Anatomy Exam 1

osteon structure

Haversian canal, Lacunae, Canaliculi, Lamellae, Osteocyte

fixed ribosomes

bound to the ER

cardiac muscle

branching cells have a striated appearance; one nucleus; presence of intercalated discs

osteoblasts

build new bone

anabolism refers to

building a molecule

gluteus

buttock region

nuclear envelope

The double-layered membrane enclosing the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

Mediastinal cavity (mediastinum)

a central cavity containing a band of organs, which lies between the pleural cavities; contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels

peroxide

a compound that contains an oxygen-oxygen single bond

superior

above a point of reference

distal

away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

deep

farther from or away from the body surface

intermediate filaments

function in providing strength, stabilization of the organelles, and transport of materials within the cytoplasm

sagittal plane

lies vertically and divides the body into a right portion and a left portion

frontal (coronal) plane

lies vertically and divides the body into an anterior portion and a posterior portion

cranial cavity

lies within skull, encasing the brain

spinal cavity

lies within the vertebral column, enclosing the spinal cord

microfilaments

mainly composed of thin strands of the actin protein

osteocytes

maintain bone (mature osteoblasts)

umbilicus

navel or bellybutton

cervicis

neck region

The wet membrane that covers cavities, which open to the external surface of the body is called the:

mucous membrane

skeletal muscle

muscle cells have a cylindrical and striated appearance due to highly organized arrangement of myofilaments

The what lines the body wall within the abdominopelvic cavity?

parietal peritoneum

canaliculi

path for communication between osteocytes

mucous glands

produce viscous, sticky mucus

musular system

produces motion; maintains posture by providing support; produces heat

serous membrane

slippery membrane that lines closed pleural, pericardial, peritoneal cavities

anchoring junction

two adjacent cells are mechanically linked together at their lateral or basal surfaces

stratified

two or more layers of cells; the superficial or apical layer is used to classify the epithelial type

brachium

upper arm

electron microscopy

uses electrons to magnify and view cell ultrastructures up to 2 million times their natural size

light microscopy

uses light to magnify and view cellular structures up to 2000x their natural size

irregular bones

various shapes and do not fit into previous categories

Pt. 2 body cavities and membranes

*serous fluid b. abdominopelvic cavity -abdominal cavity *peritoneum *parietal peritoneum *visceral peritoneum -pelvic cavity

blood supply of the integument

- cutaneous plexus - papillary plexus - these plexi play a role in thermoregulation and overall blood flow

stratum granulosum

-3 to 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes cytoplasm of keratinocytes contain: keratohyaline, lammellated granules

connective tissue proper

-Fibroblasts -produces both the fibers and the ground substance of the extracellular matrix -collagen fibers -reticular fibers elastic fibers

fluid mosaic model concept

-a think layer of extracellular fluid surrounds a cell -its outer boundary is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer called the cell membrane (also called plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipids bilayer") -this cell membrane model is a bilayer of lipid molecules with protein molecules dispersed within in

dense regular

-all collagen fibers in the matrix run in the same direction, separated by rows of fibroblasts, parallel to the direction of the pull -main component of ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses and fascia -provides firm attachment, conducts pull on muscles, stabilizes positions of bones

cartilage tissue

-avascular and not innervated -matrix consists of thin collagen fibrils, ground substance and increased tissue fluid -chondrocytes reside in lacunae *hyaline cartilage *elastic cartilage *fibrocartilage

muscle tissue

-composed of muscle cells containing many myofilaments -specialized to contract and generate movement -scant extracellular matrix separates the muscle cells

stratum spinosum

-comprised of keratinocytes, pre keratin -langerhans cells -produce tonofibrills

flow chart of connective tissue

-connective tissue proper *loose #areolar #reticular #adipose *dense #dense regular #dense irregular #elastic -fluid connective tissue *blood *lymph -supportive connective tissue *bone *cartilage #hyaline #elastic #fibrous

