Anatomy Exam 1
osteon structure
Haversian canal, Lacunae, Canaliculi, Lamellae, Osteocyte
fixed ribosomes
bound to the ER
cardiac muscle
branching cells have a striated appearance; one nucleus; presence of intercalated discs
osteoblasts
build new bone
anabolism refers to
building a molecule
gluteus
buttock region
nuclear envelope
The double-layered membrane enclosing the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
Mediastinal cavity (mediastinum)
a central cavity containing a band of organs, which lies between the pleural cavities; contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels
peroxide
a compound that contains an oxygen-oxygen single bond
superior
above a point of reference
distal
away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
deep
farther from or away from the body surface
intermediate filaments
function in providing strength, stabilization of the organelles, and transport of materials within the cytoplasm
sagittal plane
lies vertically and divides the body into a right portion and a left portion
frontal (coronal) plane
lies vertically and divides the body into an anterior portion and a posterior portion
cranial cavity
lies within skull, encasing the brain
spinal cavity
lies within the vertebral column, enclosing the spinal cord
microfilaments
mainly composed of thin strands of the actin protein
osteocytes
maintain bone (mature osteoblasts)
umbilicus
navel or bellybutton
cervicis
neck region
The wet membrane that covers cavities, which open to the external surface of the body is called the:
mucous membrane
skeletal muscle
muscle cells have a cylindrical and striated appearance due to highly organized arrangement of myofilaments
The what lines the body wall within the abdominopelvic cavity?
parietal peritoneum
canaliculi
path for communication between osteocytes
mucous glands
produce viscous, sticky mucus
musular system
produces motion; maintains posture by providing support; produces heat
serous membrane
slippery membrane that lines closed pleural, pericardial, peritoneal cavities
anchoring junction
two adjacent cells are mechanically linked together at their lateral or basal surfaces
stratified
two or more layers of cells; the superficial or apical layer is used to classify the epithelial type
brachium
upper arm
electron microscopy
uses electrons to magnify and view cell ultrastructures up to 2 million times their natural size
light microscopy
uses light to magnify and view cellular structures up to 2000x their natural size
irregular bones
various shapes and do not fit into previous categories
Pt. 2 body cavities and membranes
*serous fluid b. abdominopelvic cavity -abdominal cavity *peritoneum *parietal peritoneum *visceral peritoneum -pelvic cavity
blood supply of the integument
- cutaneous plexus - papillary plexus - these plexi play a role in thermoregulation and overall blood flow
stratum granulosum
-3 to 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes cytoplasm of keratinocytes contain: keratohyaline, lammellated granules
connective tissue proper
-Fibroblasts -produces both the fibers and the ground substance of the extracellular matrix -collagen fibers -reticular fibers elastic fibers
fluid mosaic model concept
-a think layer of extracellular fluid surrounds a cell -its outer boundary is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer called the cell membrane (also called plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipids bilayer") -this cell membrane model is a bilayer of lipid molecules with protein molecules dispersed within in
dense regular
-all collagen fibers in the matrix run in the same direction, separated by rows of fibroblasts, parallel to the direction of the pull -main component of ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses and fascia -provides firm attachment, conducts pull on muscles, stabilizes positions of bones
cartilage tissue
-avascular and not innervated -matrix consists of thin collagen fibrils, ground substance and increased tissue fluid -chondrocytes reside in lacunae *hyaline cartilage *elastic cartilage *fibrocartilage
muscle tissue
-composed of muscle cells containing many myofilaments -specialized to contract and generate movement -scant extracellular matrix separates the muscle cells
stratum spinosum
-comprised of keratinocytes, pre keratin -langerhans cells -produce tonofibrills
flow chart of connective tissue
-connective tissue proper *loose #areolar #reticular #adipose *dense #dense regular #dense irregular #elastic -fluid connective tissue *blood *lymph -supportive connective tissue *bone *cartilage #hyaline #elastic #fibrous
epithelial and connective tissues form covering and lining membranes
-consist of an epithelium plus and underlying layer of connective tissue -cover broad surfaces in the body -cutaneous membrane -mucous membrane -serous membrane
stratum corneum
-consits mainly of dead keratinocytes -water proofing glycolipids -many cell layers thick exists as a thicker layer in thick skin -keratinized
the nucleus
