Anatomy Final Notecards

Macrophages

"big eaters" Engulf and devour wide variety of foreign material

Properties of Life

-Organization -Cellular composition -Biochemical unity -Metabolism -Excitability -Homeostasis -Growth -Development -Reproduction -Evolution

Discoid Cell

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Fibrous Cell

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Fusiform Cell

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Polygonal Cell

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Spheroid Cell

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Stellate Cell

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Cholesterol

20% of the plasma membrane help maintain fluidity of membrane -too little predisposes to stroke

Glycolipids

5% of the plasma membrane Proteins function as receptors, enzymes, channels, cell identification, cell adhesion, carriers

Phospholipids

75% of the plasma membrane fat-soluble substances (steroid hormones, O2, CO2) pass water-soluble substances (glucose & salts) restricted pass through membrane proteins

Muscle Tissue

A composite tissue Contains muscle cells & areolar connective tissue Responsible for movements of body parts -Most muscle cells called fibers Shorten when contracted

Cancer

A disease of the cell cycle where mutations occur during the cycle Uncontrolled division and spread of cells within the body

Adipocytes

A fat cell Minor role of storing energy reserves as fat

Tissue

A group of cells, similar in structure, performing related functions Vary in: structure, function, and content of extracellular matrix

Basement Membrane

A specialized structure of epithelium Found between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue Provides physical support and anchoring of epithelial tissue Acts as a barrier to regulate passage of large molecules between epithelium and underlying connective tissue

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Affects top cell layer Tends to metastasize to lymph nodes

Desmosomes

Analogous to a button or snap between two adjacent cells Located at points of mechanical stress between cells Consist of a thickened protein plaque on each side with a network of proteins spanning intercellular space On the cytoplasmic side, intermediate _ilaments provide support and stability

Enzymes

Catalyst molecules

Fibroblasts

Cell that produces all fibers of areolar connective tissue Most abundant cells in connective tissue proper

Connective Tissue

Cells occupy less space than extracellular material -Most abundant and diverse type of tissue Odd group of functions but same simple structural plan Extracellular matrix: cells always separated by large amount of non-living extracellular material Originate from embryonic tissue called mesenchyme

Microvilli

Cellular membrane protrusions that function to increase surface area, good for cells that absorb

Characteristics of Epithelia Tissue

Cellularity Polarity Regeneration Avascular Attachment Specialized Contacts

Metaplasia

Change from one type of mature tissue to another

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Chemical→ Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ System → Organism

Cartilage Growth

Chondroblasts secrete matrix which surrounds itself until a cavity (lacuna) is formed - then cell is called a chondrocyte Not vascularized - relies on reserve chondroblasts to maintain growth

Fibrocartilage

Coarse collagen fibers, resists tension & compression

Dense Regular Tissue

Collagen fibers run in same direction (Parallel to direction of pull) Poorly vascularized with no defense or fat cells Main component of ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, & fascia In a few ligaments elastic fibers outnumber collagen fibers and so are called elastic connective tissue

Basic Functions of Connective Tissue

Connect cells and organs of body Form basis of skeleton Physical Protection - Surround blood vessels and nerves, brain -Immune Protection - lead fight against infection Store and carry nutrients Transport Movement

Areolar Tissue Function

Cushion organs Provide support while allowing movement Phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens

Malignant Melanoma

Deadly, readily metastasizes, invades melanocytes

Neoplasia

Development of a tumor

Exocrine Glands

Discharge secretions onto an epithelial surface Serous glands Mucous glands

Endocrine Glands

Ductless glands that release secretions into surrounding extracellular fluid Secretions are hormones (e.g. from pituitary gland)

Tight Junctions

Encircle cells near their apical surface. Prevent molecules from traveling between epithelial cells so molecules must go through "gatekeepers" between an external and internal environment

Cutaneous Membrane

Epidermis + Dermis

Mucous Membrane

Epithelial sheet + Loose CT

Defense Cells

Fight against infection begins in areolar tissue Microorganisms invade body by entering areolar tissue after penetrating epithelia Main line of defense: Specific defense cells Viscous nature of ground substance and dense collagen network work to slow progress of invading cells

Elastic Cartilage

Flexible & maintains shape

Gap Junctions

Fluid-filled channels that directly connect the cytoplasms Allow adjacent cells to communicate by the _low of ions and other small molecular messengers

Adhering Junctions

Formed completely around the cell deep to the tight junction Microfilaments act like a purse-string to stabilize the apical surface of the epithelial cell

Glycocalyx

Glycoprotein (slime) that cushions plasma membrane, functions in cell identity and cell adhesion

Bone

Hard, calcified matrix w/lots of collagen - Highly vascularized Supports & protects Mechanical levers Stores minerals Blood cell factory

Microscopic Anatomy

Histology, use of a microscope, important for understanding physiological & disease processes

