Anatomy Lecture Exam 3
List the formed elements and give functions for each
- Erythrocytes: red blood cells that function in oxygen transport - Leukocytes: white blood cells that function in immunity - Platelets: cell fragments that function in blood clotting
Describe the flow of blood through the heart
- The blood first enters the right atrium from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus. - The blood then flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. - When the heart beats, the ventricle pushes blood through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery. - The pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs where it "picks up" oxygen. - It then leaves the lungs to return to the heart through the pulmonary vein. - The blood enters the left atrium. - It drops through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. - The left ventricle then pumps blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta. - The aorta sends the oxygenated blood out to the rest of the body.
Describe the conduction system of the heart
- action potentials spread via intercalated discs - SA nodes -> sends signals -> AV node (atrial contraction: right & left together) - AV node (base of right atrium) & Bundle of His conduct stimulation to ventricles (allows contraction to start at apex or bottom of heart) > where electrical system passes from conduction system to contractile myofibers - in interventricular septum, Bundle of His -> right & left bundle branches (for each ventricle) - branch bundles -> Purkinje fibers -> ventricular contractions
What are the functions of the blood?
- transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues - forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss - carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection - bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood - regulating body temperature
The heart wall is composed of ________ layers of tissues
3
The larynx is composed of ________ cartilages
9
List and/or label the major arteries that supply the major body areas
Aorta, Brachiocephalic artery, Left common carotid artery, Left and right coronary arteries, Left subclavian artery, Thoracic aorta, Abdominal aorta
Describe the cardiac circulation, both arterial supply as well as venous drainage
Arterial Supply: - The heart receives its own supply of blood from the coronary arteries. Two major coronary arteries branch off from the aorta near the point where the aorta and the left ventricle meet. These arteries and their branches supply all parts of the heart muscle with blood. Venous Drainage: - The systemic venous system brings deoxygenated blood from tissues and organs back to the right atrium of the heart, whereas the pulmonary venous system brings oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation back to the left atrium of the heart.
Describe the structural and functional characteristics of large, medium, and small arteries and veins
Arteries have smaller lumens than veins, a characteristic that helps to maintain the pressure of blood moving through the system. Together, their thicker walls and smaller diameters give arterial lumens a more rounded appearance in cross section than the lumens of veins
Describe how the exchange of materials across the capillary occurs
Diffusion, the most widely-used mechanism, allows the flow of small molecules across capillaries such as glucose and oxygen from the blood into the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissue into the blood.
Describe the three layers of the heart walls
Epicardium: thin external layer formed by visceral layer of serous pericardium. Myocardium: thick middle layer made of cardiac muscle. Endocardium: thin internal membrane that lines the heart and its valves
Describe the external and internal anatomy of the heart
External: - consists of three layers, epicardium, myocardium, endocardium Internal: - consists of 4 chamber, two atrium and two ventricles all connected by valves that help pump blood through the heart to be oxygenated by the lungs and pushed back out to the rest of the body
Which of the following contain oxygenated blood?
Left atrium, pulmonary veins, and aorta
Which leukocyte is useful in destroying abnormally functioning cancerous cells?
NK (Natural Killer) lymphocytes
Describe the three regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx: The top part of the throat connects to the nasal cavities (nose) and lets air pass through. Oropharynx: The middle part of the throat connects to the oral cavity (mouth). ... Laryngopharynx (or hypopharynx): The bottom part of the throat is near the larynx (or voice box).
Discuss the thoracic serous membranes and their functions
Pleurae are serous membranes that separate the lungs and the wall of the thoracic cavity. The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs, and the parietal pleura covers the inside of the thorax, mediastinum, and diaphragm. A thin film of serous fluid fills the space between the two pleurae. Serous membranes secrete a slight amount of lubricating fluid and allows organs to move when they need to.
Differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart. Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
Lymphocytes known as ________ differentiate into plasmocytes, which secrete antibodies that attack foreign cells or proteins in distant portions of the body
B cells
List and/or label the major veins that carry blood from each of the major body areas
Superior and inferior vena cava, great saphenous vein, femoral vein, basilic vein, cephalic vein, axillary vein, subclavian vein, pulmonary veins
What are the advantages of the erythrocyte's biconcave shape?
The cell has more surface area for gas diffusion. The cell can hold more hemoglobin than if it had a nucleus. The cell can move through a capillary bed with ease
Which of the following statements is true of the myocardium?
