Anatomy chapter 6

osteocytes communicate through this

canaliculi

the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin. -closed fracture does not break the skin

open fracture

roughened projection above condyle -femur

epicondyle

compact bone tissue if found_________

-beneath the periosteum -in the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones -overlying spongy bone tissue

which types of bones are found in the axial skeleton?

-flat bones - irregular bones -sutural bones

what types of bones would be in the appendicular skeleton?

-sesamoid -long -short -flat -irregular

how many bones in the adult skeleton?

206

how does cartilage grow in thickness?

addition of more extracellular matrix to the periphery

-a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone. -reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints. - lacks a perichondrium and lacks blood vessels, repair of damage is limited.

articular cartilage

an organ made up of several different tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, adipose tissue and nervous tissue.

bone

laying down new bone -addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

bone deposition

the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

bone remodeling

breakdown of the extracellular matrix

bone resorption

the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts -results in the breakdown of bone extracellular matrix

bone resorption

calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and extracellular matrix calcifies (hardens)

calcification

radiate in all direction form the lacunae -filled with extracellular fluid -connect lacunae with one another and with central canals

canaliculi

perforated (goes through something)

central canal

perforated canal becomes what?

central canal

does not break the skin

closed fracture

fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly

colles fracture

the bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments.

comminuted fracture

type of bone tissue observed at the surface of a bone, also can extend deeper into the bone tissue -makes up most of the diaphysis of the long bone

compact bone

are circular plates of mineralized extracellular matrix of increasing diameter, surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves located in the central canal

concentric lamellae

large protuberance, located at the end of the bone large rounded contuberants You have lateral and medial one of these on your femur

condyle

what are processes that form joints?

condyle, facet, head

prominent ridge or elongated projection -hip bone

crest

what are processes that form attachment points for connective tissue?

crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

the loss of calcium and other minerals from the bone extracellular matrix is known as:

demineralization

forms joints or allow the passage of soft tissues (blood vessels and nerves)

depressions and openings

shaft of the bone

diaphysis

is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity. It contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue.

endosteum

enter the epiphyses of a long bone and supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the epiphyses.

epiphyseal arteries

When bone growth in length stops somewhere between the ages of 14 and 24, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone

epiphyseal line

a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length -->in growing bone each metaphysics has this

epiphyseal plate

proximal and distal ends of the bone

epiphyses

small, smooth, flat articular surface -thoracic vertebrae, ribs

facet

narrow slit in the adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass --orbital tissues and sphenoid bone

fissure

these bones are composed of two parallel plates of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone in between them

flat bone

-cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae -layer of compact/spongy/compact diploe- spongy boen in cranial bones provides protection and areas of muscle attachment

flat bones

the scapula is an example of:

flat bones

opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass -optic foramen of the sphenoid bone -magnuformen

foramen

shallow depression, muscle attachment -coronoid fossa of the humerus

fossa

a partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends -occurs only in children, whose bones are not fully ossified

green stick fracture

large rounded part of the long bone -head of the femur

head

red boe marrow is able to produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets through this process

hemopoiesis

the skeletal system includes:

hyaline cartilage, bones, fibrocartilage

one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other

impacted fracture

the growth and length of a bone involve?

interstitial growth

the growth in length of a bone involves:

interstitial growth

older osteons that are pushed out, in between new osteons -left over parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed

interstitial lamellae

-vertebrae, calcaneus, certain facial bones no certain shape, varying amounts of compact and spongy bone

irregular bones

Between the concentric lamellae are small spaces -contain osteocytes

lacunae

long and narrow ridge or border, less prominent than condyle -femur

line

humorous, fibia, ulna, radius, femur, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges longer than they are wider, more compact bone than spongy, curved for strength and to absorb shock

long bones

which type of bones occur in the upper appendages?

long, short

what are the effects of aging on bone tissue?

loss of bone mass, from the loss of calcium -brittleness occurs as the production of collagen fibers (which gives bone tissue its tensile strength) slows

tubelike passageway/opening or canal (ear)

meatus

hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow and minimizes the weight of the bone

medullary cavity

enter the metaphyses of a long bone and, together with the nutrient artery, supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the metaphyses.

