Anatomy chapter 6
osteocytes communicate through this
canaliculi
the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin. -closed fracture does not break the skin
open fracture
roughened projection above condyle -femur
epicondyle
compact bone tissue if found_________
-beneath the periosteum -in the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones -overlying spongy bone tissue
which types of bones are found in the axial skeleton?
-flat bones - irregular bones -sutural bones
what types of bones would be in the appendicular skeleton?
-sesamoid -long -short -flat -irregular
how many bones in the adult skeleton?
206
how does cartilage grow in thickness?
addition of more extracellular matrix to the periphery
-a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone. -reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints. - lacks a perichondrium and lacks blood vessels, repair of damage is limited.
articular cartilage
an organ made up of several different tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, adipose tissue and nervous tissue.
bone
laying down new bone -addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts
bone deposition
the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
bone remodeling
breakdown of the extracellular matrix
bone resorption
the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts -results in the breakdown of bone extracellular matrix
bone resorption
calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and extracellular matrix calcifies (hardens)
calcification
radiate in all direction form the lacunae -filled with extracellular fluid -connect lacunae with one another and with central canals
canaliculi
perforated (goes through something)
central canal
perforated canal becomes what?
central canal
does not break the skin
closed fracture
fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly
colles fracture
the bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments.
comminuted fracture
type of bone tissue observed at the surface of a bone, also can extend deeper into the bone tissue -makes up most of the diaphysis of the long bone
compact bone
are circular plates of mineralized extracellular matrix of increasing diameter, surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves located in the central canal
concentric lamellae
large protuberance, located at the end of the bone large rounded contuberants You have lateral and medial one of these on your femur
condyle
what are processes that form joints?
condyle, facet, head
prominent ridge or elongated projection -hip bone
crest
what are processes that form attachment points for connective tissue?
crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
the loss of calcium and other minerals from the bone extracellular matrix is known as:
demineralization
forms joints or allow the passage of soft tissues (blood vessels and nerves)
depressions and openings
shaft of the bone
diaphysis
is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity. It contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue.
endosteum
enter the epiphyses of a long bone and supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the epiphyses.
epiphyseal arteries
When bone growth in length stops somewhere between the ages of 14 and 24, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone
epiphyseal line
a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length -->in growing bone each metaphysics has this
epiphyseal plate
proximal and distal ends of the bone
epiphyses
small, smooth, flat articular surface -thoracic vertebrae, ribs
facet
narrow slit in the adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass --orbital tissues and sphenoid bone
fissure
these bones are composed of two parallel plates of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone in between them
flat bone
-cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae -layer of compact/spongy/compact diploe- spongy boen in cranial bones provides protection and areas of muscle attachment
flat bones
the scapula is an example of:
flat bones
opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass -optic foramen of the sphenoid bone -magnuformen
foramen
shallow depression, muscle attachment -coronoid fossa of the humerus
fossa
a partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends -occurs only in children, whose bones are not fully ossified
green stick fracture
large rounded part of the long bone -head of the femur
head
red boe marrow is able to produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets through this process
hemopoiesis
the skeletal system includes:
hyaline cartilage, bones, fibrocartilage
one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other
impacted fracture
the growth and length of a bone involve?
interstitial growth
the growth in length of a bone involves:
interstitial growth
older osteons that are pushed out, in between new osteons -left over parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed
interstitial lamellae
-vertebrae, calcaneus, certain facial bones no certain shape, varying amounts of compact and spongy bone
irregular bones
Between the concentric lamellae are small spaces -contain osteocytes
lacunae
long and narrow ridge or border, less prominent than condyle -femur
line
humorous, fibia, ulna, radius, femur, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges longer than they are wider, more compact bone than spongy, curved for strength and to absorb shock
long bones
which type of bones occur in the upper appendages?
long, short
what are the effects of aging on bone tissue?
loss of bone mass, from the loss of calcium -brittleness occurs as the production of collagen fibers (which gives bone tissue its tensile strength) slows
tubelike passageway/opening or canal (ear)
meatus
hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow and minimizes the weight of the bone
medullary cavity
enter the metaphyses of a long bone and, together with the nutrient artery, supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the metaphyses.
