Anatomy lecture 1
Muscle contributes to the _______________ system (skeletal muscle), the heart wall (_______ muscle), the walls of arteries, veins and hollow organs (________ muscle).
musculoskeletal; cardiac; smooth
muscular system
myology - consists of muscles that act (contract) to move or position parts of the body (e.g. the bones that articulate at joints)
inferomedial
nearer to the feet and closer to the median plane - for example, the anterior parts of the ribs run inferomedially
assessing skeletal muscle function (muscle testing) is used to diagnose what?
nerve injuries
The _______ system is subdivided into __________ and __________ portions that serve to integrate and regulate ________ and ______ sensory and ____________ functions.
nervous; central; peripheral; somatic; visceral; motor
nervous system
neurology - consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, together with their motor and sensory endings). The nervous system controls and coordinates the functions of the organ systems
reproductive system
obstetrics and gynecology for females; andrology for males - consists of the gonads (ovaries and testes) that produce oocytes (eggs) and sperms and the other genital organs concerned with reproduction
stretch marks
occur when collagen in the dermis is damaged by excessive stretching
skeletal system
osteology, orthopedics - consists of bones and cartilage. it provides support for the body and protects vital organs. The muscular system acts on the skeletal system to produce movements
foramen
passage through a bone (e.g. obturator foramen)
layers in a fascicles
perineurium; endoneurium; epineurium
Anatomical position
person standing erect with: 1. head, eyes (gaze), and toes directed anteriorly (forward) 2. upper limbs by the sides with the palms facing anteriorly 3. lower limbs close together with the feet parallel and the toes directed anteriorly
types of synovial joints
pivot, ball and socket, condyloid, saddle, hinge, plane
fascial planes
potential spaces between adjacent fascial layers or fascia-lined structures. these planes can be used to separate structures to reach deeper ones. they may also serve as routes for spread of infection
osteoarthritis
progressive loss and failure to repair the articular cartilage in a synovial joint. It most commonly involves joints in the foot, hand, and large weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips. Loss of articular cartilage narrows the joint space and exposes bone surfaces which then rub against each other, causing pain and inflammation.
process
projecting spine-like part (e.g., spinous process of a vertebra)
protuberance
projection of bone (e.g., external occipital protuberance of the cranium)
Bones provide:
protection for vital structures, support for the body and its vital cavities, the mechanical basis for movement, storage for salts (e.g. calcium), a continuous supply of new blood cells (produced by the marrow in the medullary cavity of many bones
skin ligaments
consists of numerous small fibrous bands, extend through the subcutaneous tissue and attach the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia. the length and density of these ligaments determine the mobility of the skin over deep structures
cardiovascular system
consists of pulmonary and systemic circulations
arrector muscles
contraction of the arrector muscles erects the hairs (causing goose bumps), thereby compressing the sebaceous glands and helping them secrete their oily product onto the skin
systemic anatomy
approach to anatomical study organized by organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions
Regional anatomy
approach to studying anatomy based on the organization of the body into parts: head, neck, trunk, (further subdivided into thorax, abdomen, pelvis/perineum, back) and paired upper and lower limbs. Emphasis is placed on the relationships of various systemic structures (e.g. muscles, nerves, and arteries) within the region
articular system
arthrology - consists of joints and their associated ligaments. It connects the bony parts of the skeletal system and provides the sites at which movements occur
the function of cardiac and smooth muscle is controlled by the __________ __________ _____________ (___), commonly referred to as _________ ________ __________
autonomic nervous system, visceral motor nerves
the skeletal system is subdivided into ____________ and ______________ parts
axial; appendicular
condyloid joints
biaxial - permit flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction ex: metacarpophalangeal joint
saddle joints
biaxial - saddle shaped heads permit m/m in two different planes ex:carpometacarpal joint
skeletal system
bone and cartilage are "skeletal" connective tissues
axial skeleton
