Anatomy - Chapter 6 Study Guide Test

(what kind of fracture?) often seen in the brittle bones of the elderly

B. comminuted fracture AND C. compression fracture

the embryonic skeleton arises from: A. ectoderm B. mesoderm C. endoderm

B. mesoderm

large tubercles and/or increased deposit of bony matrix occur at sites of _______

H. stress or tension

(what kind of fracture?) a common sport fracture

I. spiral fracture

(what kind of fracture?) bone breaks from twisting forces

I. spiral fracture

Which term doesn't belong: increased reabsorption, decreased density, Paget's disease, elderly

Paget's disease

T / F : a hematoma usually forms at a fracture site

TRUE

T / F : bone tissue contains relatively little water compound with cartilage tissue that contains a large amount of water

TRUE

T / F : cartilage can grow faster than bone in the growing skeleton

TRUE

T / F : cartilage is more resilient than bone

TRUE

T / F : deprived of nutrition, OSTEOCYTES at the fracture site die

TRUE

T / F : during endochondral ossification, the PERIOSTEAL BUD invades the deteriorating hyaline cartilage shaft

TRUE

T / F : the fibrocartilaginous callus is the first repair mass to splint the broken bone

TRUE

T / F : the organic bone matrix is called the osteoid

TRUE

T / F : when trapped in lacunae, osteoblasts change into OSTEOCYTES

TRUE

the cell type in region A (growth region)

chondroblasts

the type of cell in region B (hypertrophic)

chondrocytes

Which term doesn't belong: rigidity, calcium salts, hydroxyapatites, collagen, hardness

collagen

what type of cartilage is found at the cartilage of the external ear?

elastic

what type of cartilage is found forming the epiglottis?

elastic

anchoring points for tendons

endosteum

name the membrane that lines internal bone cavaties

endosteum

composed of hyaline cartilage until the end of adolescence

epiphyseal plate

regions of longitudinal growth in a child

epiphyseal plate

primary location of spongy bone in an adult's bone

epiphysis

site of hematopoiesis in an adults bone

epiphysis

Which term doesn't belong: osteon, epiphysis, volkmann's canals, haversian cnal, canaliculi

epipysis

Which term doesn't belong: foramen, notch, meatus, facet

facet

what type of cartilage is found at the knee menisci?

fibrocartilage

what type of cartilage is found forming th intervertebral discs?

fibrocartilage

depressions and openings

fissure, foramen, fossa, groove, meatus, notch, sinus

the frontal bone is a ______ bone

flat

the sternum is a _____ bone

flat

the femur is a ______ bone

long

the humerus is a _____ bone

long

the metacarpals are ______ bones

long

the radius is a _____ bone

long

Which term doesn't belong: bone-filled marrow cavity, pagetic bone, osteomalacia, bone thickenings

osteomalacia

Which term doesn't belong: osteomalacia, elderly, vertebral compression fracture, osteroporosis

osteomalacia

Which term doesn't belong: bacterial infection, osteoporosis, inflammation, osteomyelitis

osteoporosis

Which term doesn't belong: mechanical forces, gravity, muscle pull, blood calcium levels, Wolff's law

blood calcium levels

the matrix begin deposited in region D (ossification) is _______ matrix

bone

nonliving, structural part of bone

bone matrix

Which term doesn't belong: osteoid, organic matrix, calcium salts, osteoblasts, 10 um wide

calcium salts

Which term doesn't belong: bone deposit, injury sites, growth zones, repair sites, bone restoration

bone restoration

Which term doesn't belong: rickets, calcified epiphyseal discs, vitamin D deficiency, children

calcified epiphyseal discs

tiny canals connecting lacunae

caniculi

longitudinal canal, carrying blood vessels and nerves

central (Haversian) canal

the calcaneus is a _______ bone

short

order of development and changing of bone structure throughout life

1. embryonic mesenchymal cells 2. secondary ossification centers form 3. bone formation and bone reabsorption are in balance 4. bone mass decreases

order of events (4) of ossification

1. ossification center forms in diaphysis 2. hematopoietic stem cells invade internal cavities 3. medullary cavity forms 4. epiphyses begins to ossify

endochondral ossification process in primary ossification center

1. perichondrium becomes vascularized to a greater degree and becomes periosteum 2. collar of bone is laid down around the hyaline cartilage model just beneath the periosteum 3. cavity formation occurs within the hyaline cartilage 4. periosteal bud invades the marrow cavity 5. osteoblasts lay down bone around the cartilage spicules in the bone's interior 6. osteoclasts remove the spongy bone from the shaft interior, leaving a marrow cavity that then houses fat

order of development of growth in long bones

1. sex hormones induce a growth spurt 2. most bones stop growing in length 3. long bones reach their peak density 4. drop in estrogen causes loss of bone mass

list and explain seven important functions of bones

1. support - provide framework to body 2. protection - protect organs (ex. skull >> brain, ribcage >> lungs + heart) 3. anchorage - muscle attachment allowing walking and breathing 4. mineral storage - reservoir for calcium and phosphate 5. blood cell formation - red marrow 6. triglyceride (fat) storage - yellow marrow 7. hormone production - produce osteocalin which helps regulate insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure

disuse such as that caused by paralysis or severe lack of exercise results in muscle and bone

A. atrophy

(what kind of treatment?) nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends and splinting of bones

A. closed reduction

(what kind of fracture?) bone is broken through

A. complete fracture

_______ causes blood calcium to be deposited in bones as calcium salts

B. calcitonin

most hyaline cartilage "long bones" show primary ossification centers by A. 2 weeks B. 8 weeks C. 12 wees D. 6 months

C. 12 weeks

calcification of the cartilage matrix begins in this region

C. calcification

the cartilaginous matrix begins to deteriorate n this region

C. calcification

(what kind of fracture?)a fracture in which the bone is crushed; common in the vertebral column

