Anatomy Chapter 19-Blood

pluripotent stem cells

(hemocytoblasts): immature stem cells in red bone marrow having the capacity to develop into many different types of mature cells or blood cells. A small % (0.05-0.1%) of red bone marrow cells. Derived from mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)these stem cells produce two types of stem cells: myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

platelet adhesion

1st step in platelet plug formation; platelets contact and stick to damaged blood vessel

Platelet release reaction

2nd step in platelet plug formation; platelets release the contents (chemicals) of their granules

platelet aggregation

3rd step in platelet plug formation; Released ADP makes platelets sticky so they adhere to platelet adhesion.

Platelet plug

4th and final step in platelet formation; a mass of accumulated and attached platelets. Plug becomes tight when reinforced by fibrin threads. Platelet-plug formation is good for preventing blood loss in small vessels.

defensins

A group of small antibacterial proteins produced primarily by neutrophils.

Hemoglobin

A oxygen carrying hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color.

antigens

A substance that has immunogenicity (the ability to have an immune response) and reactivity (the ability to react with the antibodies or cells that result from the immune response); contraction of the words antibody generator.

intrinsic pathway

Activators of this pathway are in direct contact with blood or contained within (intrinsic to) the blood. Occurs slower; more complex takes several minutes, but culminates in prothrombinase.

A, B

Blood Type A contains ___ Antigen on RBC's, and Anti-___ Antibody in plasma?

A & B, Neither

Blood Type AB contains ____ Antigen on RBC's and _______ antibody in plasma?

B, A

Blood Type B contains ___Antigen on RBC's, and Anti-___ Antibody in plasma?

Alkaline

Blood has a pH or 7.35-7.45 which makes it more _______ than acidic.

5-6, 4-5

Blood has a volume of _____liters (1.5 gal)-adult male and ____liters (1.4 gal) in adult female due to body size.

agglutinins

Blood plasma contains antibodies called__________ for the antigens you do not have. These ________ are named based on the blood antigen they work against: Anti-A antibody which reacts with antigen A Anti-B antibody which reacts with antigen B

Neither A or B, Both A and B

Blood type O contains _______ antigen on RBC's and _______ Antibodies in plasma?

precursor cells

Cells that develop into the actual formed elements of blood. Also called blasts.

vascular spasm

Contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of damaged blood vessels to prevent blood loss.

finger stick or heel stick

Diabetic patients use _______ _______ for monitoring. Children also are monitored by _____ _____.

progenitor cells

During hemopoiesis, (1) some of the myeloid stem cells differentiate into ___________ _____. These cells can't reproduce and are committed to giving rise to specific elements of blood. Also know as Colony Forming Units (CFUs) They give rise to blasts or precursor cells.

ABO Blood Group

Genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of two glycolipd antigens called A and B on the surface of red blood cells; phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O.

Yellow bone marrow

Gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells, but can reactive to red bone marrow if you have a trauma condition such as severe bleeding.

Nitric oxide (NO)

Hemoglobin transports ______ _____ , a gaseous hormone produced by the endothelial cells lining blood vessels. In certain circumstances, the hemoglobin releases the NO causing vasodilation.

agglutination

In an incompatible blood transfusion, antibodies in the recipient's plasma bind to the antigens on the donated RBCs which causes agglutination, or clumping. ___________is an antigen-antibody response where RBCs become cross linked to one another. Can lead to hemolysis (= rupture) of the donor RBCs and release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream, resulting in possible kidney damage by clogging filtration membranes.

blood doping

Injecting previously stored RBC's before an athletic event, allowing more cells available to deliver oxygen to tissues, it is Dangerous due to increased blood viscosity and the forcing of the heart to work harder, and is banned by Olympic committee.

reticulocyte count

Monitoring tool for rate of erythropoiesis. In normal blood, reticulocytes account for 0.5-1.5% of all RBCs in a normal blood sample. Low (e.g anemia) or high (e.g. iron therapy) retic counts can tell how an individual is or responds to treatment.

