Anatomy Lecture Exam 3

List the formed elements and give functions for each

- Erythrocytes: red blood cells that function in oxygen transport - Leukocytes: white blood cells that function in immunity - Platelets: cell fragments that function in blood clotting

Describe the flow of blood through the heart

- The blood first enters the right atrium from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus. - The blood then flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. - When the heart beats, the ventricle pushes blood through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery. - The pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs where it "picks up" oxygen. - It then leaves the lungs to return to the heart through the pulmonary vein. - The blood enters the left atrium. - It drops through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. - The left ventricle then pumps blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta. - The aorta sends the oxygenated blood out to the rest of the body.

Describe the conduction system of the heart

- action potentials spread via intercalated discs - SA nodes -> sends signals -> AV node (atrial contraction: right & left together) - AV node (base of right atrium) & Bundle of His conduct stimulation to ventricles (allows contraction to start at apex or bottom of heart) > where electrical system passes from conduction system to contractile myofibers - in interventricular septum, Bundle of His -> right & left bundle branches (for each ventricle) - branch bundles -> Purkinje fibers -> ventricular contractions

What are the functions of the blood?

- transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues - forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss - carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection - bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood - regulating body temperature

The heart wall is composed of ________ layers of tissues

3

The larynx is composed of ________ cartilages

9

List and/or label the major arteries that supply the major body areas

Aorta, Brachiocephalic artery, Left common carotid artery, Left and right coronary arteries, Left subclavian artery, Thoracic aorta, Abdominal aorta

Describe the cardiac circulation, both arterial supply as well as venous drainage

Arterial Supply: - The heart receives its own supply of blood from the coronary arteries. Two major coronary arteries branch off from the aorta near the point where the aorta and the left ventricle meet. These arteries and their branches supply all parts of the heart muscle with blood. Venous Drainage: - The systemic venous system brings deoxygenated blood from tissues and organs back to the right atrium of the heart, whereas the pulmonary venous system brings oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation back to the left atrium of the heart.

Describe the structural and functional characteristics of large, medium, and small arteries and veins

Arteries have smaller lumens than veins, a characteristic that helps to maintain the pressure of blood moving through the system. Together, their thicker walls and smaller diameters give arterial lumens a more rounded appearance in cross section than the lumens of veins

Describe how the exchange of materials across the capillary occurs

Diffusion, the most widely-used mechanism, allows the flow of small molecules across capillaries such as glucose and oxygen from the blood into the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissue into the blood.

Describe the three layers of the heart walls

Epicardium: thin external layer formed by visceral layer of serous pericardium. Myocardium: thick middle layer made of cardiac muscle. Endocardium: thin internal membrane that lines the heart and its valves

Describe the external and internal anatomy of the heart

External: - consists of three layers, epicardium, myocardium, endocardium Internal: - consists of 4 chamber, two atrium and two ventricles all connected by valves that help pump blood through the heart to be oxygenated by the lungs and pushed back out to the rest of the body

Which of the following contain oxygenated blood?

Left atrium, pulmonary veins, and aorta

Which leukocyte is useful in destroying abnormally functioning cancerous cells?

NK (Natural Killer) lymphocytes

Describe the three regions of the pharynx

Nasopharynx: The top part of the throat connects to the nasal cavities (nose) and lets air pass through. Oropharynx: The middle part of the throat connects to the oral cavity (mouth). ... Laryngopharynx (or hypopharynx): The bottom part of the throat is near the larynx (or voice box).

Discuss the thoracic serous membranes and their functions

Pleurae are serous membranes that separate the lungs and the wall of the thoracic cavity. The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs, and the parietal pleura covers the inside of the thorax, mediastinum, and diaphragm. A thin film of serous fluid fills the space between the two pleurae. Serous membranes secrete a slight amount of lubricating fluid and allows organs to move when they need to.

Differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart. Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Lymphocytes known as ________ differentiate into plasmocytes, which secrete antibodies that attack foreign cells or proteins in distant portions of the body

B cells

List and/or label the major veins that carry blood from each of the major body areas

Superior and inferior vena cava, great saphenous vein, femoral vein, basilic vein, cephalic vein, axillary vein, subclavian vein, pulmonary veins

What are the advantages of the erythrocyte's biconcave shape?

The cell has more surface area for gas diffusion. The cell can hold more hemoglobin than if it had a nucleus. The cell can move through a capillary bed with ease

Which of the following statements is true of the myocardium?

