Anatomy SCI220 Final
Where is the structural link between the CNS and PNS located in the body?
In the gray matter of the CNS
What is the purpose of the curvatures of the vertebral column?
Increased Flexibility
The ischium joins the pubis in the acetabulum and at the
Inferior Pubic Ramus
Which of these extrinsic eye muscles depresses the eye and turns it medially (from the below):
Inferior Rectus
What is a disadvantage of absorbed fats traveling in the lymphatic vessels to the venous system before reaching the liver?
Ingested and absorbed fat-soluble toxins can circulate throughout the body before detoxification.
Which hormones do the indicated cells secrete? (Pancreas)
Insulin and Glucagon
Which structure of the femur is NOT a place for muscle attachment?
Intercondylar Fossa
Which of the below organelles are not bound by a membrane or membranes?
Intermediate filaments and ribosomes
Which part of vertebral column is homologous to the anterior and posterior sacral foramina?
Intervertebral Foramina
Each of the following structures participates in bending of light entering the eye except the
Iris NO 1) Vitreous Humor YES 2) Cornea YES 3) Lens YES
The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope __________.
Is a specialized part of the Rough ER
The outer membrane of a nuclear envelope _________
Is a specialized part of the rough ER
All of these bony landmarks contribute to the pelvic inlet (brim) except the
Ischial Tuberosities
Which of the following below is a function of the plasma membrane?
It acts as a receptor to bind specific molecules arriving from outside the cell.
Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane?
It acts as a receptor to bind specific molecules arriving from outside the cell.
Which of the following statements about the patella is false?
It articulates with the femur, tibia, and fibula. NO 1) It acts to protect the knee joint anteriorly. YES 2) It is roughly triangular in shape. YES 3) It is a sesamoid bone. YES
Which of the following statements about an axon is false?
It carries nerve impulses toward the cell body NO 1) It is also referred to as a nerve fiber YES 2) It has a uniform diameter YES 3) It has branches YES
Which of the below statements is NOT a benefit of inflammatory edema?
It contributes to the sensation of pain, which is important for letting the body know something is wrong. 1) It helps dilute toxins secreted by bacteria. YES 2) It brings in oxygen and nutrients from the blood. YES 3) It brings antibodies from the blood to fight infection. YES
Which of these statements is true about the hypothalamus?
It controls the autonomic nervous system and regulates hunger and thirst sensations.
What is it important that chromatin is condensed into chromosomes during cell division?
It helps strands keep from tangling and breaking as chromosomes move.
How would you tell that pseudostratified columnar epithelium is different from all other tissues?
It is composed of a single layer of cells of varying heights; not all cells reach the free surface; and nuclei are at varying heights within cells.
What is the clinical importance of the triangle of auscultation?
It is the space between the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and medial border of the scapula where a clinician listens to a patient's heart and lung sounds.
Which of the following statements about a long bone is false?
It must be more than 5 inches in length NO 1) It is longer than it is wide YES 2) It has two distinct ends YES 3) It has a diaphysis YES
What is the main importance of the perichondrium that surrounds cartilage?
It resists outward expansion when cartilage is subjected to pressure and functions in growth and repair of cartilage.
Why is the sense of touch not considered to be a "special sense"?
Its receptors are widespread throughout the body.
When compared to other regions of the alimentary canal, what is different about the muscularis externa of the esophagus?
Its superior one-third is composed of skeletal muscle.
Erythropoietin is produced in the
Kidney
Which organ is influenced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Kidney
Which organ(s) in this transverse section of the abdomen is NOT within the peritoneal cavity?
Kidney
Which factors are part of increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmission?
Larger diameter of axon and the presence of myelin sheath
At what point in embryonic development do sensory peripheral axons start growing from the neural crest of dorsal root ganglia?
Late in the fourth week of development
The axillary region is ________ to the sternum.
Lateral
The thumb is ________ to the index finger.
Lateral
Conception occurs in the
Lateral third of the uterine tube
The roots of anatomical terminology lie mainly in
Latin and Greek
Clouding of which of the following structures would lead to a clinical condition known as a cataract?
Lens
Which components of blood are found in the buffy coat in this centrifuged blood sample?