-contains the cell's chromosomal DNA *surrounded by the nuclear envelope *control center of cell *DNA directs the cell's actives by providing instructions for protein synthesis
stratified columnar epithelium
-rare existence in the body -small amounts occur in the male urethra and in large ducts of some glands -functions in protection and secretion
reticular layer
-deeper layer of the dermis -dense irregular connective tissue -thick collagen fibers provide strength and resilience
compact bone
-dense and solid -functional unit =osteon -covered by periosteum -found in diaphysis
intramembranous ossification
-forms membrane bones -begins when osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue, at an ossification center -ultimately produces spongy or compact bone -a network of bone tissue woven around capillaries first appears and is then remodeled into flat bone
hair follicles
-hair nonliving keratinized -anchors each hair to skin -blood vessels nourish cells and modify hair growth -arrector pili muscle
Bone (Osseous) tissue
-hard calcified matrix consists of inorganic calcium salts and contains collage fibers -osteblasts secrete the collagen fibers and ground substance of the matrix -mature osteocytes inhabit small pits or cavities called lacunae -very well vascularized
blood supply in dermis
-increased blood flow causes "blushing", -decreased blood flow often causes the skin to become relatively pale; -long term decreased blood flow causes cyanosis resulting in hypoxia
simple squamous epithelium
-lines alveoli of the lungs -forms the endothelium of blood vessels and the mesothelium of the ventral body cavity -molecules rapidly diffuse (passive) through the delicate and thin layer of flat cells of this epithelium
transitional epithelium
-lines the ureter, bladder, and part of the urethra -stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organ by contained urine
keratinocytes
-most abundant cell type -they produce keratin that gives epidermis its protective properties -arise from the deepest layer of the epidermis -cells are dead, flat sacs, filled with keratin - produce antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify the harmful chemicals to which our skin is exposed
nerve supply of the integument
-nerve fibers regulate blood flow and regulate the glands -provide sensory perception
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
-non ciliated type lines the sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands -ciliated variety lines the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract -function in secretion and propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
simple columnar epithelium
-non ciliated type lines the stomach and intestines, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands -ciliated type lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and some regions of the uterus -functions in absorption, secretion, and ion transport
stratified squamous epithelium
-non keratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina -keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin -protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
hypodermis
-not part of the integumentary system -made of primarily adipose tissue -stores fat, insulates, and anchors the skin -separates the dermis from the deep fascia
multicellular glands
-occur as aggregations of gland cells that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions -classified by their ducts and by the structure of their secretory units
simple cubical epithelium
-occurs in kidney tubes and in ducts and secretory portions of small glands -functions in secretion and absorption
spongy bone
-open network of trabeculae -precursor to compact bone -found in epiphysis and metaphysis -covered by endosperm
Plasmalemma (cell membrane)
-phospholipid bilayer *physical isolation *sensitivity *structural support *regulation of exchange
functions of the integumentary system
-physical protection -regulation of body temperature -excretion -nutrition -sensation -immune defense
Structure of short, irregular, and flat bones
-same composition as long bones -compact bone covered by periosteum -spongy bone covered by endosteum -NO diaphysis -NO meduallary cavity -Trabeculae of spongy bone is filled with bone marrow -In flat bones: DIPLOE- internal spongy bone
Epithelium
-sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
dense irregular
-similar to areolar but collagen fibers are thicker and run in different directions, appearing wavy in cross sections -functions in resetting strong tensions from different directions -occurs in the dermis and in organ capsules
adipose
-similar to areolar but contains more adipose cells -functions in increased nutrient-storage -white fat is abundant in the hypodermis -brown fat occur in babies, for generating heat and for heating the blood
dense elastic
-similar to areolar but increased bundles of elastic fibers -located in walls of arteries, around the bronchial tubes and within certain ligaments -stabilizes positions of vertebrae, cushions shocks, permits expansion and contraction of organs
