Anatomy lecture 1

Muscle contributes to the _______________ system (skeletal muscle), the heart wall (_______ muscle), the walls of arteries, veins and hollow organs (________ muscle).

musculoskeletal; cardiac; smooth

muscular system

myology - consists of muscles that act (contract) to move or position parts of the body (e.g. the bones that articulate at joints)

inferomedial

nearer to the feet and closer to the median plane - for example, the anterior parts of the ribs run inferomedially

assessing skeletal muscle function (muscle testing) is used to diagnose what?

nerve injuries

The _______ system is subdivided into __________ and __________ portions that serve to integrate and regulate ________ and ______ sensory and ____________ functions.

nervous; central; peripheral; somatic; visceral; motor

nervous system

neurology - consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, together with their motor and sensory endings). The nervous system controls and coordinates the functions of the organ systems

reproductive system

obstetrics and gynecology for females; andrology for males - consists of the gonads (ovaries and testes) that produce oocytes (eggs) and sperms and the other genital organs concerned with reproduction

stretch marks

occur when collagen in the dermis is damaged by excessive stretching

skeletal system

osteology, orthopedics - consists of bones and cartilage. it provides support for the body and protects vital organs. The muscular system acts on the skeletal system to produce movements

foramen

passage through a bone (e.g. obturator foramen)

layers in a fascicles

perineurium; endoneurium; epineurium

Anatomical position

person standing erect with: 1. head, eyes (gaze), and toes directed anteriorly (forward) 2. upper limbs by the sides with the palms facing anteriorly 3. lower limbs close together with the feet parallel and the toes directed anteriorly

types of synovial joints

pivot, ball and socket, condyloid, saddle, hinge, plane

fascial planes

potential spaces between adjacent fascial layers or fascia-lined structures. these planes can be used to separate structures to reach deeper ones. they may also serve as routes for spread of infection

osteoarthritis

progressive loss and failure to repair the articular cartilage in a synovial joint. It most commonly involves joints in the foot, hand, and large weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips. Loss of articular cartilage narrows the joint space and exposes bone surfaces which then rub against each other, causing pain and inflammation.

process

projecting spine-like part (e.g., spinous process of a vertebra)

protuberance

projection of bone (e.g., external occipital protuberance of the cranium)

Bones provide:

protection for vital structures, support for the body and its vital cavities, the mechanical basis for movement, storage for salts (e.g. calcium), a continuous supply of new blood cells (produced by the marrow in the medullary cavity of many bones

skin ligaments

consists of numerous small fibrous bands, extend through the subcutaneous tissue and attach the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia. the length and density of these ligaments determine the mobility of the skin over deep structures

cardiovascular system

consists of pulmonary and systemic circulations

arrector muscles

contraction of the arrector muscles erects the hairs (causing goose bumps), thereby compressing the sebaceous glands and helping them secrete their oily product onto the skin

systemic anatomy

approach to anatomical study organized by organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions

Regional anatomy

approach to studying anatomy based on the organization of the body into parts: head, neck, trunk, (further subdivided into thorax, abdomen, pelvis/perineum, back) and paired upper and lower limbs. Emphasis is placed on the relationships of various systemic structures (e.g. muscles, nerves, and arteries) within the region

articular system

arthrology - consists of joints and their associated ligaments. It connects the bony parts of the skeletal system and provides the sites at which movements occur

the function of cardiac and smooth muscle is controlled by the __________ __________ _____________ (___), commonly referred to as _________ ________ __________

autonomic nervous system, visceral motor nerves

the skeletal system is subdivided into ____________ and ______________ parts

axial; appendicular

condyloid joints

biaxial - permit flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction ex: metacarpophalangeal joint

saddle joints

biaxial - saddle shaped heads permit m/m in two different planes ex:carpometacarpal joint

skeletal system

bone and cartilage are "skeletal" connective tissues

axial skeleton

bones of the head (cranium or skull), neck (cervical vertebrae), and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum)