Leukocytes and platelets
Which reason might best account for the poor healing of the ACL?
Ligaments have relatively poor circulation
Which of the vertebral ligaments contains elastic connective tissue, thus adding more to the resilience of the vertebral column?
Ligamentum Flavum
Odors may elicits a variety of emotions if these impulses are relayed through the __________ (from the below):
Limbic System
Marks the lateral margin of the rectus abdominis.
Linea Semilunaris
Many aspects of skin aging are caused by "photoaging." Characteristics of photoaged skin include
Liver spots and decreased amount of collagen in the dermis.
Which part or parts of the neuron are located in the white matter of the central nervous system?
Long axonal processes
The falx cerebri passes through the _________ (fron the below):
Longitudinal Fissure
Which region of the body increases in length faster during childhood than other body regions, thus decreasing the upper-lower (UL) body ratio? (The UL body ratio is the ratio of the length of the body above the iliac crest (U) to the length from the iliac crest to the feet (L).)
Lower Limbs
The beta type of endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets secretes a hormone that
Lowers blood sugar levels
Which of the following organs does not form blood cells in the fetus?
Lung
The white half-moon visible under the proximal part of the fingernail is known as the
Lunule
Cell containing a large, dark purple-staining spherical nucleus that almost completely fills the cell volume.
Lymphocyte
Which of the following is not phagocytic?
Lymphocytes
This organelle is defective in the inherited disorder Tay-Sachs disease.
Lysosome
This organelle is primarily a sac of powerful digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases.
Lysosome
When a phagocytic white blood cell ingests a foreign bacterial cell, the vesicle fuses with this organelle.
Lysosome
Which is not part of interphase?
M=NO G1=YES G2=YES S=YES
Increased activity of which cell causes the deterioration of the alveolar walls that occurs in emphysema?
Macrophage
Monocytes transform into__________ in peripheral tissues.
Macrophages
Which of the bones listed below is not part of the calvaria?
Mandible NO 1) Occipital YES 2) Temporal YES 3) Parietal YES
Which of the following bones below does NOT articulate with the sphenoid?
Maxilla NO 1) Frontal YES 2) Ethmoid YES 3) Temporal YES
A receptor that monitors stretch of the stomach can be classified as a
Mechanoreceptor and interoreceptor
Which of these is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division?
Branched Fibers
Which portion of the external nose is formed from bone?
Bridge of nose
At which level of the respiratory tree is there no cartilage, where smooth muscle takes on an important role in regulating the amount of airflow through the tubule?
Bronchioles
What are bursae and what is their function in the synovial joints in which they are situated?
Bursae are fibrous sacs of synovial fluid that decrease friction during movement.
Identify the letter that indicates a Schwann cell.
C
Identify the letter that indicates a gland that regulates circadian rhythms.
C
Identify the letter that indicates a gland that secretes melatonin.
C
Identify the letter that indicates the Pectoralis major.
C
Identify the letter that indicates the Rectus abdominis.
C
Identify the letter that indicates the Zygomaticus major and minor.
C
Identify the letter that indicates the ciliary body.
C
Identify the letter that indicates the location of the bundle branches.
C
Identify the letter that indicates the thin (actin) filament.
C
Identify which diagram represents a microglial cell.
C
Which labeled structure in the given image is a fascicle?
C
Which letter indicates a bony projection from the ethmoid bone?
C
Which letter indicates a nucleosome?
C
Which letter indicates an articulating surface that is comprised of hyaline cartilage?
C
Which letter indicates the bony landmark of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches?
C
Which letter indicates the celiac ganglion and plexus?
C
Which letter indicates the collagen fibers of the periosteum known as the perforating, or Sharpey's, fibers?
C
Which letter indicates the connective tissue layer?
C
Which letter indicates the innermost portion of hair that is comprised of large epithelial cells and air spaces?
C
Which letter indicates the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
C
Which letter indicates the scapular region?
C
Which letter indicates what is known, in a growing juvenile, as the epiphyseal plate?
C
Which letter on the diagram indicates a modified hinge joint?