The cells of the myocardium are linked by specialized junctions called intercalated discs
Which of the following statements is true?
The farther away the blood vessel is from the heart, the smaller the diameter it has
Which of the following statements is accurate in regard to the respiratory histology?
The majority of the respiratory tissues are covered with a thin layer of a fluid, either mucus or surfactant
Which of the following applies to elastic arteries?
The media of these arteries contains a high density of elastic fibers and relatively few smooth muscle cells
Describe the structure and function of pulmonary alveoli and the respiratory membrane
The respiratory membrane is the structure gasses pass through to move between the alveoli in the lungs and the blood. It is a very thin membrane comprised of alveolar wall, and a capillary wall.
Describe the differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on heart function
The sympathetic nervous system releases the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine that accelerate the heart rate.The parasympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine, the hormone that slows down the heart rate.
Describe the structure and function of the pericardium
The two layers of serous pericardium: visceral and parietal are separated by the pericardial cavity, which contains 20 to 60 mL of the plasma ultrafiltrate. The pericardium acts as mechanical protection for the heart and big vessels, and a lubrication to reduce friction between the heart and the surrounding structures.
Physical factors that facilitate gas exchange in the lungs include which of the following?
There are areas where the basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium and adjacent capillaries have fused. Gases are lipid soluble. There is a distance separating the respiratory and circulatory systems of as little as 0.1 µm. diffusion
Describe the heart in terms of size, shape and location
It is approximately the size of a man's fist (230-350 grams) and is shaped like an inverted cone. About two thirds of the heart's mass is located to the left of the body's midline.
Describe the anatomy of the lungs (ie. The bronchopulmonary segment concept)
While the functional unit is the capillary-alveoli interface, the lung is divided into segments based on the arborization of the bronchi. The bronchopulmonary segments are the largest functional divisions of the anatomical lobes; each receiving their own air and blood supply.
Surface anatomy of the trunk
Xiphoid process, Rectus abdominis, Umbilicus, Serratus anterior, External oblique, Latissimus dorsi, Costal margin, Pectoralis major, Linea alba
If we were to examine cross-sections of the primary bronchi, then secondary, then tertiary, and finally the respiratory bronchioles, we would notice _________
a decrease in the amount of hyaline cartilage
A very thick connective tissue sheath, primarily composed of collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers, that blends into the surrounding tissues and assists in anchoring the blood vessel, is (the)
adventitia
The outermost layer of a blood vessel is (the)
adventitia
The outermost layer of a blood vessel, which is very thick, composed chiefly of collagen fibers, with scattered bands of elastic fibers is the
adventitia
Rh antigen is also called
agglutinogen
Leukocytes without visible granular inclusions in their cytoplasm are called _______
agranulocytes
Which of the following is correctly matched?
albumin- major contributor to osmotic pressure
Roughly 60 percent of plasma proteins are composed of ________
albumins
The unique C-shaped cartilage rings of the trachea __________.
allow the expansion of the esophagus into the posterior region of the trachea during deglutition
Gas exchange is performed in the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract. In which of the following does that event occur?
alveoli
There are many interconnections between the branches of the coronary circulation, which function to maintain a constant blood supply to the muscle of the heart. These connections are called ________
anastomoses
Grooves on the external surface of the heart that divide the right and left ventricles include the
anterior interventricular sulcus
A person with Type A blood will carry ________ agglutinins
anti-B
Identify the organs of the respiratory system and describe their locations
Pharynx (throat): Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the trachea (windpipe). Trachea: Passage connecting your throat and lungs. Bronchial tubes: Tubes at the bottom of your windpipe that connect into each lung. Lungs: Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into your blood.
