anatomy final exam

Which of the following statements regarding the sliding filament model is false?

Both actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction.

Which of the following is false?

The posterior horn of the cord contains the cell bodies of motor neurons.

Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in

continuous stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane.

Fingerprints and footprints are produced by projections into the epidermis called

dermal papillae.

The study of tissues is

histology

A coroner determines the cause of death to be strangulation because this delicate bone is fractured. Which bone is this?

hyoid

The corpus callosum

is a band of commissural fibers that connects the right cerebral hemisphere to the left cerebral hemisphere.

Eighty-year old Mrs. Smith has a bent-over stance with a noticeable hump back. Along with osteoporosis, Mrs. Smith also is afflicted with which condition?

kyphosis

What cell type would have many Golgi apparatus?

mucus cell (secretes mucus)

Stratified epithelium consists of

multiple layers of cells.

What branch of physiology would study the effects of sunbathing on the skin?

organ physiology

Which type of bone cells give rise to osteoblasts?

osteochondral progenitor cell

Which of the following neurons is most likely to be adrenergic?

postganglionic sympathetic

All of the following nerve endings are found in the skin EXCEPT

proprioceptors.

Reflexes function in

removing the body from painful stimuli. keeping the body from falling. maintaining blood pressure. maintaining blood CO2 levels.

repolarization

return to the resting membrane potential

Skin glands do not include

salivary glands.

The auditory cortex is located in the

temporal lobe

Andrew is in a car accident and fractures his maxilla. To which group of bones does this belong?

viscerocranium

The processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

Both processes form woven bone.

Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells?

Depolarization causes voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open.

Which of the following statements concerning the descending pathways of the spinal cord is true?

Descending pathways consist of upper and lower motor neurons.

Which of the following statements about bone growth is TRUE?

Endochondral growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate.

Select the regions that are composed of loose connective tissue.

Epidermis of the skin Papillary layer of dermis

Fatty acid A has 10 double covalent bonds scattered throughout its carbon chain while fatty acid B has only single covalent bonds between the carbons in its chain.

Fatty acid B is saturated.

Sam is curling very heavy weights and suddenly drops them. Which reflex forced this action by Sam to prevent tendon damage?

Golgi tendon reflex

The reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the

Golgi tendon reflex.

How does the integumentary system contribute to osteoporosis?

Lack of exposure to sunlight reduces vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption

Select the structure considered a primary receptor.

Pacinian corpuscle

Lining of the nasal cavity, pharynx and trachea

Pseudostratifed columnar

Which of the following statements best describes RNA?

RNA is a single-stranded molecule.

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?

Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons.

Which of the following events occurs last?

Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses.

The kidney tubules are key to the secretion and absorption of materials that make up the filtrate and ultimately urine. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Lining of blood vessels and alveoli of lungs

Simple squamous

The blood capillaries and glomerular capsule are both made of an epithelial tissue specifically suited for diffusion and filtration. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

Simple squamous epithelium

Mammary gland ducts, larynx, parts of the male urethra

Stratified columnar

Sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells

Stratified cuboidal

Protection against abrasion, barrier against infection

Stratified squamous

Which body membrane would be found lining the inside of the knee joint?

Synovial membrane

Which of the following events occurs during the lag phase of a muscle twitch?

The action potential is propagated from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane.

What is found the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord?

The cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons.

Which of the following statements regarding voltage-gated K+ channels is true?

These channels have only one gate. These channels open more slowly than Na+ channels. Once open, these channels remain open until repolarization is complete. These channels are specific for potassium.

Which of the following is NOT a property of the myosin head?

They bind to troponin.

Which of the following activities would stimulate the reticular formation?

a clock radio coming on in the morning

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue would be found in

a ligament.

If the ECF around a nerve cell is replaced with an isotonic saline solution that contains potassium ions and other solutes at concentrations very close to the ECF concentrations of a normal cell, the result is

a resting membrane potential close to its normal value.

Lesions of the basal nuclei could cause

a slight shaking of the hands or head.

an organ is

a structure composed of several tissue types

Which of the following functions is most likely to be performed by the visual association area?

"recognizes" the face of a close friend

Bob was completely bald on the top of his head by the time he was 35 years of age. Bob noticed he produced abundant sweat on his head when he exercised. He also noticed that his scalp was no longer oily. Which of the following changes account for the observations?(1) He has fewer functional hair follicles now.(2) He has fewer functional sebaceous glands now.(3) He has fewer merocrine sweat glands now.(4) He has fewer apocrine sweat glands now.

1, 2

The muscles of the back contract to straighten so that you sit at a more erect posture and subsequently the muscles are suddenly stretched as you nod off. Which of the following best represents the sequence of events when you start to nod off?(1) muscles of the back are stretched(2) the muscle spindle is stretched(3) action potentials in sensory neurons of the muscle spindles increase(4) action potentials in alpha motor neurons of skeletal muscle fibers increase(5) skeletal muscle of the back contract

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence.(1) sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential(2) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell(3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft(4) membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases(5) action potential causes release of neurotransmitter

5, 3, 2, 4, 1

Which of the following statements is true?