C
Which cranial nerve below carries parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
CN X
Blood levels of which substance are regulated by secretion from the illustrated glands? (parathyroid)
Calcium
Both single-unit smooth muscle and this type of muscle have gap junctions.
Cardiac Muscle
This type of muscle contains intercalated discs.
Cardiac Muscle
This type of muscle is found in the heart.
Cardiac Muscle
A penetrating stab wound to the heart wall that causes blood to leak into the pericardial cavity would result in
Cardiac tamponade
Lordosis may be caused from __________.
Carrying a large load in front
An axosomatic synapse occurs between the axon terminals of one neuron and the ________ of a proximal neuron.
Cell Body
This region of the neuron contains a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm.
Cell Body
Which factor that acts to bind epithelial cells to one another is of the utmost importance?
Cell Junctions
Which feature, viewable in this image, distinguishes cartilage from connective tissue ?
Cells located within lacunae
Which statement is not part of the reason for male pattern baldness?
Cells of the hair matrix cease mitosis. NO 1) Hair growth cycles shorten. YES 2) Hair shafts may not reach the surface. YES 3) Terminal hairs are replaced by vellus hairs. YES
Which description of smooth muscle tissue is most true?
Centrally located nucleus; involuntary control; and propels substances or objects
Which of these regions superior-most aspect is found in close proximityl to the fourth ventricle and lies lies just posterior to the pons?
Cerebellum
The telencephalon develops into what adult brain structure?
Cerebrum
Which of these regions has two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum?
Cerebrum
Which of these regions of the brain contains the basal forebrain nuclei in the deep gray matter?
Cerebrum
Which region of the spinal cord below does NOT contain any autonomic neurons?
Cervical
The buccal region is the
Cheeks
Steroid hormones are molecules that are derived from __________.
Cholesterol
__________ is the substance that makes the plasma membrane more rigid and less permeable to water and water-soluble molecules.
Cholesterol
An example of a muscle with this type of fascicle arrangement is the orbicularis oris.
Circular
When muscle fascicles are arranged in concentric rings this arrangement is referred to as
Circular
Which organ system keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, and contains many air tubes?
Circulatory
The only bones made by intramembranous ossification that are NOT in the skull are the __________.
Clavicles
What physical property do collagen fibers contribute to the connective tissue shown below:
Collagen resists tension and provides structural strength.
Sympathetic structures of the abdomen that lie anterior to the vertebral column.
Collateral Ganglia
The structure shown by the arrow is a _________.
Commisural Fiber Tract
A highly branched gland whose walls do not balloon into spherical sacs is called
Compound Tubular
Enlargement of the heart with progressive decline in pumping efficiency.
Congestive Heart Failure
Tissues in this category are characterized by an extracellular matrix that holds some amount of fluid.
Connective
An aponeurosis:
Connects a muscle to underlying structures through a flat sheet or web.
In addition to the Pectoralis major, another muscle that displays this pattern of fascicle arrangement is Latissimus dorsi.
Convergent
Why might bone marrow transplants become obsolete in the future?
Cord-blood (placental-blood) transplants may become a more viable alternative.
Transparent structure of the eye containing regularly aligned collagen fibers.
Cornea
Blood is carried to capillaries in the myocardium by way of the
Coronary arteries
The superior corner of the right atrium of the heart is located at the
Costal cartilage of the third rib where it attaches to the sternum.
Site of intravenous catheter insertion and blood draws.
Cubital Fossa
Identify the letter that indicates a gland that secretes corticosteroids.
D
Identify the letter that indicates the Internal oblique.
D
Identify the letter that indicates the Orbicularis oris.
D
Identify the letter that indicates the Pectoralis minor.
D
Identify the letter that indicates the endomysium.
D
Identify the letter that indicates the left auricle.
D
Identify the letter that indicates the structure that is called the cochlea.
D
Identify which of the diagrams represents cells that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
D
Which letter indicates Wernicke's area, which is important for understanding spoken words?
D
Which letter indicates a lamellar corpuscle (Pacinian corpuscle) that rapidly adapts to deep pressure stimuli?
D
Which letter indicates a pad of a fibrocartilage known as the pubic symphysis?
D
Which letter indicates a specialized sensory receptor?