epithelial and connective tissues form covering and lining membranes

-consist of an epithelium plus and underlying layer of connective tissue -cover broad surfaces in the body -cutaneous membrane -mucous membrane -serous membrane

stratum corneum

-consits mainly of dead keratinocytes -water proofing glycolipids -many cell layers thick exists as a thicker layer in thick skin -keratinized

the nucleus

-contains the cell's chromosomal DNA *surrounded by the nuclear envelope *control center of cell *DNA directs the cell's actives by providing instructions for protein synthesis

stratified columnar epithelium

-rare existence in the body -small amounts occur in the male urethra and in large ducts of some glands -functions in protection and secretion

reticular layer

-deeper layer of the dermis -dense irregular connective tissue -thick collagen fibers provide strength and resilience

compact bone

-dense and solid -functional unit =osteon -covered by periosteum -found in diaphysis

intramembranous ossification

-forms membrane bones -begins when osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue, at an ossification center -ultimately produces spongy or compact bone -a network of bone tissue woven around capillaries first appears and is then remodeled into flat bone

hair follicles

-hair nonliving keratinized -anchors each hair to skin -blood vessels nourish cells and modify hair growth -arrector pili muscle

Bone (Osseous) tissue

-hard calcified matrix consists of inorganic calcium salts and contains collage fibers -osteblasts secrete the collagen fibers and ground substance of the matrix -mature osteocytes inhabit small pits or cavities called lacunae -very well vascularized

blood supply in dermis

-increased blood flow causes "blushing", -decreased blood flow often causes the skin to become relatively pale; -long term decreased blood flow causes cyanosis resulting in hypoxia

simple squamous epithelium

-lines alveoli of the lungs -forms the endothelium of blood vessels and the mesothelium of the ventral body cavity -molecules rapidly diffuse (passive) through the delicate and thin layer of flat cells of this epithelium

transitional epithelium

-lines the ureter, bladder, and part of the urethra -stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organ by contained urine

keratinocytes

-most abundant cell type -they produce keratin that gives epidermis its protective properties -arise from the deepest layer of the epidermis -cells are dead, flat sacs, filled with keratin - produce antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify the harmful chemicals to which our skin is exposed

nerve supply of the integument

-nerve fibers regulate blood flow and regulate the glands -provide sensory perception

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

-non ciliated type lines the sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands -ciliated variety lines the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract -function in secretion and propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

simple columnar epithelium

-non ciliated type lines the stomach and intestines, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands -ciliated type lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and some regions of the uterus -functions in absorption, secretion, and ion transport

stratified squamous epithelium

-non keratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina -keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin -protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

hypodermis

-not part of the integumentary system -made of primarily adipose tissue -stores fat, insulates, and anchors the skin -separates the dermis from the deep fascia

multicellular glands

-occur as aggregations of gland cells that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions -classified by their ducts and by the structure of their secretory units

simple cubical epithelium

-occurs in kidney tubes and in ducts and secretory portions of small glands -functions in secretion and absorption

spongy bone

-open network of trabeculae -precursor to compact bone -found in epiphysis and metaphysis -covered by endosperm

Plasmalemma (cell membrane)

-phospholipid bilayer *physical isolation *sensitivity *structural support *regulation of exchange

functions of the integumentary system

-physical protection -regulation of body temperature -excretion -nutrition -sensation -immune defense

Structure of short, irregular, and flat bones

-same composition as long bones -compact bone covered by periosteum -spongy bone covered by endosteum -NO diaphysis -NO meduallary cavity -Trabeculae of spongy bone is filled with bone marrow -In flat bones: DIPLOE- internal spongy bone