reticular
-similar to areolar structure but the only fibers in the matrix are reticular fibers -occurs in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen -form networks of caverns that hold free blood cells
stratum basale (germinativum)
-single row of cells consists of basal cells -contains merkel cells and nelanocytes -continuous mitosis occurs in this layer
papillary layer
-superficial portion of the dermis -comprised of loose areolar connective tissue proper -identified by dermal papillae, nourishes epidermis
Functions of loose areolar connective tissue
-support and bind other tissues with its fibers -hold tissue fluid in its jellylike ground substance -fight infection with its many blood-derived defense cells, such as macrophages, plasma cells, and neutrophils -store nutrients in fat cells
connective tissue
-the most diverse and abundant tissue type -cells separated from one another by a large amount of extracellular matrix
areolar
-underlies almost all epithelia and surrounds capillaries -ground substance and collagen, reticular and elastic fibers in the matrix surround fibroblast cells, fat cells and dense cells
Body cavities and membranes
1. Dorsal body cavity a. cranial cavity b. spinal cavity 2. Ventral body cavity a. thoracic cavity -pleural cavities *parietal pleura *visceral pleura *serous fluid -mediastinal cavity *pericardial cavity *parietal pericardium *visceral pericardium
endochondral ossification
1. cartilage enlarges and chondrocytes get bigger in size at center of shaft. chondrocytes die and leave cavities in cartilage 2. blood vessels grow around edges of cartilage. cells of perichondrium converts to osteoblasts. shaft becomes covered by superficial layer of bone 3. blood vessels penetrate cartilage and invade central region. fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts and produce spongy bone at center. bone formation spreads along shaft to ends. 4. remodeling occurs as growth continues/bone shaft is thicker, increase length. 5. capillaries and osteoblats migrate to epiphyses, creating secondary ossification center 6. epiphyses are filled with spongy bone. at each metaphysis cartilage separates epiphysis from diaphysis
cell theory
1. cells are the basic unit of structure in all living things, 2. new cells are formed/ produced from other pre-exisiting cells, via division 3. cells are the fundamental units of structure that perform all vital functions
three factors of skin color
1. thickness of the stratum corneum 2. amount of pigments in the epidermis (melanin) 3. carotene
which mineral is essential for bone health
Calcium
Which of the following does not occur during mitosis?
Chromatids become chromosomes.
which of the following is a part of the nucleus
DNA and histones
Which of the following statements is true?
DNA controls the synthesis of RNA and DNA is bound to histones in the chromosomes
S phase
DNA replicates itself
Which of the following pairs consist of anatomical opposites?
Dorsal, ventral
Membranes are organs formed by the combination of which tissues?
Epithelial and connective
Recycling and changing the cell membrane is the major function of which organelle(s)?
Golgi apparatus
the phagocytic cells in the epidermis are
Langerhans cells
What type of epithelium lines the respiratory tract?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Which of the following is/are correct regarding simple epithelia?
They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical and chemical stress.
The two layers of a serous membrane are:
Visceral and parietal
receptor-mediated endocytosis
a more specific active event where the cytoplasm membrane folds inward to form coated pits
aprorine secretion
a portion of the secreting cell's body is lost during secretion
facilitated diffusion
a process of diffusion; a form of passive transport facilitated by the presence of transport proteins
endocytosis
a process where cells absorb material (molecules such as proteins) from the outside by engulfing it with their cell membrane
pseudo stratified with cilia
a simple epithelium that contains both short and tall cells
transitional epithelia
a stratified epithelium that stretches and changes shape due to the expansion of their cells' lumens
desmosome
a system of cell adhesion molecules and intercellular cement that glue adjacent cells together
Hemidesmosome
a very small stud- or rivet like structure on the inner basal surface that attaches a cell to the filaments and fibers of the extracellular matrix
flagellum (flagella)
a whip like projection that functions in moving a cell through surrounding fluid * only found on sperm
abdomen
abdominal region
eccrine (merocrine)
abundantly distributed all over the skin and mainly secrete water and electrolytes through the surface of the skin *produce true sweat
What is the term for molecule movement across a membrane from a low concentration to high concentration?
