Anatomy Chapter 5 Review

What is basal cell carcinoma?

"most common skin CA, slow growing lesion, 1-2 cm after years, waxy peearl appearance, may be shiny red, central depresison or rolled edge, volcano look, rarely goes to lymph nodes"

What are the 3 accessory structures associated with skin?

1. Hair 2. Nails 3. Sweat Glands

Describe layers of dermis

1. Papillary layer 2. reticular layer

What are the main functions of the integumentary system?

1. Protection- blocks UV rays barrier to foreign material, keeps skin from drying out and motion/contact 2. Body Temperature Regulation 3. Makes Vitamin D from sunlight 4. Excrete wastes (Sweating)

Describe the layers (stratum) of epidermis.

1. Stratum Corneum 2. Stratum Lucidium 3. Stratum Granulosm 4. Stratum Spinosum 5. Stratum Basale

What are the four types of glands in integumentary system?

1. Sudoriferous Glands 2. Sebaceous glands 3. ceruminous glands 4. mammary glands

What are the four types of cells found in epidermis?

1. basale stratum- deepest layer of epidermis. Produces germinative cells known as keratinocytes, melanocytes and Merkel cells. 2. the spinous layer 3. the granular layer 4. the horned layer: the outermost layer of the epidermis

Why do teenagers often experience acne?

Acne results from a blockage of sebaceous glands by sebum. The blockage causes blackheads to form, which are susceptible to infection. The infected tissue then becomes red and inflamed. Teenagers experience this at high rates because the sebaceous glands become active during puberty. Hormones that are especially active during puberty stimulate the release of sebum, leading in many cases to blockages.

Cells of the epidermis derive from stem cells of the stratum basale. Describe how the cells change as they become integrated into the different layers of the epidermis.

As the cells move into the stratum spinosum, they begin the synthesis of keratin and extend cell processes, desmosomes, which link the cells. As the stratum basale continues to produce new cells, the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum are pushed into the stratum granulosum. The cells become flatter, their cell membranes thicken, and they generate large amounts of the proteins keratin and keratohyalin

Explain the differences between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

Eccrine sweat glands are all over the body, especially the forehead and palms of the hand. They release a watery sweat, mixed with some metabolic waste and antibodies. Apocrine glands are associated with hair follicles. They are larger than eccrine sweat glands and lie deeper in the dermis, sometimes even reaching the hypodermis. They release a thicker sweat that is often decomposed by bacteria on the skin, resulting in an unpleasant odor.

The skin consists of two layers and a closely associated layer. What are the basic functions of each of these layers?

Epidermis provides protection, dermis provides support and flexibility, and the hypodermic (fat layer) provides insulation and padding.

function of stratum basale

Helps repair/regrow skin through stem cells that actively divide

How is hair related to integumentary system?

Kertanious filament growing out of epidermis. Made of dead keratinized cells. The hair protects the skin, and regulates body temperature

Describe the structure and composition of nails.

Nails are composed of densely packed dead keratinocytes. They protect the fingers and toes from mechanical stress. The nail body is formed on the nail bed, which is at the nail root. Nail folds, folds of skin that overlap the nail on its side, secure the nail to the body. The crescent-shaped region at the base of the nail is the lunula.

function of stratum corneum

Protects skin against abrasion and penetration

function of stratum spinosum

Provide strength and flexibility to the skin

What is malignant melanoma?

Rarest and most deadly form of skin cancer, brown spots that spread quickly

Why do scars look different from surrounding skin?

Scars are made of collagen and do not have the cellular structure of normal skin. The tissue is fibrous and does not allow for the regeneration of accessory structures, such as hair follicles, and sweat or sebaceous glands.

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

Second most common type of cancer; accounts for about 30% of lung cancers; more common in men. Arises from the bronchial epithelium of the lungs and bronchus. Slow growing cancer that usually begins at the bronchial tubes; disease nodules tend to be clumped together; produces earlier symptoms because of bronchial obstructive characteristics.

Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis? a. protects underlying organs b. helps maintain body temperature c. source of blood vessels in the epidermis d. a site to long-term energy storage

Source of blood vessels in epidermis

Why do people sweat excessively when exercising outside on a hot day?

Sweating cools the body when it becomes warm. When the body temperature rises, such as when exercising on a hot day, the dermal blood vessels dilate, and the sweat glands begin to secrete more sweat. The evaporation of the sweat from the surface of the skin cools the body by dissipating heat

What determines the color of skin, and what is the process that darkens skin when it is exposed to UV light?

The pigment melanin, produced by melanocytes, is primarily responsible for skin color. Melanin comes in different shades of brown and black. Individuals with darker skin have darker, more abundant melanin, whereas fair-skinned individuals have a lighter shade of skin and less melanin. Exposure to UV irradiation stimulates the melanocytes to produce and secrete more melanin.