Epithelium

-sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

dense irregular

-similar to areolar but collagen fibers are thicker and run in different directions, appearing wavy in cross sections -functions in resetting strong tensions from different directions -occurs in the dermis and in organ capsules

adipose

-similar to areolar but contains more adipose cells -functions in increased nutrient-storage -white fat is abundant in the hypodermis -brown fat occur in babies, for generating heat and for heating the blood

dense elastic

-similar to areolar but increased bundles of elastic fibers -located in walls of arteries, around the bronchial tubes and within certain ligaments -stabilizes positions of vertebrae, cushions shocks, permits expansion and contraction of organs

reticular

-similar to areolar structure but the only fibers in the matrix are reticular fibers -occurs in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen -form networks of caverns that hold free blood cells

stratum basale (germinativum)

-single row of cells consists of basal cells -contains merkel cells and nelanocytes -continuous mitosis occurs in this layer

papillary layer

-superficial portion of the dermis -comprised of loose areolar connective tissue proper -identified by dermal papillae, nourishes epidermis

Functions of loose areolar connective tissue

-support and bind other tissues with its fibers -hold tissue fluid in its jellylike ground substance -fight infection with its many blood-derived defense cells, such as macrophages, plasma cells, and neutrophils -store nutrients in fat cells

connective tissue

-the most diverse and abundant tissue type -cells separated from one another by a large amount of extracellular matrix

areolar

-underlies almost all epithelia and surrounds capillaries -ground substance and collagen, reticular and elastic fibers in the matrix surround fibroblast cells, fat cells and dense cells

Body cavities and membranes

1. Dorsal body cavity a. cranial cavity b. spinal cavity 2. Ventral body cavity a. thoracic cavity -pleural cavities *parietal pleura *visceral pleura *serous fluid -mediastinal cavity *pericardial cavity *parietal pericardium *visceral pericardium

endochondral ossification

1. cartilage enlarges and chondrocytes get bigger in size at center of shaft. chondrocytes die and leave cavities in cartilage 2. blood vessels grow around edges of cartilage. cells of perichondrium converts to osteoblasts. shaft becomes covered by superficial layer of bone 3. blood vessels penetrate cartilage and invade central region. fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts and produce spongy bone at center. bone formation spreads along shaft to ends. 4. remodeling occurs as growth continues/bone shaft is thicker, increase length. 5. capillaries and osteoblats migrate to epiphyses, creating secondary ossification center 6. epiphyses are filled with spongy bone. at each metaphysis cartilage separates epiphysis from diaphysis

cell theory

1. cells are the basic unit of structure in all living things, 2. new cells are formed/ produced from other pre-exisiting cells, via division 3. cells are the fundamental units of structure that perform all vital functions

three factors of skin color

1. thickness of the stratum corneum 2. amount of pigments in the epidermis (melanin) 3. carotene

which mineral is essential for bone health

Calcium

Which of the following does not occur during mitosis?

Chromatids become chromosomes.

which of the following is a part of the nucleus

DNA and histones

Which of the following statements is true?

DNA controls the synthesis of RNA and DNA is bound to histones in the chromosomes

S phase

DNA replicates itself

Which of the following pairs consist of anatomical opposites?

Dorsal, ventral

Membranes are organs formed by the combination of which tissues?

Epithelial and connective

Recycling and changing the cell membrane is the major function of which organelle(s)?

Golgi apparatus

the phagocytic cells in the epidermis are

Langerhans cells

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory tract?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Which of the following is/are correct regarding simple epithelia?

They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical and chemical stress.

The two layers of a serous membrane are:

Visceral and parietal

receptor-mediated endocytosis

a more specific active event where the cytoplasm membrane folds inward to form coated pits

aprorine secretion

a portion of the secreting cell's body is lost during secretion

facilitated diffusion

a process of diffusion; a form of passive transport facilitated by the presence of transport proteins

endocytosis

a process where cells absorb material (molecules such as proteins) from the outside by engulfing it with their cell membrane

pseudo stratified with cilia

a simple epithelium that contains both short and tall cells

transitional epithelia

a stratified epithelium that stretches and changes shape due to the expansion of their cells' lumens

desmosome

a system of cell adhesion molecules and intercellular cement that glue adjacent cells together

