Anatomy Final Notecards
Macrophages
"big eaters" Engulf and devour wide variety of foreign material
Properties of Life
-Organization -Cellular composition -Biochemical unity -Metabolism -Excitability -Homeostasis -Growth -Development -Reproduction -Evolution
Discoid Cell
...
Fibrous Cell
...
Fusiform Cell
...
Polygonal Cell
...
Spheroid Cell
...
Stellate Cell
...
Cholesterol
20% of the plasma membrane help maintain fluidity of membrane -too little predisposes to stroke
Glycolipids
5% of the plasma membrane Proteins function as receptors, enzymes, channels, cell identification, cell adhesion, carriers
Phospholipids
75% of the plasma membrane fat-soluble substances (steroid hormones, O2, CO2) pass water-soluble substances (glucose & salts) restricted pass through membrane proteins
Muscle Tissue
A composite tissue Contains muscle cells & areolar connective tissue Responsible for movements of body parts -Most muscle cells called fibers Shorten when contracted
Cancer
A disease of the cell cycle where mutations occur during the cycle Uncontrolled division and spread of cells within the body
Adipocytes
A fat cell Minor role of storing energy reserves as fat
Tissue
A group of cells, similar in structure, performing related functions Vary in: structure, function, and content of extracellular matrix
Basement Membrane
A specialized structure of epithelium Found between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue Provides physical support and anchoring of epithelial tissue Acts as a barrier to regulate passage of large molecules between epithelium and underlying connective tissue
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Affects top cell layer Tends to metastasize to lymph nodes
Desmosomes
Analogous to a button or snap between two adjacent cells Located at points of mechanical stress between cells Consist of a thickened protein plaque on each side with a network of proteins spanning intercellular space On the cytoplasmic side, intermediate _ilaments provide support and stability
Enzymes
Catalyst molecules
Fibroblasts
Cell that produces all fibers of areolar connective tissue Most abundant cells in connective tissue proper
Connective Tissue
Cells occupy less space than extracellular material -Most abundant and diverse type of tissue Odd group of functions but same simple structural plan Extracellular matrix: cells always separated by large amount of non-living extracellular material Originate from embryonic tissue called mesenchyme
Microvilli
Cellular membrane protrusions that function to increase surface area, good for cells that absorb
Characteristics of Epithelia Tissue
Cellularity Polarity Regeneration Avascular Attachment Specialized Contacts
Metaplasia
Change from one type of mature tissue to another
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Chemical→ Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ System → Organism
Cartilage Growth
Chondroblasts secrete matrix which surrounds itself until a cavity (lacuna) is formed - then cell is called a chondrocyte Not vascularized - relies on reserve chondroblasts to maintain growth
Fibrocartilage
Coarse collagen fibers, resists tension & compression
Dense Regular Tissue
Collagen fibers run in same direction (Parallel to direction of pull) Poorly vascularized with no defense or fat cells Main component of ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, & fascia In a few ligaments elastic fibers outnumber collagen fibers and so are called elastic connective tissue
Basic Functions of Connective Tissue
Connect cells and organs of body Form basis of skeleton Physical Protection - Surround blood vessels and nerves, brain -Immune Protection - lead fight against infection Store and carry nutrients Transport Movement
Areolar Tissue Function
Cushion organs Provide support while allowing movement Phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens
Malignant Melanoma
Deadly, readily metastasizes, invades melanocytes
Neoplasia
Development of a tumor
Exocrine Glands
Discharge secretions onto an epithelial surface Serous glands Mucous glands
Endocrine Glands
Ductless glands that release secretions into surrounding extracellular fluid Secretions are hormones (e.g. from pituitary gland)
Tight Junctions
Encircle cells near their apical surface. Prevent molecules from traveling between epithelial cells so molecules must go through "gatekeepers" between an external and internal environment
Cutaneous Membrane
Epidermis + Dermis
Mucous Membrane
Epithelial sheet + Loose CT
Defense Cells
Fight against infection begins in areolar tissue Microorganisms invade body by entering areolar tissue after penetrating epithelia Main line of defense: Specific defense cells Viscous nature of ground substance and dense collagen network work to slow progress of invading cells
Elastic Cartilage
Flexible & maintains shape
Gap Junctions
Fluid-filled channels that directly connect the cytoplasms Allow adjacent cells to communicate by the _low of ions and other small molecular messengers
Adhering Junctions
Formed completely around the cell deep to the tight junction Microfilaments act like a purse-string to stabilize the apical surface of the epithelial cell
Glycocalyx
Glycoprotein (slime) that cushions plasma membrane, functions in cell identity and cell adhesion
Bone
Hard, calcified matrix w/lots of collagen - Highly vascularized Supports & protects Mechanical levers Stores minerals Blood cell factory
Microscopic Anatomy
Histology, use of a microscope, important for understanding physiological & disease processes
Characteristics of the Epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Avascular Few nerve endings Five types of cells
Cells in the Stratum Basale