D
Which letter indicates a synovial, diarthrotic, saddle type of joint?
D
Which letter indicates the Golgi apparatus?
D
Which letter indicates the aortic plexus?
D
Which letter indicates the basement membrane?
D
Which letter indicates the blastocyst?
D
Which letter indicates the bony landmark of the humerus that articulates with the head of the radius?
D
Which letter indicates the chromatid?
D
Which letter indicates the coronoid process of the mandible?
D
Which letter indicates the cranial nerve that has motor fibers that innervate muscles of facial expression?
D
Which letter indicates the perforating, or Volkmann's canals which lie at right angles to central canals?
D
Which letter indicates the proximal articulation between the tibia and fibula and is a diarthrotic plane joint?
D
Which letter indicates the region of a long bone that in an adult is filled with yellow bone marrow?
D
Which letter indicates tunnel-like junctions in the lateral membranes of adjacent epithelial cells?
D
Which of the following would not be associated with strabismus?
Damage to the Optic Nerve
Stimulation of the vagus nerve in the baroreceptor reflex causes __________ (from the below).
Decreased heart rate
Muscles are ________ to the skin.
Deep
The brain is ________ to the skull.
Deep
Identify the layer of the skin that contains most of the sensory receptors.
Dermis
Visible stretch marks on the skin surface are actually the result of microscopic tears in collagen fibers in which layer?
Dermis
When a blister forms due to friction, liquid pools between the epidermis and what other layer of the integument?
Dermis
When doctors make incisions on the body based on the lines of cleavage of the skin, these cleavage lines are based on the arrangement of collagen fibers in which layer of the skin?
Dermis
Which primary layer of the skin provides a pink undertone to Caucasian skin?
Dermis
Despite their name, many types of cell junction are not very strong at joining and holding cells together. The cell junctions that best keep cells from being pulled apart are
Desmosome
Which muscles are active during normal inspiration?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Which food molecules are absorbed from the small intestine lumen into the lacteal, the lymphatic capillary located within the villus?
Digested Fats
At which age does the anterior fontanelle close around?
During the second year of life.
At which approximate age does the anterior fontanelle close?
During the second year of life.
A patient has recently undergone surgery on his right subclavian artery. Since then, he has experienced a hoarse voice. Why does he sound like he has a sore throat?
During the surgery, surgeons may have damaged the right recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Identify the letter that indicates formed elements of the blood that are important in blood clotting.
E
Identify the letter that indicates the Aponeurosis of external oblique.
E
Identify the letter that indicates the Serratus anterior.
E
Identify the letter that indicates the fraction that of leukocytes that represents monocytes.
E
Identify the letter that indicates the left coronary artery.
E
Identify the letter that indicates the muscle fiber.
E
Identify the letter that indicates the region of a neuron where neurotransmitters are released.
E
Identify the letter that indicates the structure that is important in equalizing air pressure on both sides of the eardrum.
E
Identify the letter that indicates the thick (myosin) filament.
E
Identify which diagram represents a cell that produces a myelin sheath in the central nervous system.
E
Which letter indicates a bulbous corpuscle (Ruffini ending) that slowly adapts to deep pressure stimuli?
E
Which letter indicates bone that is not arranged in osteons and is called spongy or trabecular bone?
E
Which letter indicates microvilli?
E
Which letter indicates projections from the dermis that reduce blister formation?
E
Which letter indicates the bone that has tuberosities that are the strongest parts of the hip bones?
E
Which letter indicates the groove that articulates with the patella?
E
Which letter indicates the hallux?
E
Which letter indicates the jugular foramen?
E
Which letter indicates the mental foramen?
E
Which letter indicates the mitochondrion?
E
Which letter indicates the popliteal region?
E
Which letter indicates the portion of the hair root that contains a single capillary cluster?
E
Which letter indicates the primary visual cortex, which receives information from neurons in the retina of the eye?
E
Which letter indicates the region of a long bone that contains the medullary cavity?
E
Which letter indicates the zygomatic bone?
E
This develops into the epidermis of the skin.
Ectoderm
Which embryonic layer is the neural crest formed from?
Ectoderm
Neural crest cells come from __________.