Hemidesmosome

a very small stud- or rivet like structure on the inner basal surface that attaches a cell to the filaments and fibers of the extracellular matrix

flagellum (flagella)

a whip like projection that functions in moving a cell through surrounding fluid * only found on sperm

abdomen

abdominal region

eccrine (merocrine)

abundantly distributed all over the skin and mainly secrete water and electrolytes through the surface of the skin *produce true sweat

What is the term for molecule movement across a membrane from a low concentration to high concentration?

active transport

a molecule moving from low to high concentration uses

active transport

parietal pertains to

against body wall

parasagittal plane

all other sagittal planes that are offset from the midline and result in unequal portions

channels

allow water and ions to move across the membrane

hyaline cartilage

amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers predominate -most abundant type of cartilage

Cytoskeleton

an elaborate, internal network of protein rods spanning throughout the cytosol: confers strength and flexibility to the cytoplasm; provides support and shape to the cell, as well as intracellular movement

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

an interconnected network of tables, vesicles and cistern, which is involved in synthesis, storage, transport, and detoxification

cytosol

an intracellular fluid that contains dissolved solutes, and surrounds the cellular organelles

a bone cell that produces new bone matrix

an osteoblast

tarsus

ankle

crus

anterior leg, from knee to ankle

pubis

anterior pelvis or genital region

mechanisms of secretion

apocrine, holocrine, merocrine (eccrine)

unicellular glands

are the individual secretory cells that occur in epithelia containing scattered gland cells

active membrane process

are the mediated processes of moving molecules and other substances across the cell membrane, often requiring energy in the form of ATP

cephalon

area of the head

loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

peripheral proteins

attached to the membrane but can separate from it

arrector pili muscle

attaches to the base of a hair follicle, causes "goose bumps"

lateral

away from the midline of the body

mitochondrium

bean-shaped organelles, which are described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cells's supply of ATP, used as a sources of energy

as keratinocytes are pushed to the stratum corneum they

become less viable

inferior

below a point of reference

What are the two fluid connective tissue

blood and lymph

somatic cells

body cells

gated channels

can open and close

pinocytosis

cell drinking (uptake of solutes and single molecules, such as proteins)

phagocytosis

cell eating (the process by which cells ingest large objects, such as bacteria or viruses)

interphase

cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for mitosis * divided into G1, S, G2 stages

G1 phase

cells are metabolically active, make proteins rapidly, and grow vigorously

merocrine (eccrine) secretion

cells secrete their substances by exocytosis

special characteristics of epithelial tissue

cellularity, specialized contacts, polarity, support, avascular, regeneration

thoracis

chest region

mature cartilage cells are termed

chondrocytes

histones and dna are

chromatin

Prophase

chromatin condenses, nucleoli disappear, mitotic spindle forms, nuclear envelop fragments

metaphase

chromosomes/centromeres line up at metaphase plate

Which non membranous organelle propels fluids or solids across the cell surface?

cilia

blood

classified as atypical connective tissue because of its structure; yet it is a connective tissue type because it originates from mesenchyme *red and white blood cells are surrounded by nonliving liquid matrix called blood plasma

superficial

closer to or at the body surface

proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or the point o attachment of a limb to the body trunk

terminal hair

coarse, darkly pigmented, found on heads and face

three types of fibers in connective tissue

collagen, reticular, elastic

osteons are found in what type of bone

compact/ground

ribosomes

complexes often subunits (rRNA and protein); function as the site of protein synthesis