active transport
a molecule moving from low to high concentration uses
active transport
parietal pertains to
against body wall
parasagittal plane
all other sagittal planes that are offset from the midline and result in unequal portions
channels
allow water and ions to move across the membrane
hyaline cartilage
amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers predominate -most abundant type of cartilage
Cytoskeleton
an elaborate, internal network of protein rods spanning throughout the cytosol: confers strength and flexibility to the cytoplasm; provides support and shape to the cell, as well as intracellular movement
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
an interconnected network of tables, vesicles and cistern, which is involved in synthesis, storage, transport, and detoxification
cytosol
an intracellular fluid that contains dissolved solutes, and surrounds the cellular organelles
a bone cell that produces new bone matrix
an osteoblast
tarsus
ankle
crus
anterior leg, from knee to ankle
pubis
anterior pelvis or genital region
mechanisms of secretion
apocrine, holocrine, merocrine (eccrine)
unicellular glands
are the individual secretory cells that occur in epithelia containing scattered gland cells
active membrane process
are the mediated processes of moving molecules and other substances across the cell membrane, often requiring energy in the form of ATP
cephalon
area of the head
loose connective tissue
areolar, adipose, reticular
peripheral proteins
attached to the membrane but can separate from it
arrector pili muscle
attaches to the base of a hair follicle, causes "goose bumps"
lateral
away from the midline of the body
mitochondrium
bean-shaped organelles, which are described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cells's supply of ATP, used as a sources of energy
as keratinocytes are pushed to the stratum corneum they
become less viable
inferior
below a point of reference
What are the two fluid connective tissue
blood and lymph
somatic cells
body cells
gated channels
can open and close
pinocytosis
cell drinking (uptake of solutes and single molecules, such as proteins)
phagocytosis
cell eating (the process by which cells ingest large objects, such as bacteria or viruses)
interphase
cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for mitosis * divided into G1, S, G2 stages
G1 phase
cells are metabolically active, make proteins rapidly, and grow vigorously
merocrine (eccrine) secretion
cells secrete their substances by exocytosis
special characteristics of epithelial tissue
cellularity, specialized contacts, polarity, support, avascular, regeneration
thoracis
chest region
mature cartilage cells are termed
chondrocytes
histones and dna are
chromatin
Prophase
chromatin condenses, nucleoli disappear, mitotic spindle forms, nuclear envelop fragments
metaphase
chromosomes/centromeres line up at metaphase plate
Which non membranous organelle propels fluids or solids across the cell surface?