bones of the head (cranium or skull), neck (cervical vertebrae), and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum)
appendicular skeleton
bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
fascicles
bundles of axons in a peripheral nerve. each is surrounded by a specialized layer called the perineurium. within a fascicle, myelinated and unmyelinated axons are separated by loose fibrous connective tissue (endoneurium). A layer of dense connective tissue (epineurium) surrounds the entire nerve and separates the fascicles
cardiovascular system
cardiology - consists of the heart and blood vessels that propel and conduct blood through the body
the structure and function of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems are integrated and connected by the _______________ and _____________ systems
cardiovascular; nervous
synovial joint classified
classified according to the shape of the articulating surface and/or the type of movement the joint permits
bursae
closed sacs containing fluid that prevents friction and enable structures to move freely over another
two types of bones
compact bone and spongy (trabecular or cancellous) bone. the differences between these types of bone depend on the relative amount of solid matter and the number and size of the spaces they contain. All bones have a superficial thin layer of compact bone around a central mass of spongy bone, except where the latter is replaced by a medullary (marrow) cavity
fasciae
connective tissues. the superfical fascia is "adipose" connective tissue and the deep fascia is dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
lymphoid system
consists of a network of lymphatic vessels that withdraws excess tissue fluid (lymph) from the body's interstitial (intercellular) fluid compartment, filters it through lymph nodes, and returns it to the bloodstream
tension (cleavage) lines
created by the regional pattern of collagen fiber orientation in the dermis that keeps skin tight. lacerations or incisions parallel to tension lines heal well with minimal scarring
short bones
cuboidal; found only in the ankle (tarsus) and wrist (carpus)
deep fascia
dense connective tissue, devoid of fat that envelopes most of the body. it is located deep to the superficial fascia. deep fascia invests skeletal muscle, forms intermuscular septa, etc.
fibrous joints
dense fibrous (collagenous) connective tissue that joins bones
integumentary system
dermatology - consists of the skin (integument) and it's appendages, such as the hair and nails. The skin, an extensive sensory organ, forms a protective covering for the body
endocrine system
endocrinology - consists of discrete ductless glands (e.g. thyroid gland) as well as cells of the intestine and blood vessel walls and specialized nerve endings that secrete hormones. Hormones are distributed by the cardiovascular system to reach receptor organs in all parts of the body. these glands influence metabolism and coordinate and regulate other processes (e.g., the menstrual cycle)
skeletal muscle
function controlled by somatic motor nerves. A single motor neuron and the skeletal muscle cells that it innervates form a "motor unit"
neuron and its 3 parts
functional cell of the nervous system 1. cell body (soma, perikaryon) 2. dendrites 3. axon
digestive or alimentary system
gastroenterology - consists of the the organs and glands associated with the ingestion, mastication (chewing), deglutition (swallowing), digestion, and absorption of food and the elimination of feces (solid wastes) after the nutrients have been absorbed
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries due to deposition of calcium in the vessel wall, is the most common acquired disease of arteries. It is characterized by thickening and loss of arterial wall elasticity
fossa
hollow or depressed area (e.g., infraspinous fossa of the scapula)
notch
indentation at the edge of a bone (e.g., greater sciatic notch in the posterior border of the hip bone)
the _________________ system serves as a physical barrier to the external environment, contributes to the innate _______ system, and functions as a ___________ organ and an ___________ organ
integumentary; immune; sensory; endocrine
Narrowing and occlusion of an artery can cause _________ (reduced blood supply) and __________ (localized death) of the tissue in the area supplied by the artery
ischemia, infarction
trochanter
large blunt elevation (e.g., greater trochanter of the femur)
tuberosity
large, rounded elevation (e.g., ischial tuberosity, calcneal tuberosity)
line (linea)
linear elevation (e.g., soleal line of the tibia)
sensory neurons
located in spinal ganglia
motor neurons
located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord gray matter
lymphatic system consists of...