C. compression fracture

Astronauts must perform isometric exercises when in outer space because bones atrophy under conditions of weightlessness or lack of _______

C. gravity

(what kind of fracture?) a fracture in which the bone ends penetrate through the skin surface

D. compound fracture

(what kind of fracture?) break parallels the long axis of the bone

D. linear fracture

immature, or matrix-depositing, bone cells are referred to as _______

D. osteoblasts

(what kind of fracture?) a common type of skull fracture

E. depressed fracture

(what kind of fracture?) bone ends are aligned

E. non displaced fracture

bone cells that liquidity bone matrix and release calcium to the blood are called _______

E. osteoclasts

(what kind of fracture?) also called a closed fracture

H. simple fracture

(what kind of fracture?) bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin

H. simple fracture

(what kind of fracture?) a break common in children; bone splinters, but break is incomplete

F. greenstick fracture

Mature bone cells, called ______, maintain bone in a viable state.

F. osteocytes

break is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

F. transverse fracture

T / F : cartilage is especially strong in resisting shear (bending and twisting) forces

FALSE

T / F : in the adult skeleton, cartilage regenerates faster than bone when damaged

FALSE

T / F : neither bone nor cartilage contains capillaries

FALSE

T / F : nutrients diffuse quickly through cartilage matrix but very poorly through solid bone matrix

FALSE

T / F : the enzyme alkaline phosphate encourages the deposit of COLLAGEN FIBERS within the matrix of developing bone

FALSE >> calcium carbonate

T / F : in appositional growth, bone reabsorption occurs on the PERIOSTEAL surface

FALSE >> endostial

T / F : longitudinal growth involves growth at the articular cartilage and PERIOSTEUM

FALSE >> epiphyseal plate

T / F : OSTEOCYTES produce collagen fibers that span the break

FALSE >> fibroblasts

T / F : epiphyseal plates are made of spongy bone

FALSE >> hyaline cartilage

T / F : when a bone forms from a fibrous membrane, the process is called ENDOCHONDRAL ossification?

FALSE >> intramembranous

T / F : large number of OSTEOCYTES are found in the inner periosteum layer

FALSE >> osteobasts

T / F : osteoblasts from the MEDULLARY CAVITY migrate to the fracture site

FALSE >> periosteum

T / F : non bony debris at the fracture site is removed by FIBROBLASTS

FALSE >> phagocytes

T / F : PRIMARY ossification centers appear in the epiphyses

FALSE >> secondary

T / F : the bony callus is composed of COMPACT bone

FALSE >> spongy

(what kind of treatment?) surgical realignment of broken bone ends

G. open reduction

when blood calcium levels begin to drop below homeostatic levels, _______ is released, causing calcium to be released from bone

G. parathyroid hormone

application of Wolff's law: rafael is a tennis pro. explain why the bones of this serving are are much thicker than the bones of the other arm

because bone grow / remodel based on demand and stress placed on it, a tennis players serving arm is used often; frequent use

why can long bones "hollow out" without jeopardy to their integrity (soundness of structure)

compression and tension even each other out at the center

layers of calcified matrix

concentric lamellae

Which term doesn't belong: line, spine, condyle, tuverosity

condyle

surfaced for joint formation

condyle, facet, head

projections for muscle and ligament attatchments

crest, epicondyle, line, process, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

primary location of compact bone in adult'd bone

diaphysis

scientific name for bone shaft

diaphysis

order of cell layers in growing epiphyseal plate (from top to bottom)

growth (dividing cartilage cells), hypertrophic (older, enlarging cells), calcification (dying cells cut off from nutrients), ossification (cells depositing osteoid)

Which term doesn't belong: growth in diameter, growth in length, appositional growth, increase in thickness

growth in length

what type of cartilage is found at the junction of a rib and the sternum?

hyaline

what type of cartilage is found supporting the tracheal walls?

hyaline

what type of cartilage is found in most of the fetal skeleton?

hyaline cartilage

what type of cartilage is found at the ends of long bones?

hyaline cartilidge

Which term doesn't belong: hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, elevated blood calcium, salt deposit in soft tissue

hypercalcemia

the mandible is a _____ bone

irregular

the vertebra are _____ bones

irregular

what single structural characteristic accounts for the resilience of cartilage and its ability to grow rapidly in the developing skeleton?

its high water content

"residences" of osteocytes

lacunae

(INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION) the initial supporting structure for this type of ossification is a fibrous membrane formed by _______

mesenchyme cells

(INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION)the first recognizable event is a clustering of the _______ to form an ______ in the fibrous membrane

mesenchyme cells; ossification center

(INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION) within a few days, calcium salt deposit or _______ occurs, resulting in the formation of the _______ that surrounds the cells

mineralization; bone matrix

(INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION) these cells then differentiate into _______ which begin secreting _______ around the fibers of the membrane

osteoblasts; osteoid

Which term doesn't belong: lamellae, cellular extensions, canaliculi, circulations, osteoclasts

osteoclasts

inner layer consists primarily of osteoblasts and osteogenic cells

periosteum

Which term doesn't belong: soft bones, rickets, osteomalacia, porous bones

porous bones

which layer is called the diploe?

spongy

(INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION) eventually, lamellar bone replaces _______ bone and the vasucular tissue within the _______ differentiates into red marrow. The final result is flat bone

woven; diploe

(INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION) this early membrane is refered to as _______. As it forms, a layer of vascular _______ condenses on the external face of the bone structure, forming a _______

woven; mesenchyme; periosteum

Which term doesn't belong: hematopoiesis, red marrow, yellow marrow, spongy bone, diploe

yellow marrow

site of fat storage

yellow marrow cavity