The cells of the myocardium are linked by specialized junctions called intercalated discs

Which of the following statements is true?

The farther away the blood vessel is from the heart, the smaller the diameter it has

Which of the following statements is accurate in regard to the respiratory histology?

The majority of the respiratory tissues are covered with a thin layer of a fluid, either mucus or surfactant

Which of the following applies to elastic arteries?

The media of these arteries contains a high density of elastic fibers and relatively few smooth muscle cells

Describe the structure and function of pulmonary alveoli and the respiratory membrane

The respiratory membrane is the structure gasses pass through to move between the alveoli in the lungs and the blood. It is a very thin membrane comprised of alveolar wall, and a capillary wall.

Describe the differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on heart function

The sympathetic nervous system releases the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine that accelerate the heart rate.The parasympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine, the hormone that slows down the heart rate.

Describe the structure and function of the pericardium

The two layers of serous pericardium: visceral and parietal are separated by the pericardial cavity, which contains 20 to 60 mL of the plasma ultrafiltrate. The pericardium acts as mechanical protection for the heart and big vessels, and a lubrication to reduce friction between the heart and the surrounding structures.

Physical factors that facilitate gas exchange in the lungs include which of the following?

There are areas where the basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium and adjacent capillaries have fused. Gases are lipid soluble. There is a distance separating the respiratory and circulatory systems of as little as 0.1 µm. diffusion

Describe the heart in terms of size, shape and location

It is approximately the size of a man's fist (230-350 grams) and is shaped like an inverted cone. About two thirds of the heart's mass is located to the left of the body's midline.

Describe the anatomy of the lungs (ie. The bronchopulmonary segment concept)

While the functional unit is the capillary-alveoli interface, the lung is divided into segments based on the arborization of the bronchi. The bronchopulmonary segments are the largest functional divisions of the anatomical lobes; each receiving their own air and blood supply.

Surface anatomy of the trunk

Xiphoid process, Rectus abdominis, Umbilicus, Serratus anterior, External oblique, Latissimus dorsi, Costal margin, Pectoralis major, Linea alba

If we were to examine cross-sections of the primary bronchi, then secondary, then tertiary, and finally the respiratory bronchioles, we would notice _________

a decrease in the amount of hyaline cartilage

A very thick connective tissue sheath, primarily composed of collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers, that blends into the surrounding tissues and assists in anchoring the blood vessel, is (the)

adventitia

The outermost layer of a blood vessel is (the)

adventitia

The outermost layer of a blood vessel, which is very thick, composed chiefly of collagen fibers, with scattered bands of elastic fibers is the

adventitia

Rh antigen is also called

agglutinogen

Leukocytes without visible granular inclusions in their cytoplasm are called _______

agranulocytes

Which of the following is correctly matched?

albumin- major contributor to osmotic pressure

Roughly 60 percent of plasma proteins are composed of ________

albumins

The unique C-shaped cartilage rings of the trachea __________.

allow the expansion of the esophagus into the posterior region of the trachea during deglutition

Gas exchange is performed in the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract. In which of the following does that event occur?

alveoli

There are many interconnections between the branches of the coronary circulation, which function to maintain a constant blood supply to the muscle of the heart. These connections are called ________

anastomoses

Grooves on the external surface of the heart that divide the right and left ventricles include the

anterior interventricular sulcus

A person with Type A blood will carry ________ agglutinins

anti-B

Identify the organs of the respiratory system and describe their locations

Pharynx (throat): Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the trachea (windpipe). Trachea: Passage connecting your throat and lungs. Bronchial tubes: Tubes at the bottom of your windpipe that connect into each lung. Lungs: Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into your blood.

