Anatomy chapter 6

What are the seven bones that form the orbit?

1. Frontal 2. ethmoid 3. sphenoid 4. maxilla 5. lacrimal 6. zygomatic 7. palatine

There are _____ bones all together in a typical adult skeleton.

206

The _______ is the sole bone of the arm. Its upper or _____ end forms the rounded, smooth ______, which articulates with the ______ _____ of the _______ to form the shoulder joint.

Humerus proximal head glenoid cavity scapula

The _______ ________ _______ which form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, are the most caudally based of the three nasal conchae. The plow shaped ________ is part of the lower part of the ______ _______.

Inferior nasal conchae vomer nasal septum

The pedicure part of each arch has a little notch on its upper and lower border. The notches that form two adjacent vertebrae form openings called ________ ________, through which spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal. Each vertebra has ___ processes. One _______ process that projects straight to the back and two _______ processes that project to the sides. There are also two processes protruding from the upper (_______ _______) and lower pedicle-lamina junction (________ ______ process).

Intervertebral foramina 7 spinous transverse superior articular inferior articular

The only bone of the skull that can move freely is the _________. It's the largest and the strongest bone of the face, because it has to withstand mechanical stress when we chew. Its connection with the temporal bones is called __________________ joint.

Mandible temporomandibular

The ________ consists of ___ bones, just like the __________ of the hand. The ________ are numbered from 1 through 5 with the medial bone being number 1. Its distal head is enlarged and forms the so called _____ of the foot. There are ___ phalanges with each having three ____ except the _____ toe, which is also called the _______.

Metatarsus; 5 metacarpus metatarsals ball 14 digits first; hallux

The ______ house the eyes and the lacrimal glands and are the sights of attachment for eye muscles.

Orbits

________ sinuses are mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces that lighten the skull and enhance resonance of the voice. They are called ______, ______, _______, and ________ sinus.

Paranasal frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

What is the suture between right and left parietal bones?

Sagittal suture

What suture connects the parietal and the temporal bones on each side of the skull?

Squamosal suture

Tiny irregular bones within sutures are called?

Sutural bones

Which bones form the appendicular skeleton?

The bones of the upper and lower limbs and the shoulder and hip girdle.

Which structure attaches the lower limbs to the sacrum?

The pelvic or hip girdle

Each vertebra but one has an anterior weight-bearing region called ______ or _______. The posterior part of the vertebral __________ is the vertebral ________, which is composed of ________ and ________. All the foramina together make up the ______ canal, which houses the _____ _______.

body; centrum foramen arch pedicles and laminae vertebral spinal cord

Each hip or ______ bone consists of three fused bones: ________, _______, and ______. At the center of the hip, where the three bones fuse is a deeper fossa called the _________, which accommodates the head of the _______ to form the ______ joint.

coxal ilium; ischium; and pubis acetabulm femur hip

The _____ bone forms the anterior portion of the cranium and most of the _______ cranial fossa. It also forms the ______ wall of the orbits and contains air-filled _____ sinus.

frontal anterior superior frontal

Which structure attaches the upper limbs to the thorax?

pectoral or shoulder girdle

There are two projections that serve as attachment sites for muscle at the junction of the _______ and ______, the ________ ________ on the _______ side and the ______ ________ on the _________ aspect.

shaft; neck greater trochanter; lateral lesser trochanter; posteromedial

The scapula or _______ _______ is a much more complex bone. It is located on the _______/_________ surface of the rib cage, between ribs ___ and __. Basically its a flat, _________ bone with ___ borders and ___ angles and several fossae.

shoulder blade dorsal/posterior 3-7 triangular 3 7

The most striking features of the prominent ______ , which end laterally in an enlarged projection called ________ ("point of the shoulder"), the beak like _______ ________, which arises from the lateral end of the superior border, and the _________ _______, which forms part of the ________ joint together with the _____ of the _______.