An exaggerated thoracic curvature of the vertebral column is called kyphosis.

A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called

an all-or-none response.

Nucleotides

are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

Dendrites

are the input part of the neuron.

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both

are under involuntary control.

Fibers connecting areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere are ______ fibers.

association

In a reversible reaction, when the rate of product formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation, the reaction is

at equilibrium

The first cervical vertebrae is the

atlas.

receptor molecules may be muscarinic or adrenergic

autonomic nervous system

A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will

become pale.

Due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the dermal blood vessels,

body heat is conserved.

Alex is participating in a 50 meter dash. Predict the most important chemical process his muscles will rely on during this race.

both anaerobic respiration and creatine phosphate breakdown.

In smooth muscle, cross-bridging occurs due to

both calcium binding to calmodulin and myosin kinase adding a phosphate to myosin heads.

acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter substance

both somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ____________ plexus.

brachial

White matter is composed of

bundles of myelinated axons.

Sally has elevated levels of blood calcium. What chemical would you expect to find in high levels in response to this condition?

calcitonin

Voltage-gated sodium channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of

calcium ions.

Adrenergic receptors

can be activated by the release of epinephrine.

Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in

cell bodies or soma.

Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills?

central nervous system

The _____ region of the vertebral column is located in the neck.

cervical

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the ____ and is reabsorbed by the ____.

choroid plexus, arachnoid granulation

Which type of bone has concentric lamellae?

compact bone

A condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations between contractions is called

complete tetanus.

Mechanoreceptors respond to

compression of receptors.

T tubules

conduct action potentials deep into the muscle cell.

The primary motor area

contains a larger area for control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?

control the heart rate

Identify the functions of the nervous system.

controlling muscles and glands integrating information stimulating muscle growth

Which of the following activities is NOT associated with the cerebrum?

controlling the autonomic nervous system

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

conveys action potentials to the CNS.

The anatomical term that is usually synonymous with "superior" in humans and means toward the head is ____.

cranial and caudal

Axons exit the sympathetic chain ganglia by all of the following except

cranial nerves.

Rigor mortis occurs after death because

cross-bridges form but can't release.

The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the

decussation of the pyramids in the medulla.

The movement of oxygen from the alveoli of the lungs into the bloodstream is an example of

diffusion.

Gap junctions are functional __________ synapses.

electrical

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, ______ are transferred between molecules

electrons

The bulk uptake of material by the formation of a vesicle is called

endocytosis.

heat energy is

energy that flows between objects with different temperatures.

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ____________ cells.

ependymal

What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?

epidural space

What type of tissue has little extracellular matrix because it forms covering and lining layers for body structures?

epithelial

Indicate the class of tissue that is capable of regeneration, is avascular, and consists of cells that are bound to each other via specialized junctions.

epithelial tissue

The portion of the dorsal column/medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from nerve endings in the feet and legs is the

fasciculus gracilis.

Which of the following feelings is NOT related to hypothalamic function?

feeling rested after flying to England

A patient in a skiing accident is told that the lateral side of the ankle joint has been crushed. The bone that has been injured is the

fibula.

What structure anchors the thecal sac and conus medullaris to the coccyx?

filum terminale

A neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger. The result is

frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases.

Consider the following four phrases and select the one that does not belong with the others.

fuels runner in a marathon

Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in

ganglia.

a tissue is a

group of cells with similar structure and function.

If the Broca area is damaged, the result is

hesitant and distorted speech

A young boy (10 years old) exhibited the following symptoms: advanced development of secondary sexual characteristics and rapid growth. Which of the following caused his condition?

hypersecretion of testosterone

A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the

hypodermis.

Although there are many important autonomic reflex centers within the central nervous system, the _______ is most responsible for maintaining homeostasis.

hypothalamus

Thirteen year-old Austin exhibits retarded growth, reduced metabolism, lack of normal reproductive gland development, inability to regulate water intake or water elimination from the body, and an uncontrolled appetite. What part of Austin's brain is most likely involved?

hypothalamus

Microvilli

increase the surface area of the cell.

Most cells are attached to extracellular molecules, such as fiber-like collagens, or to neighboring cells. Cellular attachment may be a critical factor in regulating cell division in the context of cancers. Which of these protein types attach cells to extracellular molecules?

integrins

Damage to a postsynaptic membrane would

interfere with the ability to respond to neurotransmitter.

Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?

interneuron

What is the type of ossification that forms the flat bones of the skull?

intramembranous ossification

The conus medullaris

is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement.

Treppe

is achieved during warm-up exercises. is an example of a graded response. may be due to an increase in the level of calcium ions around the myofibril. can contribute to improved muscle efficiency.

ATP

is associated with anabolism and catabolism. is associated with a reversible reaction. stores and releases energy in the cell. can be synthesized from ADP.