Cross match

Once completed, the type and Rh factor known, then a _____ _____ is done. In a ______ _____, several possible donor RBCs are individually tested by mixing with the blood serum of the recipient and observing for any reaction. If agglutination does not occur, the recipient does not have antibodies that will attack the donor RBCs.

thrombocytes

Platelets or _______ are cell fragments with a few functions such as helping to stop blood loss from damaged blood, responsible for blood clotting. Originate in the red bone marrow.

platelet plug

Platelets: help stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels for forming a _______ ____ and release chemicals that promote blood clotting. Platelets store a lot of chemicals in granules (vesicles) that are needed for _______ ____ formation such as alpha granules(clotting factors) and dense granules(ADP, ATP, Ca+2,serotonin).

proteins

Principal solutes of blood plasma include ______ (albumins, globulins, fibriongen), nutrients, enzymes, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products.

Fibrinogen

Protein found in blood, it's purpose is for blood clotting.

Albumin

Protein found in blood, it's purpose is to maintain blood osmotic pressure.

Globulins

Protein in blood, also known as immunoglobulins, and it contains antibodies that bind to invading, foreign substances called antigens, it also forms antigen-antibody complexes, disabling the invading antigen.

plasma proteins, hepatocytes

Proteins confined to the blood are called ______ ______; they are produced in the liver by ________ (liver cells). They include Albumin, Fibrinogen, and Globulins. 2% electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, and wast products.

biconcave

RBC shape that provides more surface area for oxygen transfer.

spleen and liver

Red blood cells are removed from circulation and destroyed by fixed phagocytic macrophages in the ______ and _____.

erythrocytes

Red blood cells or RBCs also called ________, this whole blood cell has only a few functions. They carry oxygen to the body and contain a protein called hemoglobin.

bright red, darker red

The blood is ____ ___ when oxygenated, and _____ ____ when low in O2.

Cardiovascular system

The body system of the blood, the heart, and the blood vessels which transports, regulates, and protects the body maintaining homeostasis.

chemotaxis

The chemical attraction of WBCs to a disease or injury site is termed __________.

120 days

The life span of a red blood cell is ____ ____.

hematocrit

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC's. ______ of 40 means 40% of the volume of blood is composed of RBCs., Range for adult females: 38-46%, avg. 42, Range for adult males: 40-54%, avg. 47. Male is higher due to higher testosterone resulting in more EPO (erythropoietin) and stimulation of production of RBCs. Also, lower in female during child-bearing years due to blood loss at menstruation.

White Blood Cells

These cells have nuclei and do not contain hemoglobin. They fight disease and foreign materials invading the body. They are classified in two groups Granular and Agranular. These cells are 700x more abundant in blood than RBCs. Only 2% are in circulating blood, the remainder is in the lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymph nodes & spleen.

common pathway

Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads which form the threads of the clot.

extrinsic pathway

Tissue protein called a tissue factor (TF; thromboplastin) leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initates the formation of prothrombinase. Very rapid; occurs in seconds if trauma is severe.

Vitamin K

Vitamin Required for synthesis of 4 clotting factors by hepatocytes in the liver, Normal clotting requires adequate _______ _ so that factors are present. Insufficient _______ _ in the body can lead to uncontrolled bleeding. _______ _ is produced by bacteria in large intestine

O-

What blood type is the universal donor of blood?

AB +

What blood type is the universal recipient of blood?

5-9 days

What is the lifespan of platelets or thrombocytes?

emigration

White Blood cells leave the blood stream by __________. In ______They roll along the endothelium of the blood vessel, stick to it, and squeeze between the endothelial cells. (same word)

leukocytes

White blood cells or WBCs, also called ______, this whole blood cell has many specialized functions such as fighting disease and foreign materials invading the body, this contains no hemoglobin.

platelet-derived

_________-_______ growth factor which causes proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle and fibroblasts to begin the repair damaged vessels.

embolus

a blood clot, bubble of air, fat material, or debris transported by bloodstream that might lodge downstream and block blood flow to a vital organ or area.

Granular leukocytes

a classification of white blood cells that contain conspicuous chemical-filled granules (vesicles) that are visible by staining when viewed through a light microscope. They develop from myeloid stem cells. Include three types: eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils.

thrombosis

a clot in an undamaged blood vessel. Occurs when blood clots to easily. forming a clot in an unbroken blood vessel (usually a vein)

blood

a connective tissue, is composed of liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma that dissolves and suspends various cells and cell fragments or formed elements.

hypoxia

a decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood resulting in cellular oxygen deficiency. Many causes: altitude, anemia, circulation problems.