spine acromion caracoid process glenoid cavity shoulder head ;humerus

The thoracic cage is made up of a frontal part, the ________, the 12 ________ _________ in the back, and ____ pairs of ____ on the sides.

sternum thoracic vertebrae 12; ribs

The ________ has only __ bones, compared to _____ for the wrist. Because the foot has to carry all the weight when we walk, the ______ bones are stronger than the _____ of the hands and have a different alignment. The ________ or ______ _______ is the biggest and the strongest of the ________. It is also the attachment site for the strongest and thickest tendon of our body, the _______ or _________ tendon.

tarsals; 7 wrist; 8 tarsal carpal calcaneus or heel bone tarsals achilles or calcaneal tendon

The lower limb has three regions, _____, _____, and ______, with a total of __ bones.

thigh leg foot 30

Name the eight cranial bones:

1. frontal 2. parietal 3. parietal 4. occipital 5. temporal 6. temporal 7. sphenoid 8. ethmoid

What are the eight carpal bones starting with the proximal row?

1. pisiform 2. triquetrum 3. lunate 4. scaphoid 5. hamate 6. capitate 7. trapezoid 8. trapezium

The ______ thoracic vertebrae are bigger than the cervical vertebrae. Because they all form joints with _____ they have additional ______ or ______ _____ on their ______ and _______ _______. Their spinous processes are ______ and point downwards because of the back muscles that pull on them. The alignment of the inferior and superior ________ facets inhibit ______ and _________, but allow for _______ of the thoracic spine.

12 ribs facets; demi facets bodies transverse processes long articular flexion and extension rotation

The ___ pairs of ribs are subdivided into two main groups: ____ or ____________ ribs (pairs __through ___) and ____ ribs (pairs __ through __). The first group attaches directly to the _______ by individual ________ _______. The second group is subdivided into ________ ribs (pairs __ through __), which attach _____ by joining coast cartilages of the rib above, and ______ or ______ ribs, which do not attach to the sternum at all.

12 true or verterbrosternal 1-7 false 8-12 sternum coastal cartilages vertebralchondral 8-10 indirectly vertebral or floating

There are _____ facial bones. The two ________ bones or _______ are fused medially to form the ______ jaw and the central portion of the facial skeleton. They articulate with all other facial bones except the ________. They connect laterally to the ________ bones or the ____________ ________.

14 maxillary or maxillae upper mandible zygomatic or cheek bones

The skeleton of the hand consists of ____ bones, eight ______ bones in the ______, five _______ bones in the ______, and fourteen ________ in the _______.

27 carpals; wrists metacarpals; palms phalanges; fingers

The lowest ____ vertebrae are the _______ vertebrae. They are the biggest because they have to carry all the weight of the upper body and the additional weight we carry. Their ________ and _______ are short and thick, and their spinous processes are flat and ________ _______. The ________ facets lock lumbar vertebrae together to prevent _______, but allow for _______ and ________.

5 lumbar pedicles and laminae hatchet shaped articular rotation flexion and extension

The upper limb consists of three parts: ________, ________, and _______, and ___ bones overall.

Arm Forarm hand 30

________ vertebrae are the smallest vertebrae. C3-C7 have special features that other vertebrae don't have. Their spinous processes are usually ______ (except C7), they have an oval body, and a large, _______ vertebral foramen. Plus they have _____ ______ in each transverse process.

Cervical bifid triangular transverse foramen

What suture connects the parietal and frontal bone?

Coronal suture

The ______ is the only bone of the ______. The proximal end has an elongated _______ with a ball-like _____ that articulates with the _______ of the _____ ______ to form the ____ joint.

Femur thigh neck head acetabulum hip bone hip

The leg has two bones: The lateral _______ and the media_______. They are connected by the ________ ______________ ______ proximally, the _________ _________ ________ distally, and the _________ ____________ along the shaft. The _______ carries all the weight of the body, while the ______ is a non-weight bearing bone because it does not articulate with the _________.

