anatomy molloy 120 (kumar) 3rd exam

Joints are classified by

range of motion, (SAD) (Synarthrosis-no movement) (Amphiarthrosis-little movement) (Diarthrosis-free moveable)

A movement away from the midline of the body is termed

Abduction (movement away from longitudinal axis in frontal plate)

A rim of fibrocartilage in the joint cavity of the hip is called the ...

Acetabular Labrum

Neurotransmitter for release is stored in synaptic...

Acetylcholine

Which division of the PNS brings information to the CNS?

Afferent division

Which structural category of joints allows for the greatest range of motion?

Ball and Socket Joints (shoulder and hip joints)

Which joint attaches the pectoral girdle and upper limb to the axial skeleton?

Ball and socket joint (shoulder joint or glenohumoral joint)

________ neurons are short, with a cell body between dendrite and axon, and occur in special sense organs.

Bipolar

Name a type of level when —fulcrum (F) is between the applied force (AF) and the load (L)

First- class level

Which movements are possible at hinge joints? Type of movement

Flexion and Extension , Pronation and Supination

Neuron cell bodies in the PNS are clustered together in masses called ...

Ganglia

Name the neuroglia of the CNS.

Glia cells

During the Cori cycle, in the liver....... What happens

Most lactate produced during peak activity goes to liver Liver converts lactate to glucose; releases back to blood —(during peak activity and recovery period) Liver continues to convert lactate to pyruvate

Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called ......

Multipolar

Define range of motion (ROM).

a measurement of movement around a joint

Nodding your head "yes" is an example of A) lateral and medial rotation. B) circumduction. C) flexion and extension. D) pronation and supination. E) protraction and retraction.

flexion and extension

Which structures provide most of the stability for the shoulder joint? A) deltoid bursa, biceps brachii muscle, and associated tendons and ligaments B) acetabular labrum, transverse acetabular ligament, and the ligamentum teres C) subdeltoid bursa, articular capsule, and the glenoid articular cartilage D) medial and lateral menisci, acromioclavicular joint, and associated tendons and ligaments E) glenoid labrum, rotator cuff muscles, and associated tendons and ligaments

glenoid labrum, rotator cuff muscles, and associated tendons and ligaments

Describe synaptic fatigue.

inability to function = synaptic fatigue

Functions of astrocytes include all of the following except (Read about astrocytes)

-Maintain the blood-brain barrier (isolates CNS from chemicals/hormones in blood) -Structural support -Regulate ion, nutrient, and gas concentrations in interstitial fluid around neurons -Absorb/recycle neurotransmitters -Form scar tissue after injury

The elbow joint is extremely stable because ...

-The bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock -A single, thick articular capsule surrounds both the humero-ulnar and proximal radio-ulnar joints -Strong ligaments reinforce the articular capsule

Which of the following is not a recognized function of skeletal muscle? Remember of skeletal muscle

-produce body movement -maintain posture and body position -support soft tissues -guard body entrances and exits -mantain body temp -store nutrients

Which of the following best describes the sarcoplasmic reticulum? Read Sarcoplasm power point

-stores calcium ions that are actively pumped in from cytosol -Muscle contraction starts when stored calcium ions are released from SR into cytosol (via gated calcium channels)

Describe the components of a chemical synapse.

1. Presynaptic component or stage 2. Posynaptic component or stage 3. Inbetween these two components or stages is a cleft called synaptic cleft

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?

1. Receptors detect changes in internal or external environment 2. Information is sent to the CNS by the sensory division of the PNS ​3. Information processing (integration and distribution of information) occurs in the CNS 4. Motor commands are carried by the motor division of the PNS ​5. Effectors respond to those commands and change their activities

Which of the following statements is not true about action potentials? Read about action potential

1.Small increase in membrane permeability to Na+ Na+ entering cell moves membrane potential in positive direction to threshold (-55 mV) 2.Voltage-gated Na+ channels open Huge rush of positive Na+ ions into cell = depolarization—change of membrane potential to positive 3.Membrane potential reaches +30 mV Voltage-gated Na+ channels close Voltage-gated K+ channels open and K+ leaves cell = repolarization—membrane potential returns to polarized state 4.Repolarization continues to resting membrane potential 5.Membrane potential stabilizes Voltage-gated K+ channels close at resting potential Na+/K+ pump restores original distribution of Na+ and K+ Refractory period = time needed to original distribution Membrane cannot respond to another stimulus until after refractory period

Which of the following is not a function of articular cartilage?