Transports

a function of blood; ________oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and hormones to and from body cells. Oxygen from the lungs for cell respiration and returning the waste carbon dioxide; nutrients from the gastrointestinal areas, and hormones from the endocrine system - all to the cells of the body. Chemical symbols: oxygen: O2 carbon dioxide: CO2

regulates

a function of blood; it ________body pH and temperature. Chemical buffers regulate body pH. Body temperature is regulated because of the unique physical properties of water, the main constituent of blood plasma.

leukocytosis

a high white blood cell count. It is a normal, protective response to stress (e.g. invading microbes, strenuous exercise, surgery, etc.), where WBCs increase above 10,000 μL.

leukopenia

a low white blood cell count. It is an abnormally low level of white blood cells, below 5000/μL, which is never beneficial! Radiation, shock, or chemotherapy can cause it.

anemia

a lower than normal number of RBCs is called

prothrombin

a plasma protein formed by the liver.

prostacyclin

a powerful inhibitor of platelet adhesion and release. Produced by endothelial cells and WBCs. Clots are localized partly due to this inhibitor

globin

a protein found in hemoglobin composed of four polypeptide chaings.

heme

a ring-like non-protein pigment found in hemoglobin, linked to each polypeptide chain in the globin protein. At the center is an iron ion (FE+2) which binds to one oxygen molecule.

Fibrinolytic system

a series of reactions that dissolve blood clots at the site of trauma after the damage is repaired, as well as small, inappropriate clots

lymphocyte

a type of agranular leukocyte that develop from lymphoid stem cell. Variable in sizes from 6-9 to 10-14 μm in diameter. Three types : T lymphocytes (T cells), B lymphocytes (B cells) and natural killer (NK) cells. Together: 20-25% of circulating WBCs in the blood.

monocyte

a type of agranular leukocyte that develop from myeloid stem cell. 12-20 μm in diameter. <3-8% of circulating WBCs in the blood. The blood transports monocytes into the tissues where they differentiate to phagocytic cells called macrophages ("large eaters"). Two types: fixed macrophages and wandering macrophages

Rh Blood Group

a type of blood characterized by the inheritance of a specific antigen on the surface of RBCs; first discovered in the blood of a Rhesus monkey.

fixed macrophages

a type of macrophage that is stationary; reside in a particular tissue e.g. lungs, spleen, etc.

wandering macrophages

a type of macrophage that roams the tissues to sites of infection or inflammation.

myeloid stem cell

a type of pluripotent stem cell which give rise to RBC's, some types of WBCs, and platelets.

lymphoid stem cell

a type of pluripotent stem cell which gives rise to lymphocytes, another type of WBCs.

anti-Rh antibodies

antibodies that are not normally in blood. However, if a Rh- person receives a transfusion from an Rh+ person, the immune system starts to make ____-__ __________ that will remain in the blood. If a second transfusion of Rh+ is given later, agglutination and hemolysis of the RBCs in the donated blood occurs and a severe reaction may occur. Rhogam is given to inhibit these serious reactions.

blood groups

are categorized based on presence or absence of these agglutinogens (antigens) Within _____ _____ there may be two or more different blood types.

thrombolytic agents

are prescribed and injected to dissolve clots Action: they directly or indirectly activate plasminogen to plasmin Example agents: streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

lymphocytes

are the main WBC soldiers in the immune system battles. The three types are: B cells or B ______, T cells or T _________, and natural killer cells. (same word)

density

blood is thicker than water and sticky this is it's _______.

formed elements

cell and cell fragments. Blood is 45% of these, including RBCs (>99% of the 45%), WBCs, and platelets (<1% of the 45%). In centrifuged blood, plasma on top, RBCs on bottom, and WBCs and platelets form a buffy coat layer between RBCs and plasma.

Clotting factors (Coagulating factors)

chemical substances that are involved in the clotting process. Includes: Ca+2, enzymes synthesized by liver cells and substances released by platelets or damaged tissues.

agranular leukocytes

classification of White Blood cells that contain inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules not visible under a light microscope, due to small size and poor staining qualities. This includes lympocytes and monocytes.

Red blood cells

disc shaped, biconcave cell with a strong plasma membrane that lacks a nucleus. It contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules , and is specialized for oxygen transport. These cells use no oxygen that they transport, because they generate ATP anaerobically.