Characteristics of the Epidermis

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Avascular Few nerve endings Five types of cells

Cells in the Stratum Basale

Keratinocytes Melanocytes Tactile (Merkel) Cells

Proteins

Large molecules required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's cells, tissues, and organs Unique functions Essential components of muscles, skin, bones and the body as a whole

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Least malignant, most common, benign if caught early Basal cell is cuboidal cell of stratified tissue

Elastic Fibers

Long and thin fibers that branch to form wide networks within extracellular matrix Contain rubber-like protein called elastin which gives fibers ability to recoil after being stretched

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Description

Mononucleated joined together at intercalated discs

Blood

Most atypical connective tissue Classified as connective tissue b/c it develops from mesenchyme & consists of (blood) cells surrounded by a non-living matrix (plasma) Mainly a transport vehicle

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Description

Multinucleated, long large cylinders

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels thus preserving core body heat

Neoplasm

New growth aka tumors

Smooth Muscle Tissue Description

No visible striations

Functions of Organelles

Obtain nutrients & other essentials from surrounding fluids Use the nutrients to make molecules it needs to survive Dispose of waste and retain shape Replicates itself

Cilia

Organelles that "beat in waves" to move substances (like mucus)

Functions of Epithelia Tissue

Physical Protection Selective Permeability Secretion Sensations

3 Components of the Cell

Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

Necrosis

Premature, pathological death of tissue due to toxins, infection, ... Gangrene is necrosis due to lack of blood supply Infarction is sudden death of tissue due to loss of blood supply

Extracellular Matrix

Produced by the cells of a speci_ic tissue Contains protein fibers, salts, water, and dissolved macromolecules

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Functions of the Integument

Protection from trauma/infection Vitamin D synthesis Thermoregulation Water retention Nonverbal communication Sensation Immune Response Excretion (Secretion)

Functions of the Plasma Membrane

Protective Barrier Receptors Selective Permeability/Transport Controls of Materials into and out of the cell

Nervous Tissue

Regulate & control body functions Neurons + supporting cells Neurons produce electrical impulses Supporting cells provide nourishment to neurons

Fibrosis

Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue Composed mainly of collagen Holds organ together but does not restore normal function

Regeneration

Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells Restores normal function

Plasma Cells

Secrete antibodies Antibodies bind with foreign material marking it for destruction

Mast Cells

Secrete granules full of chemicals to mediate inflammation

Reticular Fibers

Short fibers that cluster into delicate networks that cover and support all structures bordering connective tissue

Atrophy

Shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number

Dense Irregular Tissue

Similar to areolar but much thicker Fibers run in varying directions to resist tension in different directions Location: Dominates the dermis of the skin, fibrous capsules surrounding such organs as kidneys, lymph nodes, & bone

Reticular Tissue

Similar to areolar tissue but contains only reticular fibers Creates vast network of fibers to hold free cells Bone marrow, spleen, & lymph nodes made mostly of reticular tissue (all hold many free blood cells)

Adipose Tissue

Similar to areolar tissue but specializes in storing nutrients as fat cells -90% fat cells by mass Provides cushioning pads around kidneys and behind eyeballs

Serous Membrane

Simple squamous epithelia + areolar tissue

Three types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Components of the Integument

Skin + accessory organs (Hair, Nails, Cutaneous glands)

Differentiation

Specialized development of unspecialized tissues (e.g., embryonic tissues)

Five Layers of the Epidermis

Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum

Functional Anatomy

Stresses relationship between structure and function

Collagenous Fibers

Strongest (stronger than steel) and most abundant type Withstand pulling forces Cross-linked fibrils to increase strength

Cellular Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions

Hyaline Cartilage

Supports/reinforces, cushions, resists compression - collagen usually invisible

Physiology

The study of body function

Gross Anatomy

The study of structures than can be examined by naked eye

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body

Hypertrophy

Tissue growth through cell enlargement Block myostatin producing gene (MSTN) activity

Hyperplasia

Tissue growth through cell multiplication

Metastasis

When the cancer travels to other body organs via vessels (e.g., lymphatic system)

Leukocytes

White blood cells to fight infection

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels thus loosing body heat and lowering body temperature

Areolar Tissue Location

Within and deep to dermis of skin Covered by epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts Between muscles Around blood vessels, nerves and joints

Cuboidal Cell

about as tall as wide

Holocrine secretion

cell becomes packed with secretion and then bursts (e.g. hair follicles)

Merocrine secretion

exocytosis releases secretion

Squamous Cell

flattened, scale-like

Apocrine secretion

loss of cytoplasm and secretion

Stratified Cells

multiple layers, regenerate from basal layers, more durable than simple epithelia, function mainly for protection

Simple Cells

single cell layer (typically thin, absorption, filtration)

Columnar Cell

tall column shaped