Thick skin

is found in areas subject to pressure or friction such as palms.

The dermis

is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength.

What protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?

keratin

Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called

lanugo hairs.

Which of these molecules is correctly matched with its method of movement through the cell membrane?

large, water-soluble molecules — transported by carrier-mediated processes

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

left cerebral hemisphere - spatial perception

A small lesion in the brainstem which resulted in a rapid heart rate, intense vasoconstriction, and elevated blood pressure would probably be located in the

medulla oblongata.

In general, water-soluble molecules diffuse through the ______ ______; and lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through the ______ ______.

membrane channels; lipid bilayer

Fran has a microbial infection attacking his brain. Which cell type would you expect to proliferate and be most active during this time?

microglial cells

A lesion in the cerebral peduncles might affect

movement.

Which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle?

moving your feet in walking

The motor neurons responsible for making a fist are

multipolar.

Effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons have

muscarinic receptors.

Of the four classes of tissues, the tissue that consists of elongated fibers that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation is ______

muscle tissue

In excitation-contraction coupling,

myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin.

If you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS, you cut

nerves.

The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have

nicotinic receptors.

In the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called

nuclei.

The size of various regions of the primary somatic sensory cortex is proportional to the _______ sensory receptors in that area of the body.

number of

Which of the following bones is part of the neurocranium?

occipital bone

beta waves

occur during intense mental activity

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis?

oligodendrocyte

When blood calcium levels are low

ostoclast activity increases. Correct

Which of these activities is associated with the right cerebral hemisphere in most people?

painting a watercolor landscape

Cedric slipped and cut his finger. The cut bled, but did not penetrate to the hypodermis. The deepest layer penetrated was the

papillary layer of the dermis.

increases activity of GI tract

parasympathetic

A person lying with his/her face down is said to be in what position?

prone

Important functions of the skeletal system include

protection of the brain and soft organs.

A term that means "toward the attached end of a limb" is

proximal

The shoulder is _____ to the elbow.

proximal

If you break the lateral bone of your forearm, you have fractured your

radius

Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?

reticular layer of dermis

Arrange these structures as they participate in excitation-contraction.

sarcolemma, T tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions

If an animal has had its cerebrum removed, it cannot

see

ATP

serves as the energy currency of the cell.

The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by

short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate.

Absorption in the small and large intestines

simple columnar

Kidney tubules, secretory cells of glands

simple cuboidal

Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the

size of muscle fibers.

Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

skeletal muscle

The adrenal glands, located on top of each kidney, manufacture and release steroid hormones such as cortisol and androgens. Cells that manufacture large amounts of lipids typically contain large amounts of

smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

In an ascending pathway, axons of the secondary neuron travel from the

spinal cord through the brainstem to the thalamus.

Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process are all parts of the

sternum

The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the

stratum basale.

In which layer of the epidermis are granules of keratohyalin formed?

stratum granulosum

The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the

strength of the bone.

Which of the following is a carbohydrate?

sucrose

Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that

surrounds each muscle fiber.

Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the ____ division of the ANS.

sympathetic

The ________________ division of the ANS functions mainly to prepare the body for energy-expending, stressful situations.

sympathetic

release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

sympathetic

A person who has cerebrospinal fluid draining from the ear probably has a fracture of the

temporal bone.

In order for muscle relaxation to occur,

the active sites on actin must be blocked.

The coccyx is

the most inferior portion of the vertebral column. Correct

Concentric contractions occur when

the muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens.

Whole muscles can respond in a graded fashion to stimuli by varying

the number of motor units recruited.

The sac surrounding the spinal cord is the

thecal sac.

The ribs articulate with the _____ vertebrae.

thoracic

The type of cell connection that serves as a permeability barrier is a

tight junction.

Lining of the urinary bladder and ureters

transitional

The urethra and bladder are designed to accommodate fluctuations in volume of liquid in organs and tubes. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

transitional epithelium

Those ribs that attach directly to the sternum are referred to as _____ ribs.

vertebrosternal

Afferent fibers terminating in the hypothalamus provide input from the

visceral organs. taste receptors of the tongue. limbic system. the prefrontal cortex of the cerebrum

Which of the following statements is false?

water evaporation heats the body

The speed of an action potential depends upon

whether an axon is myelinated or not myelinated. thickness of the myelin sheath. the diameter of the axon.

A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the

withdrawal reflex

The sympathetic portion of the ANS would influence which of the following?

your heart rate during this exam

Arrange the following in correct sequence:(1) protein moves through ER and then carried in vesicles to Golgi apparatus(2) vesicle pinches off from the Golgi apparatus and carries product to plasma membrane(3) Golgi apparatus modifies protein and then packages them into vesicles(4) protein made by ribosomes on rough ER

4, 1, 3, 2

Where is reticular connective tissue found?

Lymphatic tissue, bone marrow and liver

Which of the following statements regarding neuroglia is false?

Neuroglia produce action potentials for skeletal muscles.