Fibrinolysis

dissolution of a clot.

pulmonary embolism

embolus in the lungs.

reticulocyte

final precursor of the erythrocyte which loses its nucleus, producing the biconcave shape and passes from red bone marrow into the bloodstream. In 1-2 days in the bloodstream it matures to an erythrocyte.

protects, phagocytosis

function of blood; ______body against disease. The unique property of clotting in a wound. The action of WBC (white blood cells) against disease in removal by ___________. The action of blood proteins such as antibodies protecting against disease.

adhesion molecules

help WBCs stick to the endothelium. The molecules are produced in the area of injury or inflammation.

Cytokines

hemopoietic growth hormone produced by bone marrow and stimulates increase of progenitor cells in red bone marrow and regulate activities of cells involved in non-specific defense (phagocytes) and immune response. Includes colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

hemopoietic growth hormone which is produced by the kidneys and increases RBC precursors. Effective in treating low RBC production caused by kidney disease.

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

hemopoietic growth hormone which is produced by the liver and stimulates platelet formation. It also helps prevent platelet depletion during chemotherapy.

Red bone marrow

highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces in spongy bone tissue that is the primary site of formed element production in the body. Locations of production: axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur, Infants-all bone marrow is red and engaged in blood cell production, In adults, this marrrow becomes inactive and is replaced by yellow bone marrow.

hemopoietic growth factors

hormones that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells. (There are no growth factors for the other myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells.) They are: Erythropoietin (EPO), Thrombopoietin (TPO), and Cytokines.

Rh Negative

if RBCs do not have Rh antigens one is __ ______.

Rh Positive

if RBCs have Rh antigens one is __ _______.

agglutinogens

in blood group studies, antigens are called ____________ and occur in certain combinations.

polycythemia

in this condition the percentage of RBCs is abnormally high. Hematocrit may reach 65% or higher. this raises viscosity of blood, Resistance to flow, more work for heart to pump, Increased risk of high blood pressure and stroke. Causes: abnormal RBC production, tissue hypoxia, dehydration, blood doping in athletes.

differential white blood cell count

is a diagnostic test in which specific white blood cells are counted. Since each type of WBC plays a different role, the percentage of each type in the blood assists diagnosis of condition.

clot

is a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin in which formed blood elements are trapped.

complete blood count or CBC

is a test that screens for anemia and various infections. It usually includes counts of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets per μL of whole blood; hematocrit and differential white blood cell count. The amount of hemoglobin in grams per mL is also determined.

vasodialation

is an increase in blood vessel diameter that occurs when the smooth wall muscle relaxes. Blood flow improves so oxygen delivery is enhanced.

Rh Factor typing

is done similarly using antiserum with anti-Rh antibodies. A reaction indicates Rh+. If there is no reaction, the blood is Rh-.

plasminogen

is incorporated into the clot when formed. When activated by tissues or blood to plasmin, it begins to dissolve the clot. ("Kerplunk!")

interstitial fluid

is the fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood - bringing nutrients and oxygen and removing wastes and carbon dioxide.

T Lymphocytes or T cells

lymphocyte that attacks and destroys viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells and bacteria. Responsible for transfusion reactions and rejection.

B Lymphocytes or B cells

lymphocyte that destroys bacteria and inactivate their toxins. Cause immune response against some diseases (production of antibodies.)

lysosyme

neutrophil enzyme to break down cell membrane and "lyse = break apart, split" the invader

blood-clotting cascade

one in a fixed sequence, resulting in the formation of insoluble fibrin threads and a blood clot. 1. prothrombinase, 2 prothrombinase and Ca+2 convert to prothrombin into thrombin, 3. common pathway.

Neutrophils

phagocytosis - the injesting, engulfing of bacteria and disposal of dead matter. all of the WBCs, ___________ respond most quickly to tissue destruction by bacteria. After engulfing a pathogen, the __________ unleashes several chemicals to destroy the pathogen: lysosyme, strong oxidants such as oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, and defensisns. (same word)

ABO Blood Typing

single drops of blood are mixed with the appropriate antisera (e.g. anti-A serum and anti-B serum). Anti-A serum contains anti-A antibodies, Anti-B serum contains anti-B antibodies, If the blood only reacts with anti-A serum, blood type is A If the blood only reacts with anti-B serum, blood type is B If blood reacts with anti-A and anti-B serum, blood type is AB If blood reacts with neither, blood type is O Reaction is agglutination!

anticoagulants

substances that delay, suppress, or prevent blood clotting. e.g. antithrombin. Prescribed man-made: heparin, warfarin (coumadin), citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD)-used in stored blood in blood banks.

temperature

the ______ of blood is 38 degrees Celcius, 100.4 degrees F- slight higher than oral or rectal body _______.