Gogli Apparatus

composed of flattened membrane bound stacks known as cisternae *packages materials for lysomes, peroxisomes, secretory vesicles, membrane segments that are used to replenish the cell membrane *material travel: cis-> trans *secretory products are discharged from the cell through the process of exocytosis

microtubules

composed of the protein tubulin; function as the main support of the cell; allow the cell to change shape; allow organelle movement; function during cell division in moving and separating DNA strands

endocrine system

comprised of glands, which secrete hormones that regulate processes of the other organ systems

reproductive system

comprised of gonads, accessory organs and external genitalia; overall function is to produce sex cells and hormones for the purpose of producing offspring

digestive system

comprised of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory structures, which together function to process food and absorb nutrients

cardiovascular system

comprised of the heart, blood vessels, and body to transport materials within the body

urinary system

comprised of the kidneys, ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra; functions to eliminate excess water, salts, and nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

lymphoid system

comprised of the lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, the thymus, and the spleen), lymphocytes, and lymphoid tissue; returns leaked fluid to blood; provides defense against pathogens and disease by housing white blood cells (lymphocytes) that function in immunity

respiratory system

comprised of the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs; maintains the blood's constant supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide by delivering air to the lungs where gas exchange occurs at the alveoli

four classes of connective tissue

connective tissue proper, cartilage, osseous (bone), blood

appendicular region

consists o the upper and lower limbs (or extremities)

axial region

consists of the head, neck and torso

dense connective tissue proper

contains exceptionally thick collagen fibers and resists tremendous pulling forces -irregular -regular -elastic

dorsal body cavity

contains the cranial cavity and spinal cavity

pericardial cavity

contains the heart

cytokinesis

contractile ring forms cleavage furrow, squeezes new cells apart, begins in anaphase and ends after telophase

nervous sytem

control center of the body, which directs immediate response to stimuli and coordinates the other organ systems

cytoplasm consists of three elements

cytoplasm, organelles, and inclusions

Which type of tissue is found in the capsules of organs?

dense irregular connective tissue

Which intercellular attachment, also called "macula adherens" consists of a system of cell adhesion molecules and intercellular cement?

desmosomes

structure of long bone

diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal line, blood vessels, medullary cavity, skeletal membranes, endosteum

examples of passive transport

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

tendons an ligaments are what kind of connective tissue?

direct regular connective tissue

smooth er (SER)

does not have attached ribosomes, it functions in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis, lipid metabolism, calcium ion storage, and drug detoxification

cutaneous membrane

dry membrane that covers the outer surface of the body

endocrine glands

ductless and secrete product directly into the bloodstream

What type of cartilage is found in your ear and epiglottis?

elastic cartilage

the least common type of cartilage

elastic cartilage

the least common type of cartilage is

elastic cartilage

which tissue is found in the walls of arteries and around bronchial tubes

elastic connective tissue

long bones

elongated shape

integral proteins

embedded in the phospholipids bilayer

elastic fibers

enable recall o stretched tissues -least abundant type of cartilage

outer mitochondrial membrane

encloses the entire organelle

examples of active transport

endocytosis

two layers of the skin

epidermis and dermis

what structure suppurates the epiphysis form diaphysis

epiphyseal plate

Four primary tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

simple epithelia is in places that need to

exchange materials

Which of the following cell types is not found in the epidermis?

fibroblasts

serous fluid

fills the pericardial cavity between the layers of the serous membrane

serous fluid

fills the pleural cavity between the layers of the serous membrane

G2 phase

final part of interphase where enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized

Vellus hair

fine, colorless "peach fuzz"

lanugo hair

first hair produced after birth

What type of bone are the bones of the skull?

flat bones

squamous

flattened cytoplasm and nucleus

inner mitochondrial membrane

folds inward to produce cristae, which increases the surface area and enhance the organelles ability to produce ATP

pes

food

antebrachium

forearm

protection

forms a barrier against substances and forces outside the cell

integumentary system

forms the cutaneous membrane, the external body covering; provides protection and thermoregulation; synthesizes vitamin d; provides cutaneous reception through sensory receptors; additional accessory structures are hair follicles, nails, sweat glands and ill glands

regulation of exchange with the environment (selective permeability)

free passage of some (not all) materials are permitted

two types of protein synthesis

free ribosomes and fixed ribosomes

sebum

functions in lubricating hairs and preventing bacterial growth

intercalated discs are an example of

gap junctions

which organelle is responsible for maintaining the phospholipid bilayer

golgi

hallucis

great toe or big toe

inguen

groin

thin skin is

hairy skin

manus

hand

rough er (RER)

