 4. Subarachnoid space 5. Pia mater

There are _____ thoracic nerves

12

There are __________ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the vertebral column.

31

There are _____ lumbar and sacral nerves

5

Place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor. (1) motor neuron(2) interneuron(3) effector(4) sensory neuron(5) sensory receptor

5. sensory receptor 4. sensory neuron 2. interneuron 1. motor neuron 3. effector

Moving inferiorly, there are ___ cervical nerves

8

Stimulates muscle contraction

Alpha motor neuron

Loss of sensation

Anesthesia

Complex neuronal pathways and integrative centers

Polysynaptic reflex arc

Most superficial and thickest meninx

Dura mater

Delicate layer of connective tissue surrounding a single axon and its Schwann cell sheath

Endoneurium

Surrounds each axon

Endoneurium

A surgery of extended length:

Epidural anesthesia

The spinal cord contains two enlargements: cervical and thoracic.

False

Prevents contracting muscles from applying tension to tendons

Golgi tendon reflex

Clinical examination of CSF fluid pressure:

Lumbar puncture

Stiffness in the neck and headache

Meningitis

Sensory neurons synapse with motor neurons

Monosynaptic reflex arc

Simple neuronal pathways

Monosynaptic reflex arc

Sensory receptor of a stretch reflex

Muscle spindle

Stretch Reflex

Muscle spindles and initiated by and increase in muscle length

Confirmation of possible spinal cord damage:

Myelogram

Pain along a nerve tract

Neuralgia

Inflammation of a nerve

Neuritis

Layer of connective tissue surrounding a nerve fascicle

Perineurium

Surrounds groups of axons to form fascicles

Perineurium

The meninx bound tightly to brain and spinal cord

Pia mater

Golgi Tendon Reflex

Receptors embedded in collagen of tendons and initiated by excessive force in the tendon

Functional unit of the nervous system

Reflex arc

Withdrawal Reflex

Removes body part from painful stimulus

Pain radiating down the back of the thigh and leg

Sciatica

Lower extremity injury requiring immediate surgery:

Spinal anesthesia

The simplest reflex where muscles contract in response to excessive stretch

Stretch reflex

What structure makes the dorsal root different from the ventral root?

The dorsal root has a ganglion.

The middle meninx

arachnoid mater

Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ____________ plexus.

brachial

Dermatome maps are important clinically because they

can be used to help locate nerve damage.

The __________ enlargement of the spinal cord is the location where nerves that supply the upper limbs enter and leave the spinal cord, and the __________ enlargement is the location where nerves that supply the lower limbs enter and leave the spinal cord.

cervical; lumbosacral

The sensory neurons conduct action potentials through the _____ of the spinal cord.

dorsal root

The spinal cord extends from the level of the __________ to the level of the __________.

foramen magnum; second lumbar vertebra

A ________ conducts action potentials from the spinal cord to an effector organ.

motor neuron

The cross-sectional view of the spinal cord reveals white matter on the

outside, gray matter on the inside, and a ventral motor root.

Interneurons are used in _______ reflex arcs.

polysynaptic

Each half of the gray matter is organized into the ____________ horns.

posterior, anterior, lateral

A _______ conducts action potentials from the stimulus site to the spinal cord.

sensory neuron

A stimulus is detected by a _______.

sensory receptor

The motor neurons conduct action potentials through the ______ of the spinal cord.

ventral root

Separates dura mater from periosteum

Epidural space

A layer of dense connective tissue surrounding a nerve

Epineurium

Surrounds a group of fascicles to form a nerve

Epineurium

Stimulates contraction of the muscle spindles

Gamma motor neuron

Sensory neurons synapse with interneurons

Polysynaptic reflex arc

Neuron cell bodies are located in the __________ matter, and myelinated axons are located in the __________ matter.

gray; white

The basic structural unit of the nervous system is the _______, and the basic functional unit of the nervous system is the _______.

neuron; reflex arc

Removes a body part from a painful stimulus

withdrawal reflex