metaphysical arteries

growth plate of the bone - in between diaphysis and epiphyses

metaphysis

is the epiphyseal line a growth plate in the metaphysis or the epiphysis? --TEST QUESTION

metaphysis

how does cartilage grow in length?

mitosis, and deposition of extracellular matrix

tendons form attachments from:

muscles to bones

enters the compact bone at an oblique angle through a hole called the nutrient foramen

nutrient artery

where are the three places veins carry blood away from long bones?

nutrient veins- exit through diaphysis epiphyseal/metaphyseal veins- exit through epiphyses periosteal veins-exit through periosteum

contains an abundant amount of extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells -15% water, 30% collagen fibers, 55% crystallized mineral salts

osseous tissue

process by which bone is formed 1) initial formation in bones in fetus 2) froth of bones during infancy, childhood, etc. 3)remodeling of bone 4)repair fo fractures throughout life

ossification

been building cells lay down the matrix collagen fibers

osteoblasts

functions in resorption -help regulate blood calcium level in response to certain hormones

osteoclasts

mature bone cells maintain the matrix

osteocytes

where blood vessels start to be produced

osteogenic

Undifferentiated cells, but then develop into a osteoblasts

osteogenic cells

the study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders

osteology

softening of the bone, muscle weakness and aching are signs new adult bone, when an adult bone refuses to heal Ex. hip fractures

osteomalacia

compact bone tissue is composed of repeating structural units of this -consists of concentric ;lamellae arranged around an osteonic canal

osteons

"porous bones" the problem is that bone resorption (destruction) outpaces bone deposition (formation) -women more susceptible because we go through menopause before men start deteriorating

osteoporosis

the following are found in the periosteum:

outer fibrous layer inner osteogenic layer blood vessels

softening of bone and looks similar to rickets - you are born with brittle bones. not just in older people but in children too.

pages disease

what are examples of a bone that was smooth on the outside and inside, but slightly porous in between the two smooth sides?

part of a skull, a sternum, a rib

small arteries accompanied by nerves, enter the diaphysis through numerous interosteonic canals and supply the periosteum and outer part of the compact bone

periosteal arteries

-is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage. -composed of an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer that consists of cells. - enable bone to grow in thickness, but not in length. -The periosteum also protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons.

periosteum

constant tension is placed directly on the_______ of bone by muscle contractions

periosteum

bone tissue is a major storage site for________

phosphorus, calcium

fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula) with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation

pott fracture

projections or outgrowths that either (a) help form joints (b) serve as attachment points for connective tissue (such as ligaments and tendons)

processes

the entire framework of bones and their cartilage

skeletal system

vitamin D disease, brittle bones calcium deficiency, third world country, there will be abnormalities in their sternum and ribcage

rickets

-develop in tendons where there is stress, friction, and compression -protect tendons, alter direction of pull in a tendon - in upper limbs --> usually only in joints of the palmar, thumbs -in lower limbs --> plantar surface of each foot, big toe patella are largest ones, the rest are usually smaller

sesamoid bones

carpals, tarsals equal in length and width more spongy than compact -> mostly spongy been expect for on the surface there's a thin layer of compact bone

short bones

found on vertebra, slender projections

spinous process

(trabecular) does not contain osteons. I always located in the interior of a bone, protected by a covering of compact bone

spongy bone

groove or furrow along a bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon inter tubercular groove of the humerus

sulcus

and they are structural features adapted for specific functions. Most are not present at birth but develop later in response to certain forces; they are most prominent during adult life.

surface markings

small bones located within the stutters (joints) of certain cranial bones --> number of these vary from person to person

sutural bones

large projections, found on femur

trochanter

passageway, associated with tendon -variable sized, rounded projection

tubercle

large rounded rough ended projection -variable sized projection that has a rough. bumpy surface -hip bone

tuberosity

-supports -protects (soft tissue/ internal organs) -assists in movement (contraction of muscles) -mineral storage ( calcium) -blood cell production -triglyceride (fat) storage

what does the skeletal system do?

The bone on the lab bench in front of you is an adult bone made of two parallel plates of compact bone. If you do a study of this bone's anatomy, what else would you expect to find?

would contain some spongy bone inside would contain red bone marrow

made of adipose tissue and stores triglycerides n

yellow bone marrow