has attached ribosomes, where proteins are assembled and packaged in transport vesicles to be exported to the Golgi apparatus. the rough er has several functions in making all proteins that are secreted from cells, on its ribosomes, and providing RER membrane for the cell membrane

tonofibrils

help in anchorage to cytoskeleton

neurons

highly specialized nerve cells with extensions and processes that allow electrical impulse transmission

papillary plexus

highly-branched network of blood vessels just deep to the epidermis

What is the protein that chromatin is wrapped around in the nucleus?

histones

lacunae

house osteocytes

Midsagittal (median) plane

if the sagittal plane lies exactly in the midline and the portions are equivalent

inguinal (iliac) region

inferior lateral regions

structure of cell membrane

integral proteins, peripheral proteins, channels, gated channels, microvilli

the human body's 11 organ systems

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphoid/lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

merkel cells

intimately associated with sensory nerve ending fibers; may serve as receptors for touch

flat bones are formed via

intramembranous ossification

keratinized stratified squamous epithelia contains four distinct cell types

keratinocytes, melanocytes merkel cells, langerhans cells

patella

kneecap

specialized sensory receptors in the skin include

lamellated corpuscles, merkel cells, tactile corpuscles

types of hair

lanugo, vellus, intermediate, terminal

lamellae

layers of osteon

transverse (horizontal) plane

lies horizontally and divides the body into a superior portion and an inferior portion

abdominopelvic cavity

lies inferior to the diaphragm and is divided into a superior part and an inferior part

What do adipocytes store?

lipids

free ribosomes

located within the cytosol

centrioles

long barrel-shaped microtubules that radiate from the centrosome in non-dividing cells * active in dividing cells and function in directing the movement of chromosomes during cell division * also function in forming the bases of cilia and flagella

Adaptability

long term responsiveness

lumbus

lower back

what layer does thick skin have that thin skin does not

lucidum

in anatomical description, a person is prone when

lying face down in anatomical position

which organelle contains digestive enzymes

lysosomes

langerhans cells

macrophage like dendritic cell -function in policing our body surface, using receptor mediated endocytosis to take up foreign proteins

nervous tissue

main component of the nervous organs; the brain, spinal cord and nerves *neurons *neurgila

thick filaments

mainly composed of the protein myosin; produces movement with the action of actin

glands

many epithelial cells make and secrete a product (aqueous fluid containing proteins usually); such cells constitute glands

hypogastric region

medial and inferior to the umbilical region

epigastric region

medial and superior to the umbilical region

What do melanocytes produce?

melanin

hair color is determined by

melanin production

Communication Junction (Gap Junction)

membrane or channel proteins, called connexions hold tow cells together, forming a narrow passageway between the cells

passive transport

membrane transport that does not require energy

Serous cells undergo which mechanism of secretion?

merocrine

two types of sweat glands

merocrine and apocrine

what kind of gland allows the body to cool itself down during high temperatures and humidity?

merocrine sweat glands

cytoskeleton contains

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, thick filaments, and microtubules

what are the types of anatomy

microscopic, gross, developmental, comparative, pathological, radiographic, surgical

which cytoskeleton strand is sued during anaphase?

microtubules

cilia

microtubules containing tail like projections that are anchored by a basal body *function in movement of fluids or secretions across the cell surface

lumbar region

middle lateral regions

M phase

mitosis and cytokinesis

mucous membrane

moist membrane that lines hollow internal organs that open to the body exterior

elastic cartilage

more elastic fibers in the matrix

osmosis

net movement of a solvent (frequently water) across a semi-permeable membrane, from a solution o flow solute concentration to a solution with high solutions concentration

diffusion

net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; occurs until equilibrium is achieved

cutaneous plexus

network of blood vessels between reticular layer and subcutaneous layer

smooth muscle

no visible striations; one centrally located nucleus; spindle shaped cell; usually functions in propelling substance through hollow organs

neuroglia

non conducting cells that nourish, insulate and protect the neurons

non-membrane organelles

not enclosed within their own lipid membranes; hence, they are always exposed to the cytosol

functions of dermis

nourishment and temperature regulation

membrane bound organelle examples

nucleus, mitochondrium, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes

contralateral

on opposite sides

ipsilateral

on the same side

simple

one layer of cells

in osseous tissue, which of the following are found in the lacunae

osteocytes

what kind of cells live in the lacunae of bones?

