Anatomy Lect. 1

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Normal blood pH is ______.

7.4

Alkalosis has...

Elevated blood pH

Acidosis has...

Elevated hydrogen ions in the blood.

Hypernatremia has...

High blood sodium levels

Ninety-six percent of the human body consists of the following elements:

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Nitrogen

Hypocalcemia has...

Low blood calcium levels

Hypoglycemia has...

Low blood glucose levels

Hypokalemia has...

Low blood potassium levels

Choose the statement that best exemplifies the interrelated nature of anatomy and physiology.

Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where exchange of materials occur

Thermoreceptors detect body temperature and send impulses to the brain for analysis. If body temperature is low, the brain will signal skeletal muscles to perform brief, repeated contractions to help generate heat. In this example, what is the effector?

Skeletal muscles

The life characteristic of reproduction may be interpreted at both the cellular and organismal levels. T or F

True

The smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of living things is

a cell

Catabolism ______ molecules and _____ energy.

breaks down; releases

The effector in a feedback mechanism is the structure that _______. Effectors can be the ______.

brings about the appropriate response; muscles and glands

The category of reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones is known as

catabolism.

What is ATP?

cell's usable form of energy

ATP is a product of ___________ respiration created by releasing the energy from a glucose molecule.

cellular

Name the level of organization in the human body

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

The 4 major classes of tissue are:

connective, epithelial, muscle and nerve

The part of the homeostatic control mechanism that brings about change is the

effector

The internal environment must be kept within homeostatic range. The internal environment is also known as the _____.

extracellular fluid

pH measures the concentration of _____ in solution.

hydrogen ions

The control center of a homeostatic mechanism

integrates sensory input and signals for change as needed.

Tissue fluid or fluid in between cells of tissues is called ______ fluid.

interstitial

An individual is in a state of acidosis. Their blood pH is too ____ and their concentration of hydrogen ions is too _____.

low; high

In a negative feedback loop, what does an effector do?

makes a change that brings a variable back to homeostasis.

Identify the function of the extracellular fluid. The extracellular fluid ______

mediates the exchange of materials between the external environment and the cells

The ability to bring in nutrients, produce energy, build necessary components, and eliminate waste products is ____________

metabolism.

The various chemical reactions that organisms carry out are collectively called

metabolism.

Edema occurs when there is too _____ fluid in the _____ space.

much; interstitial

When blood sugar levels increase after a meal, insulin is released. This lowers sugar levels back toward normal. This is an example of

negative feedback

Most processes in the body are controlled by __________ feedback. If a homeostatic system is controlled by this, the resulting action will always be in the __________ direction of the stimulus. The variable_______________remain constant over time and this fluctuation occurs around the set point. If the stimulus increases, the homeostatic system is activated to cause a decrease in the stimulus. In contrast, if the stimulus____________, the homeostatic system causes a(n) increase in the stimulus until it returns to normal.

negative, opposite, does not, decreases

At what level of organization is a tooth?

organ level

Which level of organization in the human body involves two or more tissue types working together to perform specific, complex functions?

organ level

In ________ several organs work together to carry out a similar function.

organ systems

Molecules form together to make __________, much larger complexes like mitochondria, lysosomes, and centrioles.

organelles

A complete, single _________ represents the largest division of hierarchical organization.

organism

All living things exhibit ______________ or complexity far greater than their inanimate surroundings.

organization

When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets attach and recruit more platelets to the area. These new platelets recruit even more, quickly increasing the number of platelets until the damage is sealed with a blood clot. This amplification is an example of

positive feedback

Oxygen is needed by the body in order to ______.

produce ATP

Homeostatic systems may be controlled by positive feedback. The stimulus here is __________ to continue in the same direction until a __________ occurs. Following this event the body returns to homeostasis. Because their end result is to increase the activity, positive feedback mechanisms occur ________ frequently in the body than negative feedback mechanisms.

reinforced, climactic event, less

The term that refers to the ability of organisms to react to changes in the environment is

responsiveness.

The first part, ___________, is the body structure that detects changes in a variable that is either the substance or process that is regulated. These usually consist of sensory nerves. The change in the variable is the __________. The second component is the ______________. It is the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the _________ (the final component). This final component is the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus.

the receptor, stimulus, control center, effector

Collections of like cells performing a similar function, _________ are divided into four major categories.

tissues

Serous fluid and synovial fluid are both types of ______ fluid.

transcellular

The substance that comprises the majority of the human body is ______ and it is typically found in a higher percentage in ______.

water; men


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