Ectodermal cells on the lateral ridges of the neural plate
Within connective tissue, the fibers that recoil to their original length and shape when stretched are called
Elastic Fibers
The property of skeletal muscle function that allows recoil after being stretched is called_____
Elasticity
The property of skeletal muscle function which allows recoil after being stretched is ______.
Elasticity
The cusps of the valves of the heart are covered by
Endocardium
The epiblast develops a primitive streak during days 14-15, the initial cells that ingress through the primitive streak become this germ layer.
Endoderm
The epithelial lining of the trachea, bronchial tree, and alveoli arise from embryonic__________ .
Endoderm
This develops into the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.
Endoderm
Which of the listed structures are what make up the bilaminar embryonic disc?
Epiblast and hypoblast
The notochord is made from __________.
Epiblast cells that migrate through the primitive node
Which layer of the integument contains the stratum basale?
Epidermis
Which primary layer of the skin contains lamellated granules that aid in waterproofing?
Epidermis
Which primary layer of the skin contains melanocytes?
Epidermis
Which abdominal regions are located between the midclavicular lines?
Epigastric region, umbilical region, and hypogastric region
Which major tissue category includes tissues that function in secretion, absorption, and filtration?
Epithelial
Which structures in the adult are made from the embryonic layer endoderm?
Epithelial lining of the gut tube
Which of these statements accurately lists the components of the mucosa of the alimentary canal?
Epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
Most abundant formed element.
Erythrocyte
Hematocrit measures the percentage of blood volume that consists of
Erythrocytes
Which formed elements of blood are most abundant?
Erythrocytes
Which of these bones forms part of the interior of the nasal cavity and the orbit for the eye?
Ethmoid Bone
Which of these bones has both the cribriform plate and the crista galli?
Ethmoid Bone
The ability of the sarcolemma of muscle cells to conduct an impulse is an example of
Excitability
Which cranial nerve does not innervate the extrinsic eye muscles?
Facial NO 1) Trochlear YES 2) Abducens YES 3) Oculomotor YES
A neuron is a collection of nerve fibers in the PNS.
False
All of the neuron's organelles are localized to the cell body.
False
In anatomical position, the palms of the hands face medially toward the thighs.
False
MRI techniques can show only images that are hard and deflect the X-rays.
False
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells myelinate neurons within the peripheral nervous system.
False
Skeletal muscle is responsible for movements of the appendages, but not the abdomen.
False
The pituitary gland atrophies with age and by age 80 is replaced by adipose tissue.
False
The somatic motor subdivision of the peripheral nervous system is considered to be an involuntary nervous system.
False
A lack of osteocalcin would cause __________.
Fat cells to store more fat and the pancreas to secrete less insulin
Gray matter in the CNS contains all of the following except
Fiber tracts
Which of the following is a true description of sweat?
Filtrate of blood, released by exocytosis, contains metabolic wastes.
This type of spinal cord damage is due to severe damage to the anterior horn or ventral motor roots.
Flaccid Paralysis
What is the main action of muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm?
Flex the elbow
Which cells produce the thyroid hormone precursor thyroglobulin?
Follicular Cells
How do epithelial tissues get nutrients?
From capillaries in underlying connective tissue.
Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for planning and initiating voluntary motor movement (from the below):
Frontal Lobe
Which of these lobes of the cerebrum lies anterior to the central sulcus?
Frontal Lobe
Which paranasal sinus does the arrow indicate?
Frontal Sinus
The anterior cranial fossa is formed by the
Frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
The fascicles of the biceps brachii muscle have this type of arrangement.
Fusiform
Which of the following organs is an accessory digestive organ?
Gallbladder
What is the process that results in the formation of the trilaminar embryonic disc?
Gastrulation
Pick from the below about fast glycolytic muscle fibers _________.
Generate lots of power and depend on anaerobic pathways to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Which type of movement happens in the intercarpal joint in the wrist?
Gliding
Which cranial nerve innervates the parotid salivary gland?
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Materials that are to be exocytosed by cells are enclosed in vesicles synthesized by the
Golgi Apparatus
Which organelle works with the rough ER to package and ship new proteins to the right sites within the cell or for sectioning out of the cell?