The left ventricle pumps blood into the

aorta

Each tertiary bronchus leads to one

bronchopulmonary segment

Cardiocytes are individual cardiac ________ cells

muscle

The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the _______

nasal septum

Prominent muscular ridges that run along the inner surface of the auricle and across the adjacent atrial wall are the

pectinate muscles

Pneumocyte type II cells

produce surfactant

The right ventricle is associated exclusively with which of the following?

pulmonary trunk

The left atrium receives blood from the

pulmonary veins

There are usually four ________ that return blood to the left atrium

pulmonary veins

Which vessel(s) brings blood to the heart?

pulmonary veins

Plaque buildup in the left coronary artery (LCA) would NOT affect which portion of the heart?

right atrium

Which of the following bones does not contain a paranasal sinus?

temporal

The last passageway of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract is called the

terminal bronchiole

Two lobes form the left lung, and ________ lobes form the right lung

three

What is the function of the valves within the veins?

to prevent the back flow of blood away from the heart

The contraction of any one cardiac muscle fiber

will cause the contraction of several others

Blood vessels, in correct order from the largest to the smallest, are:

aorta, muscular arteries, elastic arteries, arterioles, capillaries

Blood exiting the left ventricle must pass through the ________ valve

aortic semilunar

The most inferior point of the left ventricle can be found at the _____________ of the heart

apex

Lymphocytes

are responsible for specific immunity

Blood vessels traveling away from the heart are

arteries

In the pulmonary circuit, __________

arteries carry deoxygenated blood

The most important blood vessels in autoregulation of blood flow are the _______

arterioles

Which of the following cartilages are attached to the vocal ligaments?

arytenoid

The broad, superior portion of the heart is the

base

Which leukocyte releases histamine and heparin in response to an injury?

basophil

Veins are much more easily distended under pressure than are arteries

because their walls are thinner and contain a lower proportion of smooth muscle fibers

If a patient entering the hospital is tested and found to have B-positive blood type, which person(s) could give blood to the patient?

blood type B-negative and O-negative

Each lobe of the lung can be subdivided into smaller units called ________

bronchopulmonary segments

Which of the following is a major component of the conduction system located in the interventricular septum?

bundle branches

Alveoli are surrounded by which of the following?

capillaries

The exchange vessels in the cardiovascular system are called _______

capillaries

The blood vessel type that is present in the body in the greatest numbers is the ________

capillary

The waste gas taken away from all cells of the body by the blood is ________.

carbon dioxide

In the respiratory membrane, _________

carbon dioxide and oxygen gas diffuse in opposite directions

The left and right bronchi form as the trachea splits in an area called the _______

carina

Identify the anatomical features of the larynx

composed of three large unpaired cartilages (cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis) and three paired smaller cartilages (arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform), making a total of nine individual cartilages. The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages and is composed of hyaline cartilage

What type of tissue is blood?

connective tissue

Plasma

contains mostly water

The functions of blood include which of the following?

cooling body temperature during exercise by distributing blood to the vessels of the skin, distributing glucose to body tissues, distributing TSH to the thyroid,

Blood is supplied to the muscle of the heart through the

coronary arteries

The anterior and posterior interventricular sulci on the outside of the heart contain

coronary arteries, grooves, cardiac veins, fats

Which of the following structures can only be seen using a posterior view of the heart?

coronary sinus

Most of the posterior walls of the larynx are formed by the ________ cartilage

cricoid

The large cartilage of the larynx with an expansive posterior surface is (the)

cricoid cartilage

The innermost layer of the heart wall is the

endocardium

If Robin makes a visit to an equatorial country and there contracts malaria, which white blood cell would be seen in very high numbers?

eosinophils

The visceral pericardium, which covers the surface of the heart, is also known as the ________

epicardium

Which layer of the heart is continuous with the parietal pericardium?

epicardium

During swallowing, the ________ folds back over the glottis, preventing the entry of liquids or solids into the respiratory passageways

epiglottis

Which of the following prevents liquids or solids from entering the larynx when swallowing?

epiglottis

Which of the following cells ejects its nucleus during the process of its development?

erythrocyte

The sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes __________

establish cycles of contraction and relaxation for the myocardium

Which of the following is not part of the separation between the nasal and oral cavities?

ethmoid

The nasal cavity connects to the external environment at the _______

external nares

The outer openings of the nasal cavity are called

external nares

Capillaries in the kidney are classified as _______

fenestrated

In places such as the kidneys, where solutes from the blood need to be filtered into the urine, which of the following vessels can be found?

fenestrated capillaries

The class of protein involved in clotting is (the)

fibrinogens

The reinforcing layer of the pericardium is the ________ layer

fibrous

Which of the following is a unique mechanism of exchange used by sinusoidal capillaries?

filtration through gaps between endothelial cells

Describe fetal circulation

foramen ovale, interventricular foramen, ductus arteriosus

Blood cells and cell fragments that are suspended in the plasma are called ________

formed elements

From which structure does the right atrium NOT receive blood?