3 functions -lubrication -nutrient distribution -shock absorption

Which of the following is not a property of synovial joints? Remember properties of synovial joints

3 properties of synovial joints -diarthrotic joints -permit wider range of motion than any other joint -located at the ends of the long bones

Which of the following is not considered to be an accessory synovial structure?

4 accessory synovial structure -bursa -meniscus -fat pads -accessory ligaments

which of the following is not a characteristic of articular cartilage?

4 characteristics -joint capsule or articular capsule -synovial membrane -synovial fluid

Bursae can be found in all of the following areas except...

4 places bursae found -small, thin, fluid filled pocket with synovial fluid and lined by synovial membrane -forms in connective tissue outside of joint capsule -reduces friction -acts as shock absorber

Name the three types of muscle tissue, identify where they are found, and list their functions. A) Skeletal muscle is directly or indirectly attached to bones and enables movement of the body. Cardiac muscle forms the heart and propels blood. Smooth muscle is found throughout the body and moves substances through hollow tubes, such as in the digestive tract and regulates the diameter of blood vessels. B) Skeletal muscle is found throughout the body and moves substances through hollow tubes, such as in the digestive tract and regulates the diameter of blood vessels. Cardiac muscle forms the heart and propels blood. Smooth muscle is directly or indirectly attached to bones and enables movement of the body. C) Skeletal muscle forms the heart and propels blood. Cardiac muscle is directly or indirectly attached to bones and enables movement of the body. Smooth muscle is found throughout the body and moves substances through hollow tubes, such as in the digestive tract and regulates the diameter of blood vessels. D) Skeletal muscle is directly or indirectly attached to bones and enables movement of the body. Cardiac muscle is found throughout the body and moves substances through hollow tubes, such as in the digestive tract and regulates the diameter of blood vessels. Smooth muscle forms the heart and propels blood. E) Skeletal muscle is found throughout the body and moves substances through hollow tubes, such as in the digestive tract and regulates the diameter of blood vessels. Cardiac muscle is directly or indirectly attached to bones and enables movement of the body. Smooth muscle forms the heart and propels blood.

A

The skeletal muscle complex known as the triad consists of ...

A pair of terminal cisternae and one T tubule

Neurons that are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from axons are called

Anaxonic

Describe the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc. Characteristics

Anulus Fibrosus (tough outer ring of fibrocartilage, collagen fibers attach to adjacent vertebrae) Nucleus Pulposus (soft, elastic, gelatinous core, gives disc resilience and shock absorption ability)

Arthritis always involves damage to ................ Refer power point

Articular cartilage

The glial cells in the central nervous system that form scar tissue after central nervous system injury are the

Astrocytes

Which one of the CNS glial cells maintain blood brain barrier?

Astrocytes

Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because .........

Astrocytes--they cannot get through the bilayer

Compare presynaptic and postsynaptic cells.

At a chemical synapse, an action potential triggers the presynaptic neuron to release neurotransmitters. These molecules bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell and make it more or less likely to fire an action potential.

The plasma membrane of an axon is called the

Axolemma

Which part(s) of the neuron can conduct an action potential?

Axon

The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Sodium channels are inactivated. 2. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization. 3. Sodium channels regain their normal properties. 4. A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold. 5. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs. 6. Sodium channel activation occurs. 7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs. What is the proper sequence of these events? A) 4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1 B) 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5 C) 6, 7, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 D) 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 3, 5 E) 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 1

B) 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5

The joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body is the ________ joint

Ball and Socket Joint

Why is a CNS neuron not usually replaced after it is injured?

B/c they lack centrioles

Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

Cells that support/protect neurons —> Answer B a) support b) information processing c) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid d) phagocytosis

Graded potentials ..............in term of depolarization or hyperpolarization

Changes in membrane potential that cannot spread far from site of stimulation; caused by stimuli that open gated ion channels

A muscle that controls the diameter of an opening is a ________ muscle.

Circular Muscle

The type of contraction in which the muscle fibers do not shorten is called ...

Circular muscle or sphincter

Branches that may occur along an axon are called

Collaterals

When a muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, eliminating a relaxation phase, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension. This is called ...

Complete Tetanus

Muscle tissue, one of the four basic tissue groups, consists chiefly of cells that are highly specialized for ......

Contraction

A shift of the resting transmembrane potential toward 0 mV is call....

Depolarization

Raising the potassium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid surrounding a nerve cell will have which effect?

Depolarize it and decrease the magnitude of the potassium equilibrium potential

At rest, the tropomyosin molecule is held in place by ...