Fibula tibia Proximal tibiofibular joint Distal tibiofibular joint interosseous membrane tibia fibula femur

___________ discs are cushion-like pads composed of two parts: an inner core called the ______ _______ that gives the disc its ________ and __________, and an outer ring of ______ and ________ called the ______ _______. The discs can _____ shock from bouncing up and down, but also give us ______ so we can bend forwards or to the side.

Intervertebral nucleus pulposus elasticity and compressibility collagen fibrocartilage annulus fibrosus absorb mobility

The _____ cavity is even more complex. The roof, lateral walls and floor are formed by parts of one cranial bone(_______) and three facial bones (________, _________, ________ _______ _______). The nasal _______ consists of a bony part (________, ________) and the ________ _______ _________.

Nasal ethmoid maxilla, palatine, and the inferior nasal conchae septum ethmoid and vomer anterior septal cartilage

The bridge of the nose is formed by the ______ bones, whereas the _______ bones form part of the medial wall of the _______.

Nasal lacrimal orbit

During evolution the last vertebrae fused together forming two bones, the _______, which is the keystone bone of the pelvis, and the _________ or _________. The sacrum consists of ___ fused vertebrae, and the coccyx of __ fused vertebrae.

Scarum tailbone or coccyx 3 5

The broad upper end of the tibia ( aka the ________ _____) forms an almost flat surface that is subdivided into the ______ _______ and ________ _______ by the ________________ __________. The condyles articulate with the femur as part of the ______ joint. Just below the condyles on the anterior aspect is the ________ ________. The distal tibia carriers an articular surface for articulation with the ________. Next to it on the medial side is a projection called the ____________ ____________.

Shin bone medial condyle and lateral condyle intercondylar eminence knee tibial tuberosity talus medial malleolus

The ______ or ______ looks a bit like an old fashioned toy sword. It has Three parts, the handle or _______, the _______ and the tip called the _______ _________. The connection between manubrium and body forms a visible and palpable prominence in the midline of our chest called the _______ ______. It is an important anatomical landmark for finding the second rib and the second intercostal space.

Sternum or the breastbone manubrium body xiphiod process sternal angle

The jagged lines that connect the frontal, occipital, and temporal bones of the cranial vault are called __________.

Sutures

Which bones form the shoulder girdle?

The clavicle and scapula

Which bones form the hip girdle?

The hip bones

What suture connects the parietal bone with the occipital bone?

The lambdoidal suture

The last cervical vertebrae is called _______ _______ because it has a process that makes it easy to palpate.

Vertebra prominens

The ______ ______ is the backbone of our body. It consists of ____ vertebrae, _____ in the neck(_______ vertebrae), ____ in the thoracic part (_________ vertebrae), ___ in the lower back (________ vertebrae), as well as the _____ and the ______ or __________ ______.

Vertebral column 24 7; cervical 12; thoracic 5; lumbar sacrum coccyx or tail bone

The first cervical vertebrae (C1) is easy to recognize, it's the only vertebra without a body. Instead it has an _______ and ________ arch and two ____________ ________ which articulate with the _______ _______ of the skull. Because C1 carries the skull it was named _______ after the Greek mythological figure.

anterior and posterior lateral masses occipital condyles atlas

To stabilize the column the ______ and _______ ________ ligaments run from the neck down the the sacrum, while the _____ ligaments connect each vertebrae to those above and below. _________ ______ are yellow due to their high content of ________ fibers.

anterior and posterior longitudinal short Ligament flava elastic

The second vertebrae also has a special name. Its called _____ because it has a tooth-like projection called ______, around which the atlas rotates when we shake our heads to say no.

axis dens

The S-shaped ________, also called the _____ ______ connects the _____ with the ______. The flattened outer or lateral end is called the ______ end because it articulates with the ______ in the ______________ joint. The inner or medial cone-shaped end articulates with the _________ of the sternum and is thus called the _______ end.

