Anatomy Mastering Chapter 15
In addition to the hormones involved in the renin system, blood pressure is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. Which of the following statements accurately describe sympathetic control of blood pressure?
-Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase renin release by juxtoglomerular cells. -Vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles increases peripheral resistance and, subsequently, blood pressure.
When the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney are, they produce and secrete the enzyme renin into the blood. What subsequent changes take place by this mechanism?
-Renin released -Angiotensin II activated -Adrenal cortex stimulated -Aldosterone released -Kidney tubules increase sodium uptake -Blood volume increases
_____: targets kidney tubules to increase sodium reabsorption
Aldosterone
_____: secreted by adrenal cortex in response to _____
Aldosterone; Angiotensin II
_____: leads to vasoconstriction in systemic arterioles to increase peripheral resistance
Angiotensin II
The mechanisms regulating sodium and water balance help maintain blood pressure homeostasis. These mechanisms include the renin-angiotensin II mechanism, neural regulation, and ADH.
Angiotensin II: -Stimulates ADH release -Increases water reabsorption -Increases sodium uptake -Stimulates aldosterone release Sympathetic Nervous System: -Stimulates renin release -Stimulated by baroreceptors in blood vessels Both Angiotensin II andSympathetic Nervous System: -Stimulated by low blood pressure or volume -Stimulates vasoconstriction -Increases peripheral resistance
_____: stimulates posterior pituitary to release _____
Angiotensin II; Antidiuretic hormone
_____: released in response to decreased osmolarity in the hypothalamus
Antidiuretic hormone
_____: targets kidney collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption
Antidiuretic hormone
Very small changes in the solute concentrations in the various fluid compartments cause water to move from one compartment to another, which alters blood composition and blood pressure. How do the following physiological changes affect blood pressure?
Increase blood pressure: -Vasoconstriction -Increase salt intake -Increase peripheral resistance -Increase blood volume -Increase water reabsorption Decrease blood pressure: -Decrease peripheral resistance -Vasodilation -Decrease salt intake -Decrease blood volume -Decrease water reabsorption
What is the primary action of antidiuretic hormone?
It causes collecting ducts in the kidneys to reabsorb more water.
How do the length and relative function of the urethra differ between sexes?
Male urethra: -approximately 20 cm long -transports urine or semen -has three named portions: prostatic, membranous, and spongy Female urethra: -approximately 3 to 4 cm long -transports only urine
_____: produced by juxtaglomerular cells
Renin
_____: leads to _____ formation in the blood
Renin; Angiotensin II
What is one reason urinary tract infections are more common in females?
The female urethra is only 1.5 inches long and is a potential entry point for bacteria.
Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the hilum of the kidney?
The hilum is on the most superior surface of the kidney.
Urine production below 100 mL per day is _____.
anuria
Which of these is a major chemical buffer system of blood?
bicarbonate buffer system
The root word _____ means "sac" or "pouch."
cyst
Inflammation of the bladder is called _____.
cystitis
Which of these describes polycystic kidney disease?
enlarged kidney with urine-filled, blisterlike sacs
Which of these must you consciously relax for micturition to occur?
external urethral sphincter
Which part of the nephron is involved in filtration?
glomerular capsule
Which of these is NOT normally found in urine?
glucose
What is the source of the yellow pigment urochrome?
hemoglobin
Which blood vessels are found in the renal columns?
interlobar artery and vein
Which fluid compartment contains the greatest fluid volume?
intracellular fluid (ICF)
For the cells of the body to function properly, blood pH must be maintained between 7.35 and 7.45, a very narrow range. Buffer systems, the respiratory system, and the kidneys work together to help maintain acid-base balance. Arrange the blood acid-base balancing systems in order from slowest to fastest acting.
kidneys, respiratory system, blood buffers
What happens when the external urethral sphincter is voluntarily relaxed at the same time that the pelvic splanchnic nerves are active?
micturition
The root word _____ means "kidney."
nephro
The functional unit of the kidney that filters blood is a _____.
nephron
The root word _____ means "having little."
olig
Abnormally low urine output, but more than 100 mL per day, is called _____.
oliguria
Which vessels absorb the solutes and water from the nephron?
peritubular capillaries
The root word _____ means "foot."
pod
Cells with foot-like extensions that form the filter near a glomerulus are called _____.
podocytes
Hypoaldosteronism leads to which of the following conditions?
polyuria
What causes the internal urethral sphincter to open?
pressure from the contracting bladder
What part of a nephron is responsible for reabsorbing all the nutrients and most of the water?
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Myen, a 21-year-old female, has dysuria, has to micturate frequently, has blood in her urine, and is experiencing frequent headaches and back pain. What is Myen's most likely diagnosis?
pyelitis
What part of the kidney attaches to the ureter?
renal pelvis
Which is the nitrogenous waste produced by the liver and poorly reabsorbed by the kidney?
urea
The root word _____ means "urine."
yr