fossa ovalis

In comparison, the right atria and ventricle __________

generate less pressure for contraction than the left atria and ventricle

A person with Type A blood

has antibodies that will agglutinate Type B blood

A person with Type AB blood

has no antibodies for A or B

The right ventricle

has thinner muscular walls than does the left ventricle

Muscular arteries

have a thick media with a large amount of smooth muscle fiber within them

Cardiac muscle differs from other muscle tissue in

having fibers connected to one another at intercalated discs

In anatomical position the

heart lies slightly to the left of the midline

The main pacemaker region of the heart is

in the wall of the right atrium

The wall between the atria is called the

interatrial septum

The thick muscular partition that separates the two ventricles entire heart is the

interventricular septum

The metal that is part of hemoglobin structure is _______

iron

The respiratory membrane

is comprised of two layers of simple squamous epithelium and their fused basal lamina

The endocardium _________

is continuous with the inner lining of the aorta

When Jan traces the aorta from the heart into the groin area, she finds that it is given multiple names. Why is this?

it allows for accurate descriptions of the location of the vessels at any given point

Which of the following is true of an artery?

it has a relatively thick media

One of the major differences between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle is that cardiac muscle

lacks triad

A thick midline ridge in the thyroid cartilage that is sometimes referred to as the Adam's apple is technically named the

laryngeal prominence

Oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs and enters the _________

left atrium

A damaged mitral valve would affect the flow of blood into the _________

left ventricle

The trachea

lies anterior to the esophagus

The area of the respiratory passageways that begins at the larynx and extends into the alveoli is the

lower respiratory tract

The primary function of the pericardial fluid is to provide ________ between the pericardial membranes

lubrication

Which of the following has a nucleus?

lymphocytes

Monocytes are in circulation for a few days before entering the peripheral tissues, where they become free ________

macrophages

The cell types of the alveoli include which of the following?

macrophages

The coronary sulcus

marks the border between the atria and ventricles.

Which of the following valves is assisted in functioning by the papillary muscles?

mitral valve bicuspid valve tricuspid valve right atrioventricular valve

Papillary muscles of the right ventricle receive a signal to contract from (the)

moderator band

A gurgling sound of blood caused by regurgitation in the heart is called a ________

murmur

The openings of the auditory tubes are located in the

nasopharynx

Cardiac muscle cells do not need ________ to contract

nervous stimulation

The leukocyte with small granules that stain with both types of stain is the

neutrophil

In terms of organelles, an obvious difference between an erythrocyte and a leukocyte viewed with a light microscope is that the erythrocyte lacks a ________

nucleus

Which of the following is found in the nasopharynx?

opening for the auditory tube

The ________ is the middle portion of the pharynx, posterior to the tongue

oropharynx

Which of the following is a passageway for both food and air?

oropharynx

The pulmonary veins carry __________

oxygenated blood to the heart

The ________ separates the nasal and oral cavities

palate

If the heart were to be punctured by a broken bone, the bone would first penetrate the __________

parietal pericardium

The thin membrane found lining the thoracic cavity is the _________

parietal pleura

Muscular ridges in the right atrium are called _______

pectinate muscles

The upper respiratory tract includes the

pharynx

The fluid portion of the blood is ______

plasma

What are the components of blood?

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Megakaryocytes produce

platelets, enzymes, proteins, membranes

Which type of cell produces an oily secretion to keep the alveoli from closing due to the surface tension of water in the lungs?

pnuemocyte type II cell

Which of the following is not one of the four mechanisms responsible for exchange in capillaries and sinusoids?

primary active transport

Which of the following statements is true of the respiratory epithelium?

protects respiratory surfaces from dehydration

The respiratory system __________

provides a large surface area for gas diffusion moves air to and from the respiratory surfaces protects the respiratory surfaces from dehydration and temperature changes

The respiratory epithelium consists of a ________ epithelium with numerous goblet cells

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

The ________ circuit brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs

pulmonary

Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the ________ into the pulmonary trunk

pulmonary semilunar valve

Which portion of the conducting system directly stimulates the ventricles?

purkinje fibers

Formed elements include which of the following?

red blood cells

The most abundant formed element is

red blood cells

The function of surfactant is to

reduce the surface tension in the fluid coating alveolar surfaces to prevent alveolar collapse