Keratinocytes Melanocytes Tactile (Merkel) Cells
Proteins
Large molecules required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's cells, tissues, and organs Unique functions Essential components of muscles, skin, bones and the body as a whole
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Least malignant, most common, benign if caught early Basal cell is cuboidal cell of stratified tissue
Elastic Fibers
Long and thin fibers that branch to form wide networks within extracellular matrix Contain rubber-like protein called elastin which gives fibers ability to recoil after being stretched
Cardiac Muscle Tissue Description
Mononucleated joined together at intercalated discs
Blood
Most atypical connective tissue Classified as connective tissue b/c it develops from mesenchyme & consists of (blood) cells surrounded by a non-living matrix (plasma) Mainly a transport vehicle
Skeletal Muscle Tissue Description
Multinucleated, long large cylinders
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of blood vessels thus preserving core body heat
Neoplasm
New growth aka tumors
Smooth Muscle Tissue Description
No visible striations
Functions of Organelles
Obtain nutrients & other essentials from surrounding fluids Use the nutrients to make molecules it needs to survive Dispose of waste and retain shape Replicates itself
Cilia
Organelles that "beat in waves" to move substances (like mucus)
Functions of Epithelia Tissue
Physical Protection Selective Permeability Secretion Sensations
3 Components of the Cell
Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus
Necrosis
Premature, pathological death of tissue due to toxins, infection, ... Gangrene is necrosis due to lack of blood supply Infarction is sudden death of tissue due to loss of blood supply
Extracellular Matrix
Produced by the cells of a speci_ic tissue Contains protein fibers, salts, water, and dissolved macromolecules
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Functions of the Integument
Protection from trauma/infection Vitamin D synthesis Thermoregulation Water retention Nonverbal communication Sensation Immune Response Excretion (Secretion)
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
Protective Barrier Receptors Selective Permeability/Transport Controls of Materials into and out of the cell
Nervous Tissue
Regulate & control body functions Neurons + supporting cells Neurons produce electrical impulses Supporting cells provide nourishment to neurons
Fibrosis
Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue Composed mainly of collagen Holds organ together but does not restore normal function
Regeneration
Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells Restores normal function
Plasma Cells
Secrete antibodies Antibodies bind with foreign material marking it for destruction
Mast Cells
Secrete granules full of chemicals to mediate inflammation
Reticular Fibers
Short fibers that cluster into delicate networks that cover and support all structures bordering connective tissue
Atrophy
Shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number
Dense Irregular Tissue
Similar to areolar but much thicker Fibers run in varying directions to resist tension in different directions Location: Dominates the dermis of the skin, fibrous capsules surrounding such organs as kidneys, lymph nodes, & bone
Reticular Tissue
Similar to areolar tissue but contains only reticular fibers Creates vast network of fibers to hold free cells Bone marrow, spleen, & lymph nodes made mostly of reticular tissue (all hold many free blood cells)
Adipose Tissue
Similar to areolar tissue but specializes in storing nutrients as fat cells -90% fat cells by mass Provides cushioning pads around kidneys and behind eyeballs
Serous Membrane
Simple squamous epithelia + areolar tissue
Three types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Components of the Integument
Skin + accessory organs (Hair, Nails, Cutaneous glands)
Differentiation
Specialized development of unspecialized tissues (e.g., embryonic tissues)
Five Layers of the Epidermis
Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum
Functional Anatomy
Stresses relationship between structure and function
Collagenous Fibers
Strongest (stronger than steel) and most abundant type Withstand pulling forces Cross-linked fibrils to increase strength
Cellular Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions
Hyaline Cartilage
Supports/reinforces, cushions, resists compression - collagen usually invisible
Physiology
The study of body function
Gross Anatomy
The study of structures than can be examined by naked eye
Anatomy
The study of the structure of the human body
Hypertrophy
Tissue growth through cell enlargement Block myostatin producing gene (MSTN) activity
Hyperplasia
Tissue growth through cell multiplication
Metastasis
When the cancer travels to other body organs via vessels (e.g., lymphatic system)
Leukocytes
White blood cells to fight infection
Vasodilation
Widening of blood vessels thus loosing body heat and lowering body temperature
Areolar Tissue Location
Within and deep to dermis of skin Covered by epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts Between muscles Around blood vessels, nerves and joints
Cuboidal Cell
about as tall as wide
Holocrine secretion
cell becomes packed with secretion and then bursts (e.g. hair follicles)
Merocrine secretion
exocytosis releases secretion
Squamous Cell
flattened, scale-like
Apocrine secretion
loss of cytoplasm and secretion
Stratified Cells
multiple layers, regenerate from basal layers, more durable than simple epithelia, function mainly for protection
Simple Cells
single cell layer (typically thin, absorption, filtration)
Columnar Cell
tall column shaped