cilia
blood
classified as atypical connective tissue because of its structure; yet it is a connective tissue type because it originates from mesenchyme *red and white blood cells are surrounded by nonliving liquid matrix called blood plasma
superficial
closer to or at the body surface
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the point o attachment of a limb to the body trunk
terminal hair
coarse, darkly pigmented, found on heads and face
three types of fibers in connective tissue
collagen, reticular, elastic
osteons are found in what type of bone
compact/ground
ribosomes
complexes often subunits (rRNA and protein); function as the site of protein synthesis
Gogli Apparatus
composed of flattened membrane bound stacks known as cisternae *packages materials for lysomes, peroxisomes, secretory vesicles, membrane segments that are used to replenish the cell membrane *material travel: cis-> trans *secretory products are discharged from the cell through the process of exocytosis
microtubules
composed of the protein tubulin; function as the main support of the cell; allow the cell to change shape; allow organelle movement; function during cell division in moving and separating DNA strands
endocrine system
comprised of glands, which secrete hormones that regulate processes of the other organ systems
reproductive system
comprised of gonads, accessory organs and external genitalia; overall function is to produce sex cells and hormones for the purpose of producing offspring
digestive system
comprised of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory structures, which together function to process food and absorb nutrients
cardiovascular system
comprised of the heart, blood vessels, and body to transport materials within the body
urinary system
comprised of the kidneys, ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra; functions to eliminate excess water, salts, and nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
lymphoid system
comprised of the lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, the thymus, and the spleen), lymphocytes, and lymphoid tissue; returns leaked fluid to blood; provides defense against pathogens and disease by housing white blood cells (lymphocytes) that function in immunity
respiratory system
comprised of the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs; maintains the blood's constant supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide by delivering air to the lungs where gas exchange occurs at the alveoli
four classes of connective tissue
connective tissue proper, cartilage, osseous (bone), blood
appendicular region
consists o the upper and lower limbs (or extremities)
axial region
consists of the head, neck and torso
dense connective tissue proper
contains exceptionally thick collagen fibers and resists tremendous pulling forces -irregular -regular -elastic
dorsal body cavity
contains the cranial cavity and spinal cavity
pericardial cavity
contains the heart
cytokinesis
contractile ring forms cleavage furrow, squeezes new cells apart, begins in anaphase and ends after telophase
nervous sytem
control center of the body, which directs immediate response to stimuli and coordinates the other organ systems
cytoplasm consists of three elements
cytoplasm, organelles, and inclusions
Which type of tissue is found in the capsules of organs?
dense irregular connective tissue
Which intercellular attachment, also called "macula adherens" consists of a system of cell adhesion molecules and intercellular cement?
desmosomes
structure of long bone
diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal line, blood vessels, medullary cavity, skeletal membranes, endosteum
examples of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
tendons an ligaments are what kind of connective tissue?
direct regular connective tissue
smooth er (SER)
does not have attached ribosomes, it functions in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis, lipid metabolism, calcium ion storage, and drug detoxification
cutaneous membrane
dry membrane that covers the outer surface of the body
endocrine glands
ductless and secrete product directly into the bloodstream
What type of cartilage is found in your ear and epiglottis?
elastic cartilage
the least common type of cartilage
elastic cartilage
the least common type of cartilage is
elastic cartilage
which tissue is found in the walls of arteries and around bronchial tubes
elastic connective tissue
long bones
elongated shape
integral proteins
embedded in the phospholipids bilayer
elastic fibers
enable recall o stretched tissues -least abundant type of cartilage
outer mitochondrial membrane
encloses the entire organelle
examples of active transport
endocytosis
two layers of the skin
epidermis and dermis
what structure suppurates the epiphysis form diaphysis
epiphyseal plate
Four primary tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
simple epithelia is in places that need to
exchange materials
Which of the following cell types is not found in the epidermis?
fibroblasts
serous fluid
fills the pericardial cavity between the layers of the serous membrane
serous fluid
fills the pleural cavity between the layers of the serous membrane
G2 phase
final part of interphase where enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized
Vellus hair
fine, colorless "peach fuzz"
lanugo hair
first hair produced after birth
What type of bone are the bones of the skull?
flat bones
squamous
flattened cytoplasm and nucleus
inner mitochondrial membrane
folds inward to produce cristae, which increases the surface area and enhance the organelles ability to produce ATP
pes
food
antebrachium
forearm
protection
forms a barrier against substances and forces outside the cell
integumentary system
forms the cutaneous membrane, the external body covering; provides protection and thermoregulation; synthesizes vitamin d; provides cutaneous reception through sensory receptors; additional accessory structures are hair follicles, nails, sweat glands and ill glands
regulation of exchange with the environment (selective permeability)
free passage of some (not all) materials are permitted
two types of protein synthesis
free ribosomes and fixed ribosomes
sebum
functions in lubricating hairs and preventing bacterial growth
intercalated discs are an example of
gap junctions
which organelle is responsible for maintaining the phospholipid bilayer
golgi
hallucis
great toe or big toe
inguen
groin
thin skin is
hairy skin
manus
hand
rough er (RER)
has attached ribosomes, where proteins are assembled and packaged in transport vesicles to be exported to the Golgi apparatus. the rough er has several functions in making all proteins that are secreted from cells, on its ribosomes, and providing RER membrane for the cell membrane
tonofibrils
help in anchorage to cytoskeleton
neurons
highly specialized nerve cells with extensions and processes that allow electrical impulse transmission
papillary plexus
highly-branched network of blood vessels just deep to the epidermis
What is the protein that chromatin is wrapped around in the nucleus?