appendicular skeleton

bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

fascicles

bundles of axons in a peripheral nerve. each is surrounded by a specialized layer called the perineurium. within a fascicle, myelinated and unmyelinated axons are separated by loose fibrous connective tissue (endoneurium). A layer of dense connective tissue (epineurium) surrounds the entire nerve and separates the fascicles

cardiovascular system

cardiology - consists of the heart and blood vessels that propel and conduct blood through the body

the structure and function of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems are integrated and connected by the _______________ and _____________ systems

cardiovascular; nervous

synovial joint classified

classified according to the shape of the articulating surface and/or the type of movement the joint permits

bursae

closed sacs containing fluid that prevents friction and enable structures to move freely over another

two types of bones

compact bone and spongy (trabecular or cancellous) bone. the differences between these types of bone depend on the relative amount of solid matter and the number and size of the spaces they contain. All bones have a superficial thin layer of compact bone around a central mass of spongy bone, except where the latter is replaced by a medullary (marrow) cavity

fasciae

connective tissues. the superfical fascia is "adipose" connective tissue and the deep fascia is dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

lymphoid system

consists of a network of lymphatic vessels that withdraws excess tissue fluid (lymph) from the body's interstitial (intercellular) fluid compartment, filters it through lymph nodes, and returns it to the bloodstream

tension (cleavage) lines

created by the regional pattern of collagen fiber orientation in the dermis that keeps skin tight. lacerations or incisions parallel to tension lines heal well with minimal scarring

short bones

cuboidal; found only in the ankle (tarsus) and wrist (carpus)

deep fascia

dense connective tissue, devoid of fat that envelopes most of the body. it is located deep to the superficial fascia. deep fascia invests skeletal muscle, forms intermuscular septa, etc.

fibrous joints

dense fibrous (collagenous) connective tissue that joins bones

integumentary system

dermatology - consists of the skin (integument) and it's appendages, such as the hair and nails. The skin, an extensive sensory organ, forms a protective covering for the body

endocrine system

endocrinology - consists of discrete ductless glands (e.g. thyroid gland) as well as cells of the intestine and blood vessel walls and specialized nerve endings that secrete hormones. Hormones are distributed by the cardiovascular system to reach receptor organs in all parts of the body. these glands influence metabolism and coordinate and regulate other processes (e.g., the menstrual cycle)

skeletal muscle

function controlled by somatic motor nerves. A single motor neuron and the skeletal muscle cells that it innervates form a "motor unit"

neuron and its 3 parts

functional cell of the nervous system 1. cell body (soma, perikaryon) 2. dendrites 3. axon

digestive or alimentary system

gastroenterology - consists of the the organs and glands associated with the ingestion, mastication (chewing), deglutition (swallowing), digestion, and absorption of food and the elimination of feces (solid wastes) after the nutrients have been absorbed

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries due to deposition of calcium in the vessel wall, is the most common acquired disease of arteries. It is characterized by thickening and loss of arterial wall elasticity

fossa

hollow or depressed area (e.g., infraspinous fossa of the scapula)

notch

indentation at the edge of a bone (e.g., greater sciatic notch in the posterior border of the hip bone)

the _________________ system serves as a physical barrier to the external environment, contributes to the innate _______ system, and functions as a ___________ organ and an ___________ organ

integumentary; immune; sensory; endocrine

Narrowing and occlusion of an artery can cause _________ (reduced blood supply) and __________ (localized death) of the tissue in the area supplied by the artery

ischemia, infarction

trochanter

large blunt elevation (e.g., greater trochanter of the femur)

tuberosity

large, rounded elevation (e.g., ischial tuberosity, calcneal tuberosity)

line (linea)

linear elevation (e.g., soleal line of the tibia)

sensory neurons

located in spinal ganglia

motor neurons

located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord gray matter

lymphatic system consists of...