osteocytes

which of the following cells can be found in connective tissue

osteocytes, macrophages, fibroblast

types of bone cells

osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

columnar

oval or elongated nucleus, usually located basally

thick skin is only located

palms of hands and soles of feet

Which layer of the dermis is highly vascularized and nourishes the epidermis?

papillary layer

which layer of the skin is composed of LACT

papillary layer

layers of dermis

papillary layer and reticular layer

pelvis

pelvic region

what connects blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to the osteon

perforating canal

What is the outer covering of the bone called?

periosteum

examples of endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

structural support

physical interconnections between individual cells occur, as well as connections to their extracellular environment

3 main parts of the cell

plasmalemma (plasma or cell membrane), cytoplasm, nucleus

sura

posterior, calf of leg

what is the major function of mitochondria

produce ATP

serous glands

produce a water solution that usually contains enzymes

mixed glads

produce both types of secretions

Melanocytes

produce melanin, a dark skin pigment

Cytoskeletal microtubules disassemble during which phase of mitosis?

prophase

Mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

functions of epithelium tissue

protection, sensory reception, secretion, absorption, ion transport

functions of cell membrane

protection, structural support, sensitivity, regulation of exchange with the environment

reticular fibers

provide structural structural support

skeletal system

provides protection and support to the body organs; provides skeletal framework for the muscles to attach, hence, causing movement; stores minerals, blood cell formation occurs within bones

ventral body cavity (coelom)

provides protection, allows organ movement, lining prevents friction

growth

refers to an increase in some quantity over time, often due to an increase in the size and/or number of individual cells

catabolism

refers to the breakdown of molecules, via metabolic pathways, into smaller units, consequently releasing energy

anabolism

refers to the construction of molecules, via metabolic pathways, from smaller units

sex cells

reproductive cells or germ cells

collagen fibers

resist tension

osteoclasts

resorb/break down bone

epiphyseal cartilage (growth area)

resting cartilage proliferating carilage hypertrophy calcification

the primary site of protein synthesis is the

ribosome

the primary site of protein synthesis

ribosomes

non membranous organelles examples

ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles

pleural cavities

right and left cavities, which enclose the right and left lungs

abdominopelvic regions

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

abdominopelvic quadrants

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

short bones

roughly cube shaped

aprocrine

secrete oily substances contain lipids, proteins, and steroids through hair canals and are found only in skin containing hair *axillary, anal, genital area

exocrine glands

secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities -contain ducts that carry secreted products to epithelial surface

membranous organnelles

separately enclosed within their own lipid membranes that isolate them from the cytosol

peritoneum

serous membrane

bone functions

shape, support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation

anaphase

short, chromatid pairs separate (become chromosomes), daughter chromosomes move to opposite side of the cell; break apart

nucleolus

site of rRNA synthesis

Large, multi-nucleated fibers are found in:

skeletal muscle

types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

peroxisomes

smaller, membrane-walled sacs that contain enzymes, especially oxidases and catalase, that function in removing toxic peroxides from the body *abundant in liver

which cellular organelles are responsible for lipid metabolism

smooth er

two main types of cells in the body

somatic cells and sex cells

sensitivity

some membrane proteins act as receptors, a component of the cellular communication system

organelles

specialized subunits within a cell that has specific functions

cuboidal

spherical nucleus

lysosomes

spherical, membrane-walled sacs that contain digestive enzymes *function in digesting undated substances

which layer of the epidermis would you find langerhans cells

spinosum

trabecular are found in

spongy bone

layers of epidermis (deep to superficial)

