Anatomy Lect. 1
Normal blood pH is ______.
7.4
Alkalosis has...
Elevated blood pH
Acidosis has...
Elevated hydrogen ions in the blood.
Hypernatremia has...
High blood sodium levels
Ninety-six percent of the human body consists of the following elements:
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Nitrogen
Hypocalcemia has...
Low blood calcium levels
Hypoglycemia has...
Low blood glucose levels
Hypokalemia has...
Low blood potassium levels
Choose the statement that best exemplifies the interrelated nature of anatomy and physiology.
Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where exchange of materials occur
Thermoreceptors detect body temperature and send impulses to the brain for analysis. If body temperature is low, the brain will signal skeletal muscles to perform brief, repeated contractions to help generate heat. In this example, what is the effector?
Skeletal muscles
The life characteristic of reproduction may be interpreted at both the cellular and organismal levels. T or F
True
The smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of living things is
a cell
Catabolism ______ molecules and _____ energy.
breaks down; releases
The effector in a feedback mechanism is the structure that _______. Effectors can be the ______.
brings about the appropriate response; muscles and glands
The category of reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones is known as
catabolism.
What is ATP?
cell's usable form of energy
ATP is a product of ___________ respiration created by releasing the energy from a glucose molecule.
cellular
Name the level of organization in the human body
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
The 4 major classes of tissue are:
connective, epithelial, muscle and nerve
The part of the homeostatic control mechanism that brings about change is the
effector
The internal environment must be kept within homeostatic range. The internal environment is also known as the _____.
extracellular fluid
pH measures the concentration of _____ in solution.
hydrogen ions
The control center of a homeostatic mechanism
integrates sensory input and signals for change as needed.
Tissue fluid or fluid in between cells of tissues is called ______ fluid.
interstitial
An individual is in a state of acidosis. Their blood pH is too ____ and their concentration of hydrogen ions is too _____.
low; high
In a negative feedback loop, what does an effector do?
makes a change that brings a variable back to homeostasis.
Identify the function of the extracellular fluid. The extracellular fluid ______
mediates the exchange of materials between the external environment and the cells
The ability to bring in nutrients, produce energy, build necessary components, and eliminate waste products is ____________
metabolism.
The various chemical reactions that organisms carry out are collectively called
metabolism.
Edema occurs when there is too _____ fluid in the _____ space.
much; interstitial
When blood sugar levels increase after a meal, insulin is released. This lowers sugar levels back toward normal. This is an example of
negative feedback
Most processes in the body are controlled by __________ feedback. If a homeostatic system is controlled by this, the resulting action will always be in the __________ direction of the stimulus. The variable_______________remain constant over time and this fluctuation occurs around the set point. If the stimulus increases, the homeostatic system is activated to cause a decrease in the stimulus. In contrast, if the stimulus____________, the homeostatic system causes a(n) increase in the stimulus until it returns to normal.
negative, opposite, does not, decreases
At what level of organization is a tooth?
organ level
Which level of organization in the human body involves two or more tissue types working together to perform specific, complex functions?
organ level
In ________ several organs work together to carry out a similar function.
organ systems
Molecules form together to make __________, much larger complexes like mitochondria, lysosomes, and centrioles.
organelles
A complete, single _________ represents the largest division of hierarchical organization.
organism
All living things exhibit ______________ or complexity far greater than their inanimate surroundings.
organization
When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets attach and recruit more platelets to the area. These new platelets recruit even more, quickly increasing the number of platelets until the damage is sealed with a blood clot. This amplification is an example of
positive feedback
Oxygen is needed by the body in order to ______.
produce ATP
Homeostatic systems may be controlled by positive feedback. The stimulus here is __________ to continue in the same direction until a __________ occurs. Following this event the body returns to homeostasis. Because their end result is to increase the activity, positive feedback mechanisms occur ________ frequently in the body than negative feedback mechanisms.
reinforced, climactic event, less
The term that refers to the ability of organisms to react to changes in the environment is
responsiveness.
The first part, ___________, is the body structure that detects changes in a variable that is either the substance or process that is regulated. These usually consist of sensory nerves. The change in the variable is the __________. The second component is the ______________. It is the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the _________ (the final component). This final component is the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus.
the receptor, stimulus, control center, effector
Collections of like cells performing a similar function, _________ are divided into four major categories.
tissues
Serous fluid and synovial fluid are both types of ______ fluid.
transcellular
The substance that comprises the majority of the human body is ______ and it is typically found in a higher percentage in ______.
water; men