clavicle; collar bone scapula sternum acromial acromion acromioclavicular manubrium sternal

There are two sets of bones that make up the skull. The _____ bones surround the the ______ _____ which enclose the _____, and provides sites of attachment for head and neck muscles. The top part is called the ________ or ____ ____, the lower part forms the ________ ______, which has three fossae, called _______, ______ and _______ cranial fossa. The _____ bones form the framework of the face, including cavities for special sense organs for ______, ______, and _________, and openings for ____ and _____ passage.

cranial cranial cavity brain calvaria or cranial vault cranial base anterior, middle and posterior facial smell, taste and vision air and food

The lower or ______ end has two ________. The medial __________ has an hour-glass shape, the lateral one is a ball-shaped and is called ___________. Each of them carries a little raised attachment areas for muscles called _______ and _______ __________. On the anterior aspects of the proximal part there are two fossae, a shallow ______ fossa and a deeper ______ fossa. On the posterior aspect is the ______ fossa for the decranon process of the _______.

distal condyles trochlea capitulum medial; lateral epicondyle radial coronoid olecranon ulna

The deepest skull bone is the ______ bone. It forms part of the ______ septum and the roof of the _______ cavity, and contributes to the medial wall of the _______.

ethmoid nasal nasal orbit

Just inferior to the head of the humerus are the _____ and ______ _______ which are attachment sites for muscles. Midway down its shaft is the V-shaped _______ ________, which is the attachment site for the _______ muscle.

greater and lesser tubercles deltoid tuberosity deltoid

The fibula is much thinner, more like a stick with an expanded end, a proximal ______ and a distal _______ __________, which forms the lateral ankle bulge.

head lateral malleolus

Two ___ bones form the bony ______ together with the _____ and the _______.

hip pelvis sacrum and the coccyx

The ______ forms the upper part of the hip bone. It has a ______ that connects with the other two parts of the hip bone and an upper wing like portion called ____ with a thickened superior margin, the so called _______ ______. The medial surface of the ala has a concave fossa called _______ _______. The posterior ear shaped ________ ________ articulates with the _____ in the ________ joint.

ilium body ala iliac crest iliac fossa auricular surface sacrum sacroiliac

The _______ forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone. It has two parts, a thicker, superior part called the _____ and a thinner inferior ______ that connects with the pubis. The lower thickened surface of the body is the part were sitting on: its called the ______ __________.

ischium body ramus ischial tuberosity

A condition with a more pronounced thoracic curvature is called ______ or ____________, and an equally abnormal concave curvature of the lumbar is called ________ or _________. Any lateral curve of the spine is abnormal, its condition is called ________.

kyphosis or hunchback lordosis or swayback scoliosis

Three wedge shaped bones, the ______, ___________, and _______ ______ bone complete the tarsus.

later intermediate medial cuniform

In order to be able to withstand the forces pushing down on the foot it has to have a structure similar to an arched doorway. Because it is fairly wide one arch wouldn't be sufficient and therefore we have three arches, a _______ and a ______ ___________ as well as a ____________ arch.

lateral medial longitudinal transverse

The distal femur broadens and forms two wheel like processes, the _____ and ______ _______. Each of them carries small elevations called __________ and an ______ ________ that connects with the tibia as part of the _______ joint. In between the condyles on the anterior femur is another cartilage -covered surface, the ________ _______. The ___________ ______ is a U-shaped fossa on the posterior aspect of the distal femur.

medial and lateral condyle epicondyles and articular surfaces knee patellar surface intercondylar fossa

There are 5 long __________ bones and ____ smaller _______ for the fingers of each hand. Each finger or _______ has three bones called _______, ______ and _________ phalanx. The exception is the ______ finger, which is usually called the ______ or _____; it has ___ phalanges because the middle phalanx is missing.