lymphatic capillaries and vessels lymph nodes lymphoid organs - spleen, thymus, bone marrow diffuse lymphatic tissue - tonsils, MALT lymphocytes - B,T, and NK cells

superolateral

means nearer to the head and farther from the median plane

functionally, the axons in a peripheral nerve may be:

motor (efferent) axons -somatic -visceral sensory (afferent) axons -somatic -visceral

components of a spinal nerve

motor neurons; sensory neurons; anterior (ventral) root (motor axons); posterior (dorsal) root (sensory axons); spinal nerve (mixed axons); anterior (ventral) ramus (mixed axons); posterior (dorsal) ramus (mixed axons); gray and white rami communicants connect anterior to the sympathetic chain

functional divisions of nervous system

motor- somatic and visceral sensory - somatic and visceral

terms of movement

movements taking place at joints are described relative to the axes around which the part of the body moves and the plane in which the movement takes place - for example, flexion and extension of the shoulder take place in the sagittal plane around a frontal (coronal) axis

ball and socket joints

multiaxial - a rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting m/m on several axes ex: hip joint

spine

thorn-like process (e.g., spine of the scapula)

narrowing of the vessel may cause a ________ (clot) that can occuled the vessel or be flushed into the blood stream and occlude another vessel (________).

thrombus; embolus

long bones

tubular structures (e.g. humerus in the arm, phalanges in the fingers)

3 layers of arteries and veins

tunica intima (inner), tunica media (middle), tunica adventitia (outer)

pivot joints

uniaxial - a rounded process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket, permitting rotation ex:atlanto-axial joint

hinge joints

uniaxial - permit flexion and extension only ex: elbow joint

urinary system

urology - consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, which filter blood and subsequently produce, transport, store, and intermittently excrete liquid waste (urine)

superficial fascia

subcutaneous tissue - located deep to the dermis of the skin. it is loose connective tissue that contains variable amounts of adipose tissue

irregular bones

such as those in the face, have various shapes other than long, short, or flat

articular cartilage

the hyaline cartilage tissue that covers the articulating ends of the bones in a synovial (movable) joint

joint classification criteria

the type of tissue that connects the articulating joints and whether or not a "joint cavity" is present

dermatome

the unilateral area of skin innervated by the somatic (general) sensory fibers in a single spinal nerve

respiratory system

pulmonology - consists of the air passages and lungs that supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. The control of airflow through the system produces tone, which is further modified into speech

medullary cavity

replaces spongy bone in the middle of a bone (typically a long bone) where blood cells and platelets are formed. Surrounded by compact bone

lymphatic system

returns interstitial fluid to the cardiovascular system. as the fluid contained in lymphatic capillaries and vessels, lymph, is returned to the bloodstream it passes through lymph nodes where foreign substances (antigens, non-self) come into contact with immune cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

crest

ridge of bone (e.g. iliac crest)

myotome

the unilateral muscle mass innervated by somatic motor fibers conveyed by a single spinal nerve. since each skeletal muscle is usually innervated by somatic motor fibers of several spinal nerves, several individual skeletal muscles can contribute to a myotome

facet

smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone (e.g., articular facets of a vertebra)

cartilaginous joints

some type of cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage) that joins bones

sesamoid bones

(e.g., patella, or kneecap) develop in certain tendons. these bones protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments

peripheral nervous system

12 pairs of cranial nerves (branch from the brain stem) and 31 pairs of spinal nerves (branch from the spinal cord

Burns - causes and degrees

Caused by thermal, electical, radioactive, or chemical damage to the skin First degree - limited to superficial epidermis second degree- extends to superficial dermis, glands; hair follicles are spared and contribute to healing third degree: entire dermis is damaged, healing requires a skin graft

Motor innervation by the ANS involves two neuron pathway....

One neuron (presynaptic or preganglionic neuron) is located in the CNS (brain stem or spinal cord) and the other neuron (postsynaptic or postganglionic neuron) is located in a paravertebral (sympathetic chain) or prevertebral (celiac, superior mesenteric, aorticorenal, inferior mesenteric) ganglion.

