Anatomy, Muscular System Review
muscle fibers that require less carbohydrate and mroe fat for fuel, known as endurance muscle fibers, small diameter (ex: soleus muscle)
Slow twitch, Type 1 muscle fibers
which muscle tissues have one nucleus? Which on has multiple?
Smooth, cardiac (one) skeletal (multiple)
what is the muscle that is the "prime move," and the muscle most directly involved in facilitating a specific movement?
agonist
what is the muscle that opposes the action of the agonist?
antagonist
what two muscles of the face help you purse your lips and whistle?
buccinator, obicularis oris
which type of muscle tissue is involuntary?
cardiac, smooth
what is the muscle that surrounds the entire inside of the rib cage, and it is the ONLY skeletal muscle that is vital for life?
diaphragm
what is the connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber (muscle cell)
endomysium
what is the connective tissue that surrounds the bundles of fasciculi to make a whole muscle? (surrounds the whole muscle)
epimysium
what do the external and internal intercostals do?
external: elevate ribs for inspiration internal: depress ribs for expiration
(T/F?) There is a agreed upon number of how many muscles we have
false
(T/F?) muscle fibers affect all fibers, even the ones they don't touch
false, they affect ONLY the ones they touch
muscle (surrounded by epimysium) is comprised of what??
fasciculus (covering: perimysium)
aka stabilizers, theres muscles steady the proximal limb while the movement occurs distally
fixators
which end is the DISTAL attachment (the more moveable end)
insertion
what is the type of muscle contraction in which the amount of resistance is dependent on the amount of forced applied by the individual and the speed remains constant? what are the two main places this type of movement is used?
isokinetic (rehab, research)
what kind of muscle movement contracts the muscle statically without changing its length?
isometric
what knd of muscle movement shortens or lengthens a muscle and causes the skeletal part to be moved through a full range of motion
isotonic contraction (we do this daily)
which motor units are those which the neuron supplies several hundred muscle fibers and are found in large muscles, ex: thigh, back (small or large)
large motor units
what two muscles help you to pull your bottom lip down and frown?
mentalis, platysma
what is the structural unit of skeletal muscle?
muscle fiber (aka muscle cell)
fasciculus (surrounded by perimysium) is comprised of what?
muscle fiber (covering: endomysium)
what is the motor unit of skeletal muscle?
muscle fibers and their alpha motor neurons
what are the muscles of capital flexion? give an example
muscles that run from the atlas and upper cervical vertebrae, "the mini nod"
which fascia is located superficial to the epimysium and separates and compartmentalizes individual muscles of groups of muscles (superficial, muscular, or visceral?)
muscular fascia
muscle fibers (covered by endomysium) are comprised of what?
myofibrils ("little muscle fibers")
myofibrils are comprised of what?
myofilaments
which end is the PROXIMAL attachment (the more stationary end)
origin
what is the connective tissue that surrounds the fascicle fasciculus?
perimysium
which fascia is filled with fat immediately below the skin (superficial, Muscular, or visceral?)
superficial fascia
what do the suprahyoids and infrahyoids do?
suprahyoids: elevate the hyoids infrahyoids:depress the hyoid
what is the muscle that complements/helpsthe action of the agonist
synergist
what two muscles of the face help to close and elevate the jaw?
temporalis muscle, masseter
Muscles consist of what? (4)
1. Muscle tissue 2. Blood vessels 3. Nerves 4. Connective tissue
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth
myofilaments are composed of what? (2)
1. actin (proteins) 2. myosin (proteins)
what are the 2 types of isotonic contractions and what does each do?
1. concentric (shortening of the muscle) 2. eccentric (causes muscle damage, controlled lengthening of the muscle)
what is the origin, insertion and action of the sternocleidomastoid?
1. origin (two heads): sternum, clavicle 2. insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone 3. action: rotates to side opposite of contraction (turning your head), laterally flexes to the contracted side, bilaterally produces flexion of the neck
what is the origin, insertion and action of the latissimus dorsi (superficial muscle)
1. origin: T7-L5, Sacrum, Iliac crest 2. insertion: intertubercular groove (wraps around the the front of the shoulder) 2. action: adduction and medial rotation of the humerus, downward rotation of the scapula
what is the origin, insertion and action of the scalenes?
1. origin: cervical vertebrae 2. insertion: first rib 3. action: elevates ribs for respiration, laterally flexes to the contracted side (ear to shoulder), bilaterally flexes neck (chin to chest)
what is the origin, insertion, and action of the trapezius (superficial muscle)?
1. origin: external occipital protuberance, spinous process of C7-T12 2. insertion: C-shaped circle, posterior (lateral 1/3 of clavicle), acromion, spine of scapula 3. action: shrugs shoulders, elevates scapula, upward and downward rotation of scapula, retracts scapula
what is the origin, insertion and action of the subclavius?
1. origin: first rib 2. insertion: clavicle 3. action: assists to stabilize clavicle, elevates 1st rib
what is the origin, insertion and action of the diaphragm?
1. origin: interior of ribs, sternum, and lumbar vertebrae 2. insertion: central tendon of the diaphragm 3. action: inspiration, depresses the floor of the thorax
what are the muscles of cervical flexion
3 scalenes and sternocleidomastoid
what is the connective tissue sheets within the body?
Fascia
muscle fibers designed for speed (hand intrinsics), thicker diameter (ex: sprinters recruit these muscles)
Fast twitch, Type II muscle fibers
what is the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber?
sarcolemma
what is an example of lumbar flexion?
sit-up
which muscle type accounts for 40% of our body weight?
skeletal
which type of muscle tissue makes up the largest mass of muscle in our bodies?
skeletal
which muscle tissues are striated (striped)?
skeletal, cardiac
which motor units are used for fine detail movement, ex: bicep curl with light weight (small or large)
small motor unit
Cardiac muscle is found only where?
the heart
(T/F?) Skeletal muscles produce motion by shortening. they PULL- NEVER PUSH
true
which fascia helps connect and suspend the organs within their respective cavities (superficial, muscular, or visceral?)
visceral fascia