The left ventricle pumps blood into the
aorta
Each tertiary bronchus leads to one
bronchopulmonary segment
Cardiocytes are individual cardiac ________ cells
muscle
The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the _______
nasal septum
Prominent muscular ridges that run along the inner surface of the auricle and across the adjacent atrial wall are the
pectinate muscles
Pneumocyte type II cells
produce surfactant
The right ventricle is associated exclusively with which of the following?
pulmonary trunk
The left atrium receives blood from the
pulmonary veins
There are usually four ________ that return blood to the left atrium
pulmonary veins
Which vessel(s) brings blood to the heart?
pulmonary veins
Plaque buildup in the left coronary artery (LCA) would NOT affect which portion of the heart?
right atrium
Which of the following bones does not contain a paranasal sinus?
temporal
The last passageway of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract is called the
terminal bronchiole
Two lobes form the left lung, and ________ lobes form the right lung
three
What is the function of the valves within the veins?
to prevent the back flow of blood away from the heart
The contraction of any one cardiac muscle fiber
will cause the contraction of several others
Blood vessels, in correct order from the largest to the smallest, are:
aorta, muscular arteries, elastic arteries, arterioles, capillaries
Blood exiting the left ventricle must pass through the ________ valve
aortic semilunar
The most inferior point of the left ventricle can be found at the _____________ of the heart
apex
Lymphocytes
are responsible for specific immunity
Blood vessels traveling away from the heart are
arteries
In the pulmonary circuit, __________
arteries carry deoxygenated blood
The most important blood vessels in autoregulation of blood flow are the _______
arterioles
Which of the following cartilages are attached to the vocal ligaments?
arytenoid
The broad, superior portion of the heart is the
base
Which leukocyte releases histamine and heparin in response to an injury?
basophil
Veins are much more easily distended under pressure than are arteries
because their walls are thinner and contain a lower proportion of smooth muscle fibers
If a patient entering the hospital is tested and found to have B-positive blood type, which person(s) could give blood to the patient?
blood type B-negative and O-negative
Each lobe of the lung can be subdivided into smaller units called ________
bronchopulmonary segments
Which of the following is a major component of the conduction system located in the interventricular septum?
bundle branches
Alveoli are surrounded by which of the following?
capillaries
The exchange vessels in the cardiovascular system are called _______
capillaries
The blood vessel type that is present in the body in the greatest numbers is the ________
capillary
The waste gas taken away from all cells of the body by the blood is ________.
carbon dioxide
In the respiratory membrane, _________
carbon dioxide and oxygen gas diffuse in opposite directions
The left and right bronchi form as the trachea splits in an area called the _______
carina
Identify the anatomical features of the larynx
composed of three large unpaired cartilages (cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis) and three paired smaller cartilages (arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform), making a total of nine individual cartilages. The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages and is composed of hyaline cartilage
What type of tissue is blood?
connective tissue
Plasma
contains mostly water
The functions of blood include which of the following?
cooling body temperature during exercise by distributing blood to the vessels of the skin, distributing glucose to body tissues, distributing TSH to the thyroid,
Blood is supplied to the muscle of the heart through the
coronary arteries
The anterior and posterior interventricular sulci on the outside of the heart contain
coronary arteries, grooves, cardiac veins, fats
Which of the following structures can only be seen using a posterior view of the heart?
coronary sinus
Most of the posterior walls of the larynx are formed by the ________ cartilage
cricoid
The large cartilage of the larynx with an expansive posterior surface is (the)
cricoid cartilage
The innermost layer of the heart wall is the
endocardium
If Robin makes a visit to an equatorial country and there contracts malaria, which white blood cell would be seen in very high numbers?
eosinophils
The visceral pericardium, which covers the surface of the heart, is also known as the ________
epicardium
Which layer of the heart is continuous with the parietal pericardium?
epicardium
During swallowing, the ________ folds back over the glottis, preventing the entry of liquids or solids into the respiratory passageways
epiglottis
Which of the following prevents liquids or solids from entering the larynx when swallowing?
epiglottis
Which of the following cells ejects its nucleus during the process of its development?
erythrocyte
The sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes __________
establish cycles of contraction and relaxation for the myocardium
Which of the following is not part of the separation between the nasal and oral cavities?
ethmoid
The nasal cavity connects to the external environment at the _______
external nares
The outer openings of the nasal cavity are called
external nares
Capillaries in the kidney are classified as _______
fenestrated
In places such as the kidneys, where solutes from the blood need to be filtered into the urine, which of the following vessels can be found?
fenestrated capillaries
The class of protein involved in clotting is (the)
fibrinogens
The reinforcing layer of the pericardium is the ________ layer
fibrous
Which of the following is a unique mechanism of exchange used by sinusoidal capillaries?
filtration through gaps between endothelial cells
Describe fetal circulation
foramen ovale, interventricular foramen, ductus arteriosus
Blood cells and cell fragments that are suspended in the plasma are called ________
formed elements
From which structure does the right atrium NOT receive blood?