metaphysical arteries
growth plate of the bone - in between diaphysis and epiphyses
metaphysis
is the epiphyseal line a growth plate in the metaphysis or the epiphysis? --TEST QUESTION
metaphysis
how does cartilage grow in length?
mitosis, and deposition of extracellular matrix
tendons form attachments from:
muscles to bones
enters the compact bone at an oblique angle through a hole called the nutrient foramen
nutrient artery
where are the three places veins carry blood away from long bones?
nutrient veins- exit through diaphysis epiphyseal/metaphyseal veins- exit through epiphyses periosteal veins-exit through periosteum
contains an abundant amount of extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells -15% water, 30% collagen fibers, 55% crystallized mineral salts
osseous tissue
process by which bone is formed 1) initial formation in bones in fetus 2) froth of bones during infancy, childhood, etc. 3)remodeling of bone 4)repair fo fractures throughout life
ossification
been building cells lay down the matrix collagen fibers
osteoblasts
functions in resorption -help regulate blood calcium level in response to certain hormones
osteoclasts
mature bone cells maintain the matrix
osteocytes
where blood vessels start to be produced
osteogenic
Undifferentiated cells, but then develop into a osteoblasts
osteogenic cells
the study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders
osteology
softening of the bone, muscle weakness and aching are signs new adult bone, when an adult bone refuses to heal Ex. hip fractures
osteomalacia
compact bone tissue is composed of repeating structural units of this -consists of concentric ;lamellae arranged around an osteonic canal
osteons
"porous bones" the problem is that bone resorption (destruction) outpaces bone deposition (formation) -women more susceptible because we go through menopause before men start deteriorating
osteoporosis
the following are found in the periosteum:
outer fibrous layer inner osteogenic layer blood vessels
softening of bone and looks similar to rickets - you are born with brittle bones. not just in older people but in children too.
pages disease
what are examples of a bone that was smooth on the outside and inside, but slightly porous in between the two smooth sides?
part of a skull, a sternum, a rib
small arteries accompanied by nerves, enter the diaphysis through numerous interosteonic canals and supply the periosteum and outer part of the compact bone
periosteal arteries
-is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage. -composed of an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer that consists of cells. - enable bone to grow in thickness, but not in length. -The periosteum also protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons.
periosteum
constant tension is placed directly on the_______ of bone by muscle contractions
periosteum
bone tissue is a major storage site for________
phosphorus, calcium
fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula) with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation
pott fracture
projections or outgrowths that either (a) help form joints (b) serve as attachment points for connective tissue (such as ligaments and tendons)
processes
the entire framework of bones and their cartilage
skeletal system
vitamin D disease, brittle bones calcium deficiency, third world country, there will be abnormalities in their sternum and ribcage
rickets
-develop in tendons where there is stress, friction, and compression -protect tendons, alter direction of pull in a tendon - in upper limbs --> usually only in joints of the palmar, thumbs -in lower limbs --> plantar surface of each foot, big toe patella are largest ones, the rest are usually smaller
sesamoid bones
carpals, tarsals equal in length and width more spongy than compact -> mostly spongy been expect for on the surface there's a thin layer of compact bone
short bones
found on vertebra, slender projections
spinous process
(trabecular) does not contain osteons. I always located in the interior of a bone, protected by a covering of compact bone
spongy bone
groove or furrow along a bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon inter tubercular groove of the humerus
sulcus
and they are structural features adapted for specific functions. Most are not present at birth but develop later in response to certain forces; they are most prominent during adult life.
surface markings
small bones located within the stutters (joints) of certain cranial bones --> number of these vary from person to person
sutural bones
large projections, found on femur
trochanter
passageway, associated with tendon -variable sized, rounded projection
tubercle
large rounded rough ended projection -variable sized projection that has a rough. bumpy surface -hip bone
tuberosity
-supports -protects (soft tissue/ internal organs) -assists in movement (contraction of muscles) -mineral storage ( calcium) -blood cell production -triglyceride (fat) storage
what does the skeletal system do?
The bone on the lab bench in front of you is an adult bone made of two parallel plates of compact bone. If you do a study of this bone's anatomy, what else would you expect to find?
would contain some spongy bone inside would contain red bone marrow
made of adipose tissue and stores triglycerides n
yellow bone marrow