metacarpal 28; phalngese phalanx proximal, middle, and distal first; thumb; pollex; 2

The ________ bone forms most of the skull's posterior wall and the _________ cranial fossa. It forms a joint with the _______ vertebra also known as the atlas or C1.

occipital posterior first

The two ______ bones are part of three skull openings. They form the posterior one-third of the _______ ______ which separates the _________ and ________ cavity, the posterolateral wall of the ______ cavity, and contribute to the _________.

palatine hard palate nasal and the oral nasal orbit

The ________ bone form the superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault, while the _________ bones form the inferlateral aspects of skull and parts of the cranial floor. The latter ones have four major areas called ________, ________, ______, and _______ region.

parietal temporal squamous, tympanic, mastoid, and petrous

The _____ or _________ is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. It is triangular with the _______ pointing down toward to leg. It is embedded into the tendon of the ________ muscle and its cartilage-covered posterior surface allows for smooth gliding of the tendon over the lower end of the ______.

patella or kneecap apex quadricep femur

The pubis or _______ ______ forms the _______ portion of the hip bone. Its v-shaped with an ______ and _______ ramus and a medial ________. The two bodies form the _______ _______ in the midline of the pelvis.

pubic bone anterior superior and inferior body pubic symphysis

The forearm has two bones: the _____ on the lateral side and the _____ on the medial side. The thin proximal end of the radius is called the _____: it articulates with the _______ of the humerus and the _______ _______ of the ulna. Just below the head is a rough patch called _______ ________ for attachment of the _______ muscle. The distal, expanded end of the radius is part of the _____ joint. The ______ notch on its medial side articulates with the ulna in the ______ _______ joint, whereas the ______ process on the lateral side acts as anchoring side for wrist ______.

radius ulna head capitulum radial notch radial tuberosity bicep wrist ulnar distal radioulnar joint styloid ligaments

The spine has curvatures that give it its ______ and _____. Looked at from the side the _____ and _____ spines show _____ curvatures, while the _________ spine and the ______ spine display _______ curvatures.

resilience and flexibility cervical and lumbar; concave thoracic and sacral; convex

Although the ____ are of different sizes and shapes, they all have four main parts: the ______ that articulates with facets or demifacets on bodies of two adjacent vertebrae, a short ______, a _________ with an articular _____ that articulates with the transverse coastal facet of a thoracic vertebrae, and a _____ that can be short or long depending of the rib.

ribs head neck tubercle facet shaft

The cervical spine is the only part of the spine that allows for _________ as well as __________ and ___________.

rotation flexion extension

The axial skeleton is made up of the ______, _______ _______, and the ________ ________. It forms the ________ axis of our body. Usually the axial skeleton consists of ___ bones.

skull, vertebral column and the thoracic cage longitudinal 80

The _______ bone is a very complex, bat-shaped bone. It is called a _______ bone, because it articulates with all other cranial bones. Its three pairs of processes are called _____ _____, ______ _______, and ___________ __________.

sphenoid keystone greater wing, lesser wing, and pterygoid process.

On top of the calcaneus sits the _____ or _______ bone, which articulates with the ______ and _______ above. The two bones lying distally to the calcaneus and talus are the ________ and _________ bones.

talus or ankle bone tibia and fibula cuboid and navicular

The pelvis is subdivided into _____ or _______ pelvis, which is located below the ______ ____, and a _____ or _______ above it. In women the true pelvis is ________, _______ and has a greater ______.

true or lesser pelvic brim false or greater broad, shallow; outlet

The ____ forms the major part of the _______ joint. Its thick, proximal end carries the _________ and ______ processes that are separated by a deep concavity called ______ _______, which is perfectly shaped to articulate with the ______ of the humerus. On the _____ side of the coronoid process is the _____ notch for articulation with the _______ and medial ______ _________.

ulna elbow olecranon and coronoid trochlea notch trochlea lateral radial head styloid process