histones
lacunae
house osteocytes
Midsagittal (median) plane
if the sagittal plane lies exactly in the midline and the portions are equivalent
inguinal (iliac) region
inferior lateral regions
structure of cell membrane
integral proteins, peripheral proteins, channels, gated channels, microvilli
the human body's 11 organ systems
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphoid/lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
merkel cells
intimately associated with sensory nerve ending fibers; may serve as receptors for touch
flat bones are formed via
intramembranous ossification
keratinized stratified squamous epithelia contains four distinct cell types
keratinocytes, melanocytes merkel cells, langerhans cells
patella
kneecap
specialized sensory receptors in the skin include
lamellated corpuscles, merkel cells, tactile corpuscles
types of hair
lanugo, vellus, intermediate, terminal
lamellae
layers of osteon
transverse (horizontal) plane
lies horizontally and divides the body into a superior portion and an inferior portion
abdominopelvic cavity
lies inferior to the diaphragm and is divided into a superior part and an inferior part
What do adipocytes store?
lipids
free ribosomes
located within the cytosol
centrioles
long barrel-shaped microtubules that radiate from the centrosome in non-dividing cells * active in dividing cells and function in directing the movement of chromosomes during cell division * also function in forming the bases of cilia and flagella
Adaptability
long term responsiveness
lumbus
lower back
what layer does thick skin have that thin skin does not
lucidum
in anatomical description, a person is prone when
lying face down in anatomical position
which organelle contains digestive enzymes
lysosomes
langerhans cells
macrophage like dendritic cell -function in policing our body surface, using receptor mediated endocytosis to take up foreign proteins
nervous tissue
main component of the nervous organs; the brain, spinal cord and nerves *neurons *neurgila
thick filaments
mainly composed of the protein myosin; produces movement with the action of actin
glands
many epithelial cells make and secrete a product (aqueous fluid containing proteins usually); such cells constitute glands
hypogastric region
medial and inferior to the umbilical region
epigastric region
medial and superior to the umbilical region
What do melanocytes produce?
melanin
hair color is determined by
melanin production
Communication Junction (Gap Junction)
membrane or channel proteins, called connexions hold tow cells together, forming a narrow passageway between the cells
passive transport
membrane transport that does not require energy
Serous cells undergo which mechanism of secretion?
merocrine
two types of sweat glands
merocrine and apocrine
what kind of gland allows the body to cool itself down during high temperatures and humidity?
merocrine sweat glands
cytoskeleton contains
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, thick filaments, and microtubules
what are the types of anatomy
microscopic, gross, developmental, comparative, pathological, radiographic, surgical
which cytoskeleton strand is sued during anaphase?
microtubules
cilia
microtubules containing tail like projections that are anchored by a basal body *function in movement of fluids or secretions across the cell surface
lumbar region
middle lateral regions
M phase
mitosis and cytokinesis
mucous membrane
moist membrane that lines hollow internal organs that open to the body exterior
elastic cartilage
more elastic fibers in the matrix
osmosis
net movement of a solvent (frequently water) across a semi-permeable membrane, from a solution o flow solute concentration to a solution with high solutions concentration
diffusion
net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; occurs until equilibrium is achieved
cutaneous plexus
network of blood vessels between reticular layer and subcutaneous layer
smooth muscle
no visible striations; one centrally located nucleus; spindle shaped cell; usually functions in propelling substance through hollow organs
neuroglia
non conducting cells that nourish, insulate and protect the neurons
non-membrane organelles
not enclosed within their own lipid membranes; hence, they are always exposed to the cytosol
functions of dermis
nourishment and temperature regulation
membrane bound organelle examples
nucleus, mitochondrium, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes
contralateral
on opposite sides
ipsilateral
on the same side
simple
one layer of cells
in osseous tissue, which of the following are found in the lacunae
osteocytes
what kind of cells live in the lacunae of bones?