Hematology

the branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and their disorders.

clot retraction

the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot, pulling the vessel edges together. The platelets in the clot release fibrin stabilizing factor which strengthens and stabilizes the fibers of the clot. Then, the tear is repaired by fibroblasts forming connective tissue in the ruptured area and new endothelial cells repairing the vessel lining.

Proerythroblast

the precursor cell of the erythrocyte which divides several times, each cell producing hemoglobin and as it matures ejecting the nucleus, becoming a reticulocyte.

hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

the process by which the formed elements of blood develop. Formed 1. Early: occurs in the yolk sac of an embryo 2 As fetus forms: occurs in liver, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes 3. In last three months of baby development and after birth: red bone marrow becomes the primary site.

Clotting or coagulation

the process of gel formation.

Erythropoiesis

the production of RBCs beginning in the red bone marrow. Pluripotent stem cell differentiates to myeloid stem cell, then to progenitor cells, then to a CFU-E or proerythroblast, which divides, produces and stores hemoglobin, finally giving up its' nucleus as a reticulocyte and forming a mature erythrocyte.

bone marrow transplant

the replacement of cancerous or abnormal red bone marrow with healthy red bone marrow in order to establish normal blood cell counts. Used for treatment of: Anemia, leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease, Hodgkin's, others

hemostasis

the sequences of responses that stops bleeding. Three mechanisms that reduce blood loss: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting.

serum

the straw-colored liquid that is blood plasma minus clotting proteins. (The liquid separated from gel.)

Transfusion

the transfer of whole blood or blood components into the bloodstream or directly into the red bone marrow. Blood components can be plasma only or RBCs only. Given for anemia, to increase blood volume, or to improve immunity, or other reasons.

cord-blood transplant

the utilization of stem cells from the umbilical cord connecting mother and fetus, obtained shortly after birth, frozen in cord-blood banks, and used later for stem cell transplants. Has several advantages over bone marrow transplant such as higher abundance of stem cells, less rejection problems allow more donors, less transmission of infections, and indefinite storage.

basophils

type of granular leukocyte that contain round, variable-sized granules that stain blue-purple with basic dyes. Granules obscure the nucleus which is two lobed. <1% of circulating WBCs in the blood. release granules that contain heparin, histamine, and serotonin which intensify the inflammatory reactions and are involved in allergic reactions.

neutrophils

type of granular leukocyte that contain smaller, evenly distributed granules and are pale lilac in color. The nucleus has two to five lobes (older more lobes) connected by thin strands of chromatin. 60-70% of circulating WBCs.

eosinophils

type of granular leukocyte that contains large uniform-sized granules which stain red-orange with acidic dyes. Nucleus can be easily seen and has a distinctive two lobes connected by a thick strand of chromatin. 2-4% of circulating WBCs. (1) release enzymes to combat inflammation substance such as histamine, (2)phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, and (3) combat parasitic worms.

Natural Killer cells (NK)

type of lymphocyte that attacks and destroys infectious microbes and certain tumor cells.

blood plasma

watery liquid extracellular matrix with dissolved substances. Blood is made up of 55% of this. It consists of 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes.

gel

when blood leaves the vessels it thickens and forms a ___. The ___ is called a clot.

hemorrhage

when blood takes to long to clot.

Venipuncture

withdrawal of blood from vein. Utilizes a tourniquet to accumulate blood & make it visible.

Arterial stick

withdrawal of blood used to monitor oxygen level in monitored blood.

major histocompatibility antigens (MHC)

• WBCs, erythrocytes, and all other nucleated cells of the body, have surface proteins protruding from their plasma membrane into extracellular fluid. These "cell identity markers" are called ________________ ________ and are unique for each person (except for identical siblings). Their normal function is in immune response, helping T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign, not self. They are also the reason for tissue rejection in transplant work.