Explain your skin's response to a drop in body core temperature.

When the core body temperature drops, the body switches to heat-conservation mode. This can include an inhibition to excessive sweating and a decrease of blood flow to the papillary layers of the skin. This reduction of blood flow helps conserve body heat.

The hair matrix contains ________. a. the hair follicle b. the hair shaft c. the glassy membrane d. a layer of basal cells

a layer of basal cells

Sebaceous glands ________. a. are a type of sweat gland b. are associated with hair follicles c. may function in response to touch d. release a watery solution of salt and metabolic waste

are associated with hair follicles

Eccrine sweat glands ________. a. are present on hair b. are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat c. produce sebum d. act as a moisturizer

are present in skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat.

Bedsores ________. a. can be treated with topical moisturizers b. can result from deep massages c. are preventable by eliminating pressure points d. are caused by dry skin

are preventable by eliminating pressure points

In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________. a. are glands on the skin surface b. can lead to excessive sweating c. are responsible for goose bumps d. secrete sebum

are responsible for goosebumps

what are the different types of skin cancer?

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma

In general, skin cancers ________. a. are easily treatable and not a major health concern b. occur due to poor hygiene c. can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun d. affect only the epidermis

can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun

The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________. a. melanocytes b. keratinocytes c. connective tissue d. adipose tissue

connective tissue

What is third degree burn?

epidermis full thickness of the dermis, and potentially deeper tissues are involved area is painless, white, and charred

An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin? a. epidermis only b. hypodermis only c. epidermis and hypodermis d. epidermis and dermis

epidermis and dermis

What is second degree burn?

epidermis and partial thickness of the dermis are involved. area is painful and blisters are present

One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function? a. stratum lucidum b. desmosomes c. folic acid synthesis d. Merkel cells

folic acid synthesis

function of Stratum lucidium

found only in palms of hands, soles of feet and fingertips

What does the basal stratum produce?

germinative cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes and Merkel cells.

Similar to the hair, nails grow continuously throughout our lives. Which of the following is furthest from the nail growth center? a. nail bed b. hyponychium c. nail root d. eponychium

hyponychium

After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response? a. increased production of melanin by melanocytes b. increased production of connective tissue c. an increase in Pacinian corpuscles around the wound d. an increased activity in the stratum lucidum

increased production of connective tissue

Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells? a. basal cells of the stratum basale b. melanocytes of the stratum basale c. keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum d. Langerhans cells of the stratum lucidum

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria? a. Merkel cells b. keratinocytes c. Langerhans cells d. melanocytes

langerhans cells

How is Nails associated with integumentary system?

nails protect the tips of fingers and toes from mechanical injury. give fingers greater ability to pick up objects. Four types of glands.

How are glands associated with integumentary system?

secrete materials outside of cells and body. produce sweat, maintain body temperature, produce oil which helps inhibit bacteria. keep us waterproof and prevent our skin from drying out

What is the purpose of ceruminous glands?

simple, coiled, tubular glands. classified as apocrine glands, drain into larger ducts, then drain into the guard hairs that reside in external auditory canal.

What is the purpose of sebaceous glands?

small oil producing glands. attached to hair follicles and release fatty and release fatty substance, sebum , into follicular duct and to surface of skin

The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis? a. stratum spinosum b. stratum corneum c. stratum granulosum d. stratum basale

stratum basale

As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out? a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. stratum spinosum d. stratum granulosum

stratum corneum

Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________. a. stratum spinosum b. stratum corneum c. stratum granulosum d. stratum basale

stratum spinosum

Collagen lends ________ to the skin. a. elasticity b. structure c. color d. UV protection

structure

Which ethnicities do you think are exempt from the possibility of albinism?

There are none

if you zoom on the cells of the stratum spinosum, what is distinctive about them?

These cells have desmosomes, which give the cells their spiny appearance.

function of stratum granulosum

Transition layer between dead and alive. Where cells begin apoptosis.

In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________. a. vitamin D synthesis b. arteriole constriction c. folate production d. thermoregulation

Vitamin D synthesis

What is a first degree burn?

only epidermis involved area is painful and erythematous No blisters capillary refill intact Looks like sunburn

An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed? a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. papillary dermis d. stratum granulosum

papillary dermis

What is the purpose of mammary glands?

produce milk for the young. These exocrine glands are enlarged and modified sweat glands.

What is the purpose of sudoriferous glands?

sweat glands. small tubular structures of skin that produce sweat. These glands produce and secrete substances onto epithelial surface by way of duct.

What is the function of the reticular layer of dermis?

thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue. found under papillary layer.

What is the function of the papillary layer of dermis?

thin outer layer of areolar connective tissue with fingerlike projections called dermal papillae that protrude into epidermis.

Describe the process of keratinization

turns stratum corneum of skin into hard protective cover.