Golgi Apparatus
Why is a stress fracture more likely to happen when a runner has increased his or her mileage too rapidly?
Gradually increasing one's mileage will result in the bone increasing in density and being more fracture resistant.
Pituitary disorders include all of the following except
Graves' Disease NO 1) Gigantism YES 2) Acromegaly YES 3) Pituitary Dwarfism YES
The ________ matter of the spinal cord forms a butterfly-shaped structure.
Gray
How are gray matter as well as white matter arranged in the CNS?
Gray matter is deep to the superficial white matter in the spinal cord.
Ganglia represent (from the below):
Groups of neuron cell bodies
Which muscle illustrated here is an antagonist to the rectus femoris?
Hamstrings
The nuclear envelope is continuous with the rough ER, but it differs from the rough ER in that it
Has unique pores.
The large intestine is puckered into sacs called __________.
Haustra
Fraction of blood comprised by erythrocytes.
Hematocrit
The sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Holds the pituitary gland
The major stimulus for the release of thyroid hormone is
Hormonal
The coronoid fossa is found on which of the bones listed below?
Humerus
The deltoid tuberosity is found on which of the bones listed below?
Humerus
Farsightedness is more properly called
Hyperopia
If you were to have liposuction, you would have tissue removed from which layer?
Hypodermis
Medial and superior to each occipital condyle, there is an opening named the __________, which is the opening for cranial nerve(s) __________.
Hypoglossal canal; XII
What stimulates the secretion of posterior lobe hormones from the pituitary?
Hypothalamic neurons stimulate the release of stored hormones from their axon terminals located in the posterior lobe.
The diencephalon develops into the thalamus, the epithalamus, and what other structure?
Hypothalamus
The overall integrating center for the ANS.
Hypothalamus
Which region of the central nervous system integrates the activities of the autonomic nervous system from below?
Hypothalamus
Which cranial nerve pair is characterized by somatic sensory fibers crossing at the ventral midline of the brain?
II
The thyroid gland is located
Immediately inferior to the larynx
Concerning levers, which of the following is the most true?
In a second-class lever, the load is located between the fulcrum and the point of application of effort.
The height of an average person's trunk, from neck to perineum, is about
1 Meter
Brain LAB ONE
1) Anterior Cerebral Artery 2) Anterior Communicating Artery 3) Internal Carotid Artery 4) Posterior Communicating Artery 5) Posterior Cerebral Artery 6) Middle Cerebral Artery
LAB DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: LARGE INTESTINE ANTERIOR
1) Ascending colon 2) Transverse colon 3) Diverticula 4) Ileum 5) Cecum
Brain LAB TWO
1) Cavernous Sinus 2) Superior Petrosal Sinus 3) Great Cerebral V. 4) Straight Sinus 5) Transverse Sinus
HEART LAB INFEROPOSTERIOR
1) Coronary Sulcus 2) Left atrium 3) Base of heart 4) Inferior Vena Cava 5) Posterior interventricular sulcus
LAB DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: LARGE INTESTINE
1) Left colic (splenic) flexure 2) Descending colon 3) Sigmoid colon 4) Sigmoid mesocolon 5) Rectum
Bronchial Tree POSTERIOR THREE
1) Middle Lobar Bronchus 2) Right Super Lobar Bronchus 3) Bronchus Intermedius 4) Right Inferior Lobar Bronchus
Bronchial Tree POSTERIOR ONE
1) Right Superior Lobar Bronchus 2) Bronchus Intermedius 3) Right MIddle Lobar Bronchus 4) Right Inferior Lobar Bronchus
HEART LAB ANTERIOR
1) Right auricle 2) Right atrium 3) Coronary sulcus 4) Right ventricle 5) Anterior interventricular sulcus 6) Left ventricle
Bronchial Tree POSTERIOR TWO
1) Trachea 2) Tracheal Bifurcation 3) Right Main (Primary) Bronchus 4) Carina of Trachea 5) Left Main (Primary) Bronchus
At what age are infants first able to localize sounds and turn toward the voices of family members (from the below):
3-4 months old
Which numbered structure below carries the efferent signal?