Double-streanded protein wrapped around F-actin -blooks myosin binding sites on G-actin molecules -prevents actin/myosin interaction **Troponin molecules

What movements are made possible by the rotation of the head of the radius?

Drawing and picking up things

What movements are made possible by the rotation of the head of the radius? Name of the movement

Drawing, writing, throwing a ball

Define excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).

EPSPs are graded potentials that can initiate an AP in the axon, whereas IPSPs produce a graded potential that lessens the chance of an AP in an axon. EPSP - small depolarization is created; IPSP - small hyperpolarization is created. EPSP - helps bring postsynaptic membrane closer to threshold; IPSP - helps bring postsynaptic membrane further from threshold. EPSP - membrane becomes more excited; IPSP - membrane becomes less excited

The movement of a body part upward is called...

Elevation (moving body part upward—> closing your jaw)

During anaerobic glycolysis, which of the following does not occur? Read about anaerobic glycolysis

Glycolysis alone produces ATP (anaerobic) Faster than aerobic metabolism, but only goes until glycogen reserves are depleted (1-2 min) Less efficient than aerobic Lowers pH (lactic acid produced) Elevates body temperature; increases sweating

The elbow joint is an example of a ________ joint.

Hinge Joint

The region of the sarcomere that always contains only thin filaments is called ...

I band

After heavy exercise, if energy reserves in a muscle are depleted, ________ occurs.

In muscles to restore ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen levels In liver to produce ATP to convert excess lactate to glucose

Voltage-gated channels are present in .................(Part of neuron)

In the membrane that covers the axons

Which of the following is an ion that is more concentrated inside the cell than outside?

K+

Na+ and K+ both use ________ to passively diffuse across the plasma membrane. What channel

Leak channels

Extensive damage to oligodendrocytes in the CNS could result in

Loss of sensation and motor control

Name the joints in which the sacrum participates.

Lumbosacral joint, Sacro- iliac joint

Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called

Microglia

The advantage of having many nuclei in a skeletal muscle fiber is the ability to ...

More copies of genes for protein/ enzyme production

Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from embryonic cells called...

Myoblsts

The region of the sarcomere containing the thick and thin filaments is called ...

Myofibril

The structural explanation of how a muscle fiber contracts is called the ...

Myofibrils shorten= muscle fiber contract

Which of the following acts as an ATPase during the contraction cycle of muscle?

Myosin head

________ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system.

Neuroglia

Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a motor neuron at a single point called ...

Neuromuscular Junction

The tiny gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called

Nodes of Ranvier

A herniated intervertebral disc is caused by ...

Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus and protrudes into the vertebral canal, compresses spinal nerves

The basic functional unit of the nervous system is called......

Nuerons or nerve cell

________ is also known as degenerative joint disease. (What disease)

Oetoarthritis

The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by ...

Oligodendrocytes

Muscles with fibers that run at an angle to the long axis of the body are called

Parallel

The ligament that provides support to the front of the knee joint is the ________ ligament.

Patellar ligament

Skeletal muscles in which the fascicles form a common angle with the tendon are ________ muscles.

Pennate Muscles

The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the

Perikaryon

The joints between vertebrae are examples of ________ joints.

Plane Joints

Of the following clinical conditions affecting skeletal muscle, which is caused by a virus?

Polio

The separation of plus and negative charges across the membrane creates a ________ difference, or voltage.

Potential

________ is a general term for pain and stiffness that affects the skeletal or muscular system. (What disease)

Rheumatism

When calcium ion binds to troponin, What happens ...

SR releases stored Ca2+ into sarcomeres; begins contraction = excitation-contraction coupling—excitation (action potential) is coupled with contraction (sliding filaments shorten sarcomeres) --Tropomyosin moves out of the groove between the actin molecules, exposed active sites on actin

The repeating contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the ......

Sacromeres

the neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by

Schwann cells

Since each myofibril is attached at either end of the muscle fiber, when sarcomeres shorten, the muscle fiber ...

Shorten; they contract

Which of the following is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?

Shoulder and Hip joints

Name the type of synovial joint for each of the following: shoulder, elbow, ankle, and thumb.

Shoulder- ball and socket joint Elbow- hinge joint Ankle- condylar joint Thumb- saddle joint

Name the effectors of the ANS.

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, endocrine and exocrine glands, and adipose tissue.

The Na-K ion exchange pump actively transports ......

Sodium & potassium ions

During the ________ phase of action potential development, voltage-gated sodium channels are open.