osteocytes
which of the following cells can be found in connective tissue
osteocytes, macrophages, fibroblast
types of bone cells
osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
columnar
oval or elongated nucleus, usually located basally
thick skin is only located
palms of hands and soles of feet
Which layer of the dermis is highly vascularized and nourishes the epidermis?
papillary layer
which layer of the skin is composed of LACT
papillary layer
layers of dermis
papillary layer and reticular layer
pelvis
pelvic region
what connects blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to the osteon
perforating canal
What is the outer covering of the bone called?
periosteum
examples of endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
structural support
physical interconnections between individual cells occur, as well as connections to their extracellular environment
3 main parts of the cell
plasmalemma (plasma or cell membrane), cytoplasm, nucleus
sura
posterior, calf of leg
what is the major function of mitochondria
produce ATP
serous glands
produce a water solution that usually contains enzymes
mixed glads
produce both types of secretions
Melanocytes
produce melanin, a dark skin pigment
Cytoskeletal microtubules disassemble during which phase of mitosis?
prophase
Mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
functions of epithelium tissue
protection, sensory reception, secretion, absorption, ion transport
functions of cell membrane
protection, structural support, sensitivity, regulation of exchange with the environment
reticular fibers
provide structural structural support
skeletal system
provides protection and support to the body organs; provides skeletal framework for the muscles to attach, hence, causing movement; stores minerals, blood cell formation occurs within bones
ventral body cavity (coelom)
provides protection, allows organ movement, lining prevents friction
growth
refers to an increase in some quantity over time, often due to an increase in the size and/or number of individual cells
catabolism
refers to the breakdown of molecules, via metabolic pathways, into smaller units, consequently releasing energy
anabolism
refers to the construction of molecules, via metabolic pathways, from smaller units
sex cells
reproductive cells or germ cells
collagen fibers
resist tension
osteoclasts
resorb/break down bone
epiphyseal cartilage (growth area)
resting cartilage proliferating carilage hypertrophy calcification
the primary site of protein synthesis is the
ribosome
the primary site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
non membranous organelles examples
ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles
pleural cavities
right and left cavities, which enclose the right and left lungs
abdominopelvic regions
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
abdominopelvic quadrants
right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower
short bones
roughly cube shaped
aprocrine
secrete oily substances contain lipids, proteins, and steroids through hair canals and are found only in skin containing hair *axillary, anal, genital area
exocrine glands
secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities -contain ducts that carry secreted products to epithelial surface
membranous organnelles
separately enclosed within their own lipid membranes that isolate them from the cytosol
peritoneum
serous membrane
bone functions
shape, support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation
anaphase
short, chromatid pairs separate (become chromosomes), daughter chromosomes move to opposite side of the cell; break apart
nucleolus
site of rRNA synthesis
Large, multi-nucleated fibers are found in:
skeletal muscle
types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
peroxisomes
smaller, membrane-walled sacs that contain enzymes, especially oxidases and catalase, that function in removing toxic peroxides from the body *abundant in liver
which cellular organelles are responsible for lipid metabolism
smooth er
two main types of cells in the body
somatic cells and sex cells
sensitivity
some membrane proteins act as receptors, a component of the cellular communication system
organelles
specialized subunits within a cell that has specific functions
cuboidal
spherical nucleus
lysosomes
spherical, membrane-walled sacs that contain digestive enzymes *function in digesting undated substances
which layer of the epidermis would you find langerhans cells
spinosum
trabecular are found in
spongy bone
layers of epidermis (deep to superficial)
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Which layer of skin is only found in thick skin, not thin skin?