lymphatic capillaries and vessels lymph nodes lymphoid organs - spleen, thymus, bone marrow diffuse lymphatic tissue - tonsils, MALT lymphocytes - B,T, and NK cells
superolateral
means nearer to the head and farther from the median plane
functionally, the axons in a peripheral nerve may be:
motor (efferent) axons -somatic -visceral sensory (afferent) axons -somatic -visceral
components of a spinal nerve
motor neurons; sensory neurons; anterior (ventral) root (motor axons); posterior (dorsal) root (sensory axons); spinal nerve (mixed axons); anterior (ventral) ramus (mixed axons); posterior (dorsal) ramus (mixed axons); gray and white rami communicants connect anterior to the sympathetic chain
functional divisions of nervous system
motor- somatic and visceral sensory - somatic and visceral
terms of movement
movements taking place at joints are described relative to the axes around which the part of the body moves and the plane in which the movement takes place - for example, flexion and extension of the shoulder take place in the sagittal plane around a frontal (coronal) axis
ball and socket joints
multiaxial - a rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting m/m on several axes ex: hip joint
spine
thorn-like process (e.g., spine of the scapula)
narrowing of the vessel may cause a ________ (clot) that can occuled the vessel or be flushed into the blood stream and occlude another vessel (________).
thrombus; embolus
long bones
tubular structures (e.g. humerus in the arm, phalanges in the fingers)
3 layers of arteries and veins
tunica intima (inner), tunica media (middle), tunica adventitia (outer)
pivot joints
uniaxial - a rounded process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket, permitting rotation ex:atlanto-axial joint
hinge joints
uniaxial - permit flexion and extension only ex: elbow joint
urinary system
urology - consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, which filter blood and subsequently produce, transport, store, and intermittently excrete liquid waste (urine)
superficial fascia
subcutaneous tissue - located deep to the dermis of the skin. it is loose connective tissue that contains variable amounts of adipose tissue
irregular bones
such as those in the face, have various shapes other than long, short, or flat
articular cartilage
the hyaline cartilage tissue that covers the articulating ends of the bones in a synovial (movable) joint
joint classification criteria
the type of tissue that connects the articulating joints and whether or not a "joint cavity" is present
dermatome
the unilateral area of skin innervated by the somatic (general) sensory fibers in a single spinal nerve
respiratory system
pulmonology - consists of the air passages and lungs that supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. The control of airflow through the system produces tone, which is further modified into speech
medullary cavity
replaces spongy bone in the middle of a bone (typically a long bone) where blood cells and platelets are formed. Surrounded by compact bone
lymphatic system
returns interstitial fluid to the cardiovascular system. as the fluid contained in lymphatic capillaries and vessels, lymph, is returned to the bloodstream it passes through lymph nodes where foreign substances (antigens, non-self) come into contact with immune cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
crest
ridge of bone (e.g. iliac crest)
myotome
the unilateral muscle mass innervated by somatic motor fibers conveyed by a single spinal nerve. since each skeletal muscle is usually innervated by somatic motor fibers of several spinal nerves, several individual skeletal muscles can contribute to a myotome
facet
smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone (e.g., articular facets of a vertebra)
cartilaginous joints
some type of cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage) that joins bones
sesamoid bones
(e.g., patella, or kneecap) develop in certain tendons. these bones protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments
peripheral nervous system
12 pairs of cranial nerves (branch from the brain stem) and 31 pairs of spinal nerves (branch from the spinal cord
Burns - causes and degrees
Caused by thermal, electical, radioactive, or chemical damage to the skin First degree - limited to superficial epidermis second degree- extends to superficial dermis, glands; hair follicles are spared and contribute to healing third degree: entire dermis is damaged, healing requires a skin graft
Motor innervation by the ANS involves two neuron pathway....
One neuron (presynaptic or preganglionic neuron) is located in the CNS (brain stem or spinal cord) and the other neuron (postsynaptic or postganglionic neuron) is located in a paravertebral (sympathetic chain) or prevertebral (celiac, superior mesenteric, aorticorenal, inferior mesenteric) ganglion.