fossa ovalis
In comparison, the right atria and ventricle __________
generate less pressure for contraction than the left atria and ventricle
A person with Type A blood
has antibodies that will agglutinate Type B blood
A person with Type AB blood
has no antibodies for A or B
The right ventricle
has thinner muscular walls than does the left ventricle
Muscular arteries
have a thick media with a large amount of smooth muscle fiber within them
Cardiac muscle differs from other muscle tissue in
having fibers connected to one another at intercalated discs
In anatomical position the
heart lies slightly to the left of the midline
The main pacemaker region of the heart is
in the wall of the right atrium
The wall between the atria is called the
interatrial septum
The thick muscular partition that separates the two ventricles entire heart is the
interventricular septum
The metal that is part of hemoglobin structure is _______
iron
The respiratory membrane
is comprised of two layers of simple squamous epithelium and their fused basal lamina
The endocardium _________
is continuous with the inner lining of the aorta
When Jan traces the aorta from the heart into the groin area, she finds that it is given multiple names. Why is this?
it allows for accurate descriptions of the location of the vessels at any given point
Which of the following is true of an artery?
it has a relatively thick media
One of the major differences between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle is that cardiac muscle
lacks triad
A thick midline ridge in the thyroid cartilage that is sometimes referred to as the Adam's apple is technically named the
laryngeal prominence
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs and enters the _________
left atrium
A damaged mitral valve would affect the flow of blood into the _________
left ventricle
The trachea
lies anterior to the esophagus
The area of the respiratory passageways that begins at the larynx and extends into the alveoli is the
lower respiratory tract
The primary function of the pericardial fluid is to provide ________ between the pericardial membranes
lubrication
Which of the following has a nucleus?
lymphocytes
Monocytes are in circulation for a few days before entering the peripheral tissues, where they become free ________
macrophages
The cell types of the alveoli include which of the following?
macrophages
The coronary sulcus
marks the border between the atria and ventricles.
Which of the following valves is assisted in functioning by the papillary muscles?
mitral valve bicuspid valve tricuspid valve right atrioventricular valve
Papillary muscles of the right ventricle receive a signal to contract from (the)
moderator band
A gurgling sound of blood caused by regurgitation in the heart is called a ________
murmur
The openings of the auditory tubes are located in the
nasopharynx
Cardiac muscle cells do not need ________ to contract
nervous stimulation
The leukocyte with small granules that stain with both types of stain is the
neutrophil
In terms of organelles, an obvious difference between an erythrocyte and a leukocyte viewed with a light microscope is that the erythrocyte lacks a ________
nucleus
Which of the following is found in the nasopharynx?
opening for the auditory tube
The ________ is the middle portion of the pharynx, posterior to the tongue
oropharynx
Which of the following is a passageway for both food and air?
oropharynx
The pulmonary veins carry __________
oxygenated blood to the heart
The ________ separates the nasal and oral cavities
palate
If the heart were to be punctured by a broken bone, the bone would first penetrate the __________
parietal pericardium
The thin membrane found lining the thoracic cavity is the _________
parietal pleura
Muscular ridges in the right atrium are called _______
pectinate muscles
The upper respiratory tract includes the
pharynx
The fluid portion of the blood is ______
plasma
What are the components of blood?
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Megakaryocytes produce
platelets, enzymes, proteins, membranes
Which type of cell produces an oily secretion to keep the alveoli from closing due to the surface tension of water in the lungs?
pnuemocyte type II cell
Which of the following is not one of the four mechanisms responsible for exchange in capillaries and sinusoids?
primary active transport
Which of the following statements is true of the respiratory epithelium?
protects respiratory surfaces from dehydration
The respiratory system __________
provides a large surface area for gas diffusion moves air to and from the respiratory surfaces protects the respiratory surfaces from dehydration and temperature changes
The respiratory epithelium consists of a ________ epithelium with numerous goblet cells
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
The ________ circuit brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs
pulmonary
Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the ________ into the pulmonary trunk
pulmonary semilunar valve
Which portion of the conducting system directly stimulates the ventricles?
purkinje fibers
Formed elements include which of the following?
red blood cells
The most abundant formed element is
red blood cells
The function of surfactant is to
reduce the surface tension in the fluid coating alveolar surfaces to prevent alveolar collapse
If the cusps of an atrioventricular valve are damaged or too short to meet at the center of the valve or do not close completely during the normal point in the pumping cycle, blood may flow backwards. This is called ________
regurgitation
A blockage in the pulmonary trunk would first affect which heart chamber with a buildup of blood?