Stage 2 of action potential

If potassium channels were blocked, the ________ phase of the action potential would not occur normally. What phase -name

Stage 3 (Membrane potential reaches +30 mV

Which of the following hormones directly stimulates growth of muscle tissue, leading to increased muscle mass?

Steroid

The narrow space between the synaptic terminal and the muscle fiber is called ...

Synaptic cleft

The location where two bones meet is called a joint named:

Synovial Joints or articulations

When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs?

Temporal aummation

The bundle of collagen fibers at the end of a skeletal muscle that attaches the muscle to bone is called a(n)...

Tendon

Compare the central and peripheral nervous system.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes all of the nerves of the Brain and Spinal Cord. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes all of the nerves both sensory and motor connecting the CNS to the muscles, organs, and sensory structures of the body.

Axons without myelin sheath = unmyelinated and look gray due to absence of ...

The fatty covering (lack of myelin)

What event must occur in the postsynaptic cell before it generates an action potential?

The membrane of the postsynaptic cell must reach threshold

Which of the following statements is false? A) Five major ligaments help stabilize the shoulder joint. B) The shapes of the articulating surfaces within the joint help prevent movement in a particular direction and strengthen and stabilize the joint. C) The tighter two bones are held together within a joint, the stronger the joint. D) The more movement a joint allows, the stronger the joint. E) The tension produced by muscle tendons surrounding a joint help stabilize the joint.

The more movement a joint allows , the stronger the joint

Which muscle types are voluntary, and which are involuntary?

Voluntary Involuntary -Skeletal -Cardiac -Smooth

Describe the relationship between joint strength and mobility.

The stronger the joint the less mobility occurs

If a second stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase has ended, a second, more powerful contraction occurs. This is called ...

Treppe

In a(n) ________ neuron, the dendrites and axon are continuous or fused. Read neuron structure

Unipolar

Cellular membrane potential is measured in ...

Volts (mV)

Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for...

When muscles contract, thin filaments slide over thick filaments. When myofibrils shorten so does the muscle fiber (contraction)

Most CNS neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains ...

Why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue

Decreased blood flow to a muscle could result in all of the following, except A) Fatigue. B) An oxygen debt. C) An increase in intracellular glycogen. D) A shift to more anaerobic glycolysis in the muscle. E) An increase in intracellular lactate.

an increase in intracellular glycogen

The muscle weakness of myasthenia gravis results from ...

autoimmune disease causing loss of Ach receptors at neuromuscular junctions Results in progressive muscular weakness

The site in the neuron where EPSPs and IPSPs are integrated is the

axon hillock

Name the structural components of a typical neuron.

cell body (including the nucleus and perikaryon, plus neurofilaments and neurotubules), an axon (including the axon hillock, axoplasm, axolemma, telodendria, collateral branches, an synaptic terminals), and dendrites (including dendritic spines)

Which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system?

chemical synapse

A muscle whose name ends in the suffix "-glossus" would be found within or attached to the (What organ)

chin

Describe a synapse.

location where information is transferred from a neuron to another neuron or to effector cell

EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) occur when

more potassium ions than usual leak out of a cell. chloride ions enter a cell. extra sodium ions enter a cell

During activities requiring aerobic endurance...

most of the muscle's energy is produced in mitochondria曰

What hand movements occur when a person wriggles into tight-fitting gloves? Example: protraction, supination, and pronation

pronation

Communication between axons and muscle fibers occurs at specialized synapses called....

neuromuscular junction component

Name the type of synapse where neurons are attached with muscle

neuronal junction

Name the primary vertebral ligaments. A) posterior longitudinal ligament and anterior longitudinal ligament B) infraspinous ligament and supraspinous ligament C) paired ligamenta flava, posterior longitudinal ligament, interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, and anterior longitudinal ligament D) paired ligamenta flava, anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial cruciate ligament, and lateral cruciate ligament E) infraspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, and annular ligament

paired ligamenta flava, posterior longitudinal ligament, interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, and anterior longitudinal ligament

The period during which an excitable membrane cannot respond to further stimulation is the

relative refractory period

After death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as ...

rigor mortis

The plasma membrane of skeletal muscle is called the ...

sarcolemma

Summation that results from the cumulative effect of multiple synapses at multiple places on the neuron is designated as

spatial summation

The surface of articular cartilage is...

structure resembles byline cartilage but with no perichondrium (matrix contains more water than cartilages)

Membrane potential is ...

the potential inside a cell membran measured elative to the fluid just outside: it is negative under resting conditions and becomes positive during action potential

The rapid rise and fall in force produced by a muscle fiber after a single action potential is a(n) called ...

twitch