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Which layer of skin is only found in thick skin, not thin skin?

stratum lucidum

the epidermis

superficial layer= thick epithelium

hypochondriac region

superior lateral regions

thoracic cavity

superior to diaphragm, contains heart, lungs, blood vessels; surrounded by the ribs and the muscles of the chest wall

when a person is face up laying on their back

supine

Haversian canal

surround blood vessels and nerves within bone

surgical anatomy

the study of anatomical landmarks, which are important to surgical procedures

responsiveness

the ability of an organism to change activity or functioning, based upon the application of a stimulus; also referred to as irritability

planta

the bottom of the food, sole

umbilical region

the center

adaption

the change in living organisms that allow them to live successfully in an enviorment

the dermis

the deep layer of connective tissue underlying the epidermis -strong flexible connective tissue (papillary and reticular layers) -richly supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels

holocrine secretion

the entire cell disintegrates to secrete its substances

pelvic cavity

the inferior part, which is enclosed by the bony pelvis; contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum

Occluding junctions (tight junctions)

the lipid portions of the plasma membranes bind together to seal the intercellular space between the cells, thereby preventing materials from passing between them

What region of the bone is the diaphysis referring to?

the middle or the shaft

fibroblast

the most abundant cell type in connective tissue proper

prone

the patient is lying down with the face down

supine

the patient is lying down with the face up

anatomical position

the person is standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet flat on the floor, face straight ahead

differentiation

the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type

excretion

the process of removing metabolic waste products and other useless materials

reproduction

the process through which new individual organisms are produced; therefore, it is essential to the continuity of life

absorption

the route through which substances can enter the body, dependent upon catabolic reactions

metabolism

the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life

mitochondrial matrix

the space enclosed by the inner membrane *important in the production of ATP with the aid of the ATP synthase contained in the inner membrane

microscopic anatomy

the study of body structures that cannot be viewed without magnification; includes cytology and histology

gross anatomy

the study of body structures which are visible without the aid of magnification

anatomy

the study of internal and external structures of the human body

radiographic anatomy

the study of internal body structures by using noninvasive imaging techniques, such as x-ray imaging and ultrasound

pathological anatomy

the study of structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease

developmental anatomy

the study of structural changes that occur from conception to physical maturity

comparative anatomy

the study of the anatomy of different types of animals

abdominal cavity

the superior part, which contains the liver, stomach, small intestine, spleen, kidneys, and other organs; extends from diaphragm superiorly to superior border of sacrum

visceral peritoneum

the thin membrane that adheres to the abdominopelvic organs of the serous membrane

visceral pericardium

the thin membrane that adheres to the heart surface of the serous membrane

visceral pleura

the thin membrane that adheres to the lungs of the serous membrane

parietal pleura

the thin membrane that lines the chest walls of the serous membrane

parietal pericardium

the thin membrane that lines the pericardial walls of the serous membrane

parietal peritoneum

the thin membrane that lines the wall of the serous membrane

fibrocartilage

thick collagen fibers predominate -resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits movement

fermur

thigh

intermediate hair

thin, colored typically found on appendages and groin

flat bones

thin, flattened, usually somewhat curved shape

pollicis

thumb

microvilli

time fingerling projections of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of cells, and are involved in a wide variety o functions, including absorption, secretion, and cellular adhesion

posterior

toward or at the back of the body; behind

anterior

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

medial

toward or at the midlines of the body

What is the distal end of your arm?

towards fingers

spongy bone contains

trabeculae

Which tissue lines the ureters and part of the urethra?

traditional epithelium

Which layer is closest to the organ; visceral or parietal?

visceral

telophase

when chromosomes stop moving, nuclear membranes and nucleoli form

carpus

wrist

the zone that looks like coins stacked on top of each other is the

zone of proliferating cartilage