Integumentary System
The skin (integument) consists of a superficial epithelial tissue layer and a deeper connective tissue layer. The epidermis is a keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium, and the dermis is dense irregular connective tissue. NOTE: Four basic tissue types, epithelium, connective tissue, muscle and nerve are combined to form all organs of the body. Epithelial tissue covers every "free-surface" in the body, e.g., skin, luminal surfaces of cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, etc.
atherosclerosis
a form of arteriosclerosis, caused by deposition of fat (mainly cholesterol) in the arterial wall
Degenerative joint disease
a generic term used to describe a variety of synovial joint afflictions including osteoarthritis (degenerative arthritis, osteoarthrosis and hypertrophic arthritis), rheumatoid arthritis, gout, lupus, septic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, etc.
characteristic features of a synovial joint
a joint cavity containing synovial fluid and a fibrous capsule surrounding the joint
epidermis
a keratinized stratified (layered) epithelium with a tough outer surface composed of keratin (a fibrous protein)
bone
a living tissue, highly specialized, hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton and is the chief supporting tissue of the body
cartilage
a resilient, semirigid, avascular type of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is necessary (e.g. the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum
artery
a vessel that carries blood away from the heart
vein
a vessel that carries blood to the heart
circulatory system
angiology - consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, which function in parallel to distribute fluids within the body
motor and sensory axons in the anterior ramus
distributed to muscles and skin on the lateral and anterior body wall and the appendages
motor and sensory axons in the posterior ramus
distributed to the "intrinsic' back muscles and skin on the back. the intrinsic back muscles move the vertebral column (spine)
epicondyle
eminence superior to a condyle (e.g. the epicondyle of the humerus)
clinical (applied) anatomy
emphasizes aspects of the structure and function of the body important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and the allied health sciences. It encompasses both the regional and the systemic approaches to studying anatomy and stresses clinical application
movement terminology (do each movement)
extension flexion abduction adduction dorsiflexion plantarflexion eversion inversion pronation supination elevation depression retrusion protrusion circumduction protraction retraction opposition reposition lateral bending (lateral flexion) rotation of head and neck rotation of upper trunk, neck, and head lateral (external) rotation medial (internal) rotation
intermuscular septa
extensions from internal surface of deep fascia that divide muscles into groups or compartments
investing fascia
extensions from internal surface of deep fascia that invest deeper structures, such as individual muscles and neurovascular bundles
subserous fascia
extensions from internal surface of deep fascia that lie between the musculoskeletal walls and the serous membranes lining body cavities
dermis
formed by a dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers - these fibers provide skin tone and account for the strength and toughness of the skin
retinacula
formed by deep fascia, holds tendons in place during joint movement
condyle
rounded articular area (e.g., condyles of the femur)
malleolus
rounded prominence (e.g., lateral malleolus of the fibula)
joints
site of union between two or more bones or cartilages.
The __________ system provides support, protection, serves as the ____________ site for blood cell formation, and with skeletal muscles (the musculoskeletal system) allows for ____________ movements.
skeletal; primary; controlled
tubercle
small raised eminence (e.g., greater tubercle of the humerus)
subcutaneous tissue
superficial fascia - comprised of loose connective tissue and fat. located between the dermis and underlying deep fascia, the subcutaneous tissue contains the deepest parts of the sweat glands, the blood and lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves. provides for most of the body's fat storage, so its thickness varies greatly, depending on the person's nutritional state
positional terminology -superficial -intermediate -deep -superior (cranial) -medial -lateral -posterior (dorsal) -inferior (caudal) -anterior (ventral) -distal -proximal - palmar vs. dorsal (hand) - plantar vs. dorsal (foot)
superficial: nearer to surface intermediate: between a superficial and a deep structure deep: farther from surface superior (cranial): nearer to head medial: nearer to median plane lateral: farther from median plane posterior (dorsal): nearer to back inferior (caudal): nearer to feet anterior (ventral): nearer to front distal: farther from trunk or point of origin proximal: nearer to trunk or point of origin palmar vs dorsal: anterior hand (palm); posterior hand (dorsum) plantar vs. dorsal: inferior foot surface (sole); superior foot surface (dorsum)
perichondrium
surrounding cartilage elements (excluding articular cartilage). Along with periosteum, it helps nourish the tissue, are capable of laying down more cartilage or bone (particularly during fracture healing), and provide an interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments
flat bones
usually serve protective functions (e.g. those of the cranium protect the brain)
plane joints
usually uniaxial - permit gliding or sliding m/m ex:acromioclavicular joint (clavicle and acromion of scapula)