Integumentary System

The skin (integument) consists of a superficial epithelial tissue layer and a deeper connective tissue layer. The epidermis is a keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium, and the dermis is dense irregular connective tissue. NOTE: Four basic tissue types, epithelium, connective tissue, muscle and nerve are combined to form all organs of the body. Epithelial tissue covers every "free-surface" in the body, e.g., skin, luminal surfaces of cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, etc.

atherosclerosis

a form of arteriosclerosis, caused by deposition of fat (mainly cholesterol) in the arterial wall

Degenerative joint disease

a generic term used to describe a variety of synovial joint afflictions including osteoarthritis (degenerative arthritis, osteoarthrosis and hypertrophic arthritis), rheumatoid arthritis, gout, lupus, septic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, etc.

characteristic features of a synovial joint

a joint cavity containing synovial fluid and a fibrous capsule surrounding the joint

epidermis

a keratinized stratified (layered) epithelium with a tough outer surface composed of keratin (a fibrous protein)

bone

a living tissue, highly specialized, hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton and is the chief supporting tissue of the body

cartilage

a resilient, semirigid, avascular type of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is necessary (e.g. the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum

artery

a vessel that carries blood away from the heart

vein

a vessel that carries blood to the heart

circulatory system

angiology - consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, which function in parallel to distribute fluids within the body

motor and sensory axons in the anterior ramus

distributed to muscles and skin on the lateral and anterior body wall and the appendages

motor and sensory axons in the posterior ramus

distributed to the "intrinsic' back muscles and skin on the back. the intrinsic back muscles move the vertebral column (spine)

epicondyle

eminence superior to a condyle (e.g. the epicondyle of the humerus)

clinical (applied) anatomy

emphasizes aspects of the structure and function of the body important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and the allied health sciences. It encompasses both the regional and the systemic approaches to studying anatomy and stresses clinical application

movement terminology (do each movement)

extension flexion abduction adduction dorsiflexion plantarflexion eversion inversion pronation supination elevation depression retrusion protrusion circumduction protraction retraction opposition reposition lateral bending (lateral flexion) rotation of head and neck rotation of upper trunk, neck, and head lateral (external) rotation medial (internal) rotation

intermuscular septa

extensions from internal surface of deep fascia that divide muscles into groups or compartments

investing fascia

extensions from internal surface of deep fascia that invest deeper structures, such as individual muscles and neurovascular bundles

subserous fascia

extensions from internal surface of deep fascia that lie between the musculoskeletal walls and the serous membranes lining body cavities

dermis

formed by a dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers - these fibers provide skin tone and account for the strength and toughness of the skin

retinacula

formed by deep fascia, holds tendons in place during joint movement

condyle

rounded articular area (e.g., condyles of the femur)

malleolus

rounded prominence (e.g., lateral malleolus of the fibula)

joints

site of union between two or more bones or cartilages.

The __________ system provides support, protection, serves as the ____________ site for blood cell formation, and with skeletal muscles (the musculoskeletal system) allows for ____________ movements.

skeletal; primary; controlled

tubercle

small raised eminence (e.g., greater tubercle of the humerus)

subcutaneous tissue

superficial fascia - comprised of loose connective tissue and fat. located between the dermis and underlying deep fascia, the subcutaneous tissue contains the deepest parts of the sweat glands, the blood and lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves. provides for most of the body's fat storage, so its thickness varies greatly, depending on the person's nutritional state

positional terminology -superficial -intermediate -deep -superior (cranial) -medial -lateral -posterior (dorsal) -inferior (caudal) -anterior (ventral) -distal -proximal - palmar vs. dorsal (hand) - plantar vs. dorsal (foot)

superficial: nearer to surface intermediate: between a superficial and a deep structure deep: farther from surface superior (cranial): nearer to head medial: nearer to median plane lateral: farther from median plane posterior (dorsal): nearer to back inferior (caudal): nearer to feet anterior (ventral): nearer to front distal: farther from trunk or point of origin proximal: nearer to trunk or point of origin palmar vs dorsal: anterior hand (palm); posterior hand (dorsum) plantar vs. dorsal: inferior foot surface (sole); superior foot surface (dorsum)

perichondrium

surrounding cartilage elements (excluding articular cartilage). Along with periosteum, it helps nourish the tissue, are capable of laying down more cartilage or bone (particularly during fracture healing), and provide an interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments

flat bones

usually serve protective functions (e.g. those of the cranium protect the brain)

plane joints

usually uniaxial - permit gliding or sliding m/m ex:acromioclavicular joint (clavicle and acromion of scapula)