stratum lucidum
the epidermis
superficial layer= thick epithelium
hypochondriac region
superior lateral regions
thoracic cavity
superior to diaphragm, contains heart, lungs, blood vessels; surrounded by the ribs and the muscles of the chest wall
when a person is face up laying on their back
supine
Haversian canal
surround blood vessels and nerves within bone
surgical anatomy
the study of anatomical landmarks, which are important to surgical procedures
responsiveness
the ability of an organism to change activity or functioning, based upon the application of a stimulus; also referred to as irritability
planta
the bottom of the food, sole
umbilical region
the center
adaption
the change in living organisms that allow them to live successfully in an enviorment
the dermis
the deep layer of connective tissue underlying the epidermis -strong flexible connective tissue (papillary and reticular layers) -richly supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels
holocrine secretion
the entire cell disintegrates to secrete its substances
pelvic cavity
the inferior part, which is enclosed by the bony pelvis; contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum
Occluding junctions (tight junctions)
the lipid portions of the plasma membranes bind together to seal the intercellular space between the cells, thereby preventing materials from passing between them
What region of the bone is the diaphysis referring to?
the middle or the shaft
fibroblast
the most abundant cell type in connective tissue proper
prone
the patient is lying down with the face down
supine
the patient is lying down with the face up
anatomical position
the person is standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet flat on the floor, face straight ahead
differentiation
the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type
excretion
the process of removing metabolic waste products and other useless materials
reproduction
the process through which new individual organisms are produced; therefore, it is essential to the continuity of life
absorption
the route through which substances can enter the body, dependent upon catabolic reactions
metabolism
the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life
mitochondrial matrix
the space enclosed by the inner membrane *important in the production of ATP with the aid of the ATP synthase contained in the inner membrane
microscopic anatomy
the study of body structures that cannot be viewed without magnification; includes cytology and histology
gross anatomy
the study of body structures which are visible without the aid of magnification
anatomy
the study of internal and external structures of the human body
radiographic anatomy
the study of internal body structures by using noninvasive imaging techniques, such as x-ray imaging and ultrasound
pathological anatomy
the study of structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease
developmental anatomy
the study of structural changes that occur from conception to physical maturity
comparative anatomy
the study of the anatomy of different types of animals
abdominal cavity
the superior part, which contains the liver, stomach, small intestine, spleen, kidneys, and other organs; extends from diaphragm superiorly to superior border of sacrum
visceral peritoneum
the thin membrane that adheres to the abdominopelvic organs of the serous membrane
visceral pericardium
the thin membrane that adheres to the heart surface of the serous membrane
visceral pleura
the thin membrane that adheres to the lungs of the serous membrane
parietal pleura
the thin membrane that lines the chest walls of the serous membrane
parietal pericardium
the thin membrane that lines the pericardial walls of the serous membrane
parietal peritoneum
the thin membrane that lines the wall of the serous membrane
fibrocartilage
thick collagen fibers predominate -resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits movement
fermur
thigh
intermediate hair
thin, colored typically found on appendages and groin
flat bones
thin, flattened, usually somewhat curved shape
pollicis
thumb
microvilli
time fingerling projections of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of cells, and are involved in a wide variety o functions, including absorption, secretion, and cellular adhesion
posterior
toward or at the back of the body; behind
anterior
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
medial
toward or at the midlines of the body
What is the distal end of your arm?
towards fingers
spongy bone contains
trabeculae
Which tissue lines the ureters and part of the urethra?
traditional epithelium
Which layer is closest to the organ; visceral or parietal?
visceral
telophase
when chromosomes stop moving, nuclear membranes and nucleoli form
carpus
wrist
the zone that looks like coins stacked on top of each other is the
zone of proliferating cartilage