right ventricle
Blood passing through the tricuspid valve is going into the _______
right ventricle
The function of the epiglottis is to
seal the opening larynx during swallowing
Suppose an entire cell needed to be removed from circulation. Which type of capillary allows the passage of the largest structures through its wall?
sinusoid
Vessels that sometimes do not have a basal lamina are called
sinusoidal capillaries
The ________ border of the heart includes the bases of the major vessels
superior
Large veins include the
superior and inferior venae cavae
The largest heart vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the arms to the right atrium is the _________
superior vena cava
If you were looking at cross-sections of two blood vessels on a microscope slide, what features could you use to distinguish arteries from veins?
the artery wall is thicker but the lumen is narrower
A continuous capillary differs from a fenestrated capillary because
the endothelium is a complete lining, with endothelial cells connected by tight junctions and anchoring junctions, which is untrue for a fenestrated capillary
Which of the chambers of the heart can generate the greatest pressure?
the left ventricle
Looking at this figure of the heart, it is evident that
the left ventricle has the thickest myocardium of all the chambers
If a person has inadequate levels of fibrinogen in the blood, which of the following would be affected?
the persons ability to clot blood after an injury
You could expect to find fenestrated capillaries in
the pituitary gland
Which two chambers of the heart are connected by an opening during embryonic development that seals up at birth?
the right and left atrium
Which of the following correctly describes the lungs?
the right lung has three lobes
Which of the following correctly describes the borders of the heart?
the right ventricle forms the inferior border of the heart
A cross-section of the trachea reveals that C-shaped cartilage rings are present. What is the function of these rings?
these rings keep the respiratory passage open
Which of the following is true of the coronary arteries?
they originate at the base of the aorta and are the first branches off this vessel
If a person's blood agglutinates when combined with A antibodies and Rh antibodies in a blood test, which of the following would be true?
this person could donate blood to a person with A-positive blood
Describe the structure and function of the capillaries
tiny blood vessels have thin walls. Oxygen and nutrients from the blood can move through the walls and get into organs and tissues. The capillaries also take waste products away from your tissues. Capillaries are where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste
Discuss the role of the larynx in digestion and respiration
to close the trachea during swallowing to prevent food and saliva from passing down the airways to the lungs, and to function as a part of the respiratory system
What is the purpose of the chordae tendineae?
to keep the atrioventricular valves shut during ventricular contraction
What is the function of the thin film of surfactant on the respiratory membrane?
to prevent the surface tension of water in the lungs from causing the collapse of the alveoli
The ________ are the folds of muscular tissue inside the ventricles
trabeculae carneae
Blood assists in defending the body against toxins and pathogens by
transporting white blood cells to injury or infection sites
The valve found between the right atria and right ventricle is the
tricuspid
If you have Type O blood, you can receive a transfusion from a donor that is
type O
Describe how blood is able to return to the heart (i.e. what structural modifications are required in veins to allow for the return of blood)
veins are structurally different than arteries in that veins have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Because veins have to work against gravity to get blood back to the heart, contraction of skeletal muscle assists with the flow of blood back to the heart
Most of the blood in the body at any given moment is found in the _________
venules and medium-sized veins
The false vocal cords are also called (the)
vestibular folds
Vocal folds that prevent foreign objects from entering the glottis are known as the _______
vestibular folds
The upper respiratory tract _________
warms and humidifies incoming air
Identify the muscles of quiet and forced inspiration
Quiet: - internal and external intercostal muscles - the diaphragm Forced: - scalene - sternocleidomastoid
Explain the basis of ABO and Rh incompatibilities
Red blood cells on their membranes contain either antigen A or B. A persons blood type depends on the presence or absence of these antigens. A person who has antigen A is blood type A, antigen B blood type B. When they have both it is AB and neither is O. Rh factor can either be positive or negative. Rh incompatibility occurs when a woman who is Rh-negative becomes pregnant with a baby with Rh-positive blood. With Rh incompatibility, the woman's immune system reacts and creates Rh antibodies. These antibodies help drive an immune system attack against the baby, which the mother's body views as a foreign object.
Which of the following correctly identifies the path that blood takes on its way through the heart?
Right atria, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary arteries
