Anatomy functions of the skeletal system review
The covering of the outer surface of bone is the
periosteum
The function of red marrow is to
produce red blood cells and store adipose tissue
The sequence of events that produces growth at the epiphyseal plate is
proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, cell death, ossification, and remodeling
What happens regarding calcium homeostasis?
regulates calcium flow to and from the bones
What chemical stimulates the spurt of bone growth that occurs at puberty?
sex hormones
The growth spurt seen in puberty is triggered by
sex hormones (parathyroid hormone)
A bone fracture that does not perforate the skin is an
simple or closed fracture
Which type of bone appears porous?
spongy bone
The function of the yellow marrow is to
store adipose tissue
The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the
strength of the bone
A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone is an
tendon
An example of a long bone would be
tibia
Interconnecting rods of bone are
trabeculae
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium levels (is associated with decreased osteoclast activity)
Osteochondral progenitor cells from the periosteum become _______________, which form bone,
Osteoblasts
Which type of bone cells combine hydroxyapatite and collagen to form extracellular bone matrix?
Osteoblasts
Which type of bone cells package calcium and phosphate ions?
Osteoblasts
Which of the following occurs in the formation of mineralized bone matrix?
Osteoblasts form collagen and proteoglycans
______________, from the parathyroid glands is the major regulator of blood Ca2+ levels.
PTH
Which membrane covers the surface of a mature bone?
Periosteum
Function of bone?
Storage site for minerals and provides the marrow for the development and storage of blood cells
Why does an x-ray show a black area in the region of the epiphyseal plate?
The epiphyseal plate has not completely ossified
What tissue is at the end of the long bones?
Articular Cartilage
One effect of aging on the skeletal system is
Decreased bone matrix and decreased collagen fibers are effects of aging.
What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity?
Endosteum
Chondroblasts and Osteoblasts form a bone and cartilage collar, called a(n)_______________ around opposing ends of the bone fragments.
External Callus
The proper sequence of events in bone repair is
Hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone
Chondroblasts invade the fibrous network and form a(n)________________________, which is located between the ends of the broken bone.
Internal Callus
Haversian systems or osteons
are the basic units in compact bone tissue
Bone remodeling may occur WHEN
as bones grow, adjust to stress, as fracture heals, constantly during a person's lifetime
intramembranous ossification
bone develops from a fibrous membrane (forms the bones of the roof of the skull)
Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of
bone matrix
Ligaments attach
bone to bone
In which type of bone are osteoblasts and osteoclasts present?
both cancellous and compact
Canaliculi are found in this type of bone tissue.
both spongy and compact
A bone fracture in which one fragment is driven into the cancellous bone of the other fragment is a(an)
buckled fracture (impacted fracture)
What chemical causes a decrease in the blood calcium level?
calcitonin
Osteoclast activity would be decreased by
calcitonin levels being elevated
The primary mineral bone is
calcium
Normal bone growth requires adequate amounts of _____, _____, and _____ in the diet.
calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
Small channels extending through the bone matrix are
canaliculi
A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a
canaliculus
Cartilage in the internal and external calluses is replaced by woven,_____________________ bone.
cancellous
In which type of bone would trabeculae be present?
cancellous bone
The locations where ossification begins in intramembranous ossification are known as
centers of ossification
The type of lamellae that forms the outside surface of compact bone is
circumferential
Chondroblasts produce
collagen and the extracellular matrix and also involved in endochondral ossification that leads to bone formation (cartilage matrix)
Finally, woven bone is remodeled to form ____________________ bone, in which osteons extend across the fracture line to "peg" the bone fragments together.
compact
In which type of bone would osteons be present?
compact bone
Which type of bone has concentric lamellae?
compact bone
Which type of bone is considered dense bone?
compact bone
The type of lamellae found in osteons (Haversian systems) is
concentric
Cancellous bone tissue
contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae
cancellous bone tissue
contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae
When blood vessels become surrounded by concentric lamella forming osteons, the bone will grow in
diameter
A fractured shaft of humerus. The break is in the ___ of the bone.
diaphysis
Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is
endochondral ossification
Long bones grow in length at the
epiphyseal plate
What is the site of long bone growth?
epiphyseal plate
What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?
epiphyseal plate
What is the end of a long bone called?
epiphysis
The collar that forms around the opposing ends of bone fragments is called a(n)
external callus
Bone tissue adjacent to the fracture site dies. Blood vessels grow into the clot produced by the hematoma. When the clot dissolves, _________________ produce a fibrous network.
fibroblasts
The flat bones of the skull develop from
fibrous connective tissue or intermembrous ossification (its prolly the second one tbh)
The spaces between developing skull bones that have not ossified are called
fontanels
What chemical stimulates interstitial cartilage and appositional bone growth?
growth hormone
A bone fracture in which the two bone sections do not separate is an
hairline fracture
When bone is fractured, blood vessels in the periosteum and in the bone bleed, and an _____ is formed
hematoma
The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is
hyaline cartilage
The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of
hydroxyapatite crystals
A bone fracture in which the two bone sections do not separate is a(an)
incomplete or partial fracture (hairline fracture)
When blood Ca2+ levels are too low, osteoclast activity _______________________ and more Ca2+ are released into the blood.
increases
Lamellar bone
is organized into thin sheets of tissue
Spaces in the bone matrix that are occupied by osteocytes are
lacunae
Thin sheets of bone matrix are
lamellae
The primary function of osteoblasts is
lay down bone matrix
In which of the following locations in a growing bone would the greatest osteoclast activity be found?
medullary cavity
The stem cells of osteoclasts are
monocytes
Appositional growth deposits a new layer of bone where
on the surface of the bone
The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of what cells
osteoblast and osteoclast activity
Which type of bone cells give rise to osteoblasts?
osteochondral progenitor cell
The stem cells of osteoblasts and chondroblasts are
osteochondral progenitor cells
Which of the cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix?
osteoclast
When blood calcium levels are low
osteoclast activity increases
When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. Which of the following does this?
osteoclasts
Which type of bone cells are large cells that form from fusion of monocytes?
osteoclasts
Which type of bone cells have ruffled borders and secrete acids?
osteoclasts
The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the
osteocyte
What are the maintenance cells in bone tissue?
osteocytes
What are the maintenance cells in bone tissues?
osteocytes
Which type of bone cells lie in lacunae?
osteocytes
What chemical causes an increase in the blood calcium level?
parathyroid hormone