If the cusps of an atrioventricular valve are damaged or too short to meet at the center of the valve or do not close completely during the normal point in the pumping cycle, blood may flow backwards. This is called ________

regurgitation

A blockage in the pulmonary trunk would first affect which heart chamber with a buildup of blood?

right ventricle

Blood passing through the tricuspid valve is going into the _______

right ventricle

The function of the epiglottis is to

seal the opening larynx during swallowing

Suppose an entire cell needed to be removed from circulation. Which type of capillary allows the passage of the largest structures through its wall?

sinusoid

Vessels that sometimes do not have a basal lamina are called

sinusoidal capillaries

The ________ border of the heart includes the bases of the major vessels

superior

Large veins include the

superior and inferior venae cavae

The largest heart vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the arms to the right atrium is the _________

superior vena cava

If you were looking at cross-sections of two blood vessels on a microscope slide, what features could you use to distinguish arteries from veins?

the artery wall is thicker but the lumen is narrower

A continuous capillary differs from a fenestrated capillary because

the endothelium is a complete lining, with endothelial cells connected by tight junctions and anchoring junctions, which is untrue for a fenestrated capillary

Which of the chambers of the heart can generate the greatest pressure?

the left ventricle

Looking at this figure of the heart, it is evident that

the left ventricle has the thickest myocardium of all the chambers

If a person has inadequate levels of fibrinogen in the blood, which of the following would be affected?

the persons ability to clot blood after an injury

You could expect to find fenestrated capillaries in

the pituitary gland

Which two chambers of the heart are connected by an opening during embryonic development that seals up at birth?

the right and left atrium

Which of the following correctly describes the lungs?

the right lung has three lobes

Which of the following correctly describes the borders of the heart?

the right ventricle forms the inferior border of the heart

A cross-section of the trachea reveals that C-shaped cartilage rings are present. What is the function of these rings?

these rings keep the respiratory passage open

Which of the following is true of the coronary arteries?

they originate at the base of the aorta and are the first branches off this vessel

If a person's blood agglutinates when combined with A antibodies and Rh antibodies in a blood test, which of the following would be true?

this person could donate blood to a person with A-positive blood

Describe the structure and function of the capillaries

tiny blood vessels have thin walls. Oxygen and nutrients from the blood can move through the walls and get into organs and tissues. The capillaries also take waste products away from your tissues. Capillaries are where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste

Discuss the role of the larynx in digestion and respiration

to close the trachea during swallowing to prevent food and saliva from passing down the airways to the lungs, and to function as a part of the respiratory system

What is the purpose of the chordae tendineae?

to keep the atrioventricular valves shut during ventricular contraction

What is the function of the thin film of surfactant on the respiratory membrane?

to prevent the surface tension of water in the lungs from causing the collapse of the alveoli

The ________ are the folds of muscular tissue inside the ventricles

trabeculae carneae

Blood assists in defending the body against toxins and pathogens by

transporting white blood cells to injury or infection sites

The valve found between the right atria and right ventricle is the

tricuspid

If you have Type O blood, you can receive a transfusion from a donor that is

type O

Describe how blood is able to return to the heart (i.e. what structural modifications are required in veins to allow for the return of blood)

veins are structurally different than arteries in that veins have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Because veins have to work against gravity to get blood back to the heart, contraction of skeletal muscle assists with the flow of blood back to the heart

Most of the blood in the body at any given moment is found in the _________

venules and medium-sized veins

The false vocal cords are also called (the)

vestibular folds

Vocal folds that prevent foreign objects from entering the glottis are known as the _______

vestibular folds

The upper respiratory tract _________

warms and humidifies incoming air

Identify the muscles of quiet and forced inspiration

Quiet: - internal and external intercostal muscles - the diaphragm Forced: - scalene - sternocleidomastoid

Explain the basis of ABO and Rh incompatibilities

Red blood cells on their membranes contain either antigen A or B. A persons blood type depends on the presence or absence of these antigens. A person who has antigen A is blood type A, antigen B blood type B. When they have both it is AB and neither is O. Rh factor can either be positive or negative. Rh incompatibility occurs when a woman who is Rh-negative becomes pregnant with a baby with Rh-positive blood. With Rh incompatibility, the woman's immune system reacts and creates Rh antibodies. These antibodies help drive an immune system attack against the baby, which the mother's body views as a foreign object.

Which of the following correctly identifies the path that blood takes on its way through the heart?

Right atria, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary arteries