4
An average female has approximately ________ of blood.
4 Liters
Using the rule of nines, approximate the percentage of burned area if a person has burns on his or her right upper limb and both lower limbs.
45%
Identify the letter that indicates a "master gland" that secretes at least nine hormones.
A
Identify the letter that indicates the Epicranial aponeurosis.
A
Identify the letter that indicates the I band.
A
Identify the letter that indicates the Serratus anterior.
A
Identify the letter that indicates the formed element of the blood that is packed with molecules of hemoglobin.
A
Identify the letter that indicates the portion of the fibrous layer known as the sclera.
A
Identify the letter that indicates the structure that is the boundary between the external and middle ear.
A
In skeletal muscle fibers, which band or zone contains both thick and thin myofilaments?
A
This structure is composed entirely of dense regular connective tissue and connects bone to muscle.
A
Which letter indicates Broca's area, which controls the motor movements necessary for speaking?
A
Which letter indicates a ligament that connects bone to bone and is external to the joint capsule?
A
Which letter indicates the cranial nerve that transmits olfactory impulses?
A
Which letter indicates the left vagus nerve?
A
Which letter indicates the mental region?
A
Which letter indicates the nucleolus?
A
Which letter indicates the oocyte?
A
Which letter indicates the palatine bone that forms part of the hard palate?
A
Which letter indicates the region of the brain that has the greatest surface area due to the numerous surface convolutions?
A
Which letter indicates the region of the long bone comprised of a network of trabecular plates?
A
Which letter indicates the space where microscopic blood vessels and nerves pass through the center of the osteon?
A
Which letter indicates the weakest region of the femur, which may be fractured in a fall?
A
Elevated levels of the leukocyte shown here as measured in a CBC with differential would indicate ______________.
A bacterial infection
The smallest living unit is
A cell
A joint between a tooth and its socket is
A gomphosis
A phagosome is usually described as __________.
A membranous vesicle formed when pseudopods extend from the plasma membrane to enclose a clump of bacteria or cellular debris
One of the largest and strongest muscles in the body is the gluteus maximus in the buttocks, which is important in these diverse muscular activities: walking, running, and climbing stairs. It must consist of
A mixture of fiber types.
Based on the definition of luxation, a subluxation must be
A partially dislocated joint
What describes the "Rule of Nines"?
A quick way to determine how much of the skin's surface has been burned.
What is the most likely function of the neuron shown here?
A sensory neuron
Define what motor unit is.
A single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary?
ADH (Vasopressin)
Which of the following is not a characteristic of neurons?
Ability to survive without oxygen NO 1) Inability to divide YES 2) Longevity YES 3) High metabolic rate YES
The cranial nerves that have neural connections with the tongue include all of the following except the
Accessory
How are stratified epithelia classified?
According to the shape of the cells in their apical layer.
Which of the following is associated with Alzheimer's disease?
Accumulation of protein plaques around neurons
Which of these is a skeletal disorder resulting from mutations in a gene that leads to the most common form of dwarfism?
Achondroplasia
Which of these results from a genetic mutation that leads to premature endochondral ossification before adult height can be reached?
Achondroplasia
Which cellular structures are responsible for cleaving the cytoplasm of a single cell into two daughter cells after mitosis?
Actin and myosin microfilaments
If integral proteins move molecules across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient, this is named __________
Active Transport
__________ disease involves deficiencies of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids; blood levels of glucose and sodium fall; and severe dehydration and low blood pressure are common; other symptoms are fatigue and loss of appetite.
Addison's
In general, all muscles of the medial part of the thigh__________
Adduct the thigh
Overall, all muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh__________
Adduct the thigh.
A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces what type of movement?
Adduction
A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces which type of movement?
Adduction
Myofilaments __________ (pick from the below).
All are correct: 1) are specific types of microfilaments YES 2) are responsible for shortening muscle cells YES 3) include actin and myosin YES
Why, other than the cosmetic appearance, is a hernia of any medical concern?
All are correct: 1) Circulation to the herniated organ may be compromised. YES 2) The herniated organ may be more vulnerable to trauma. YES 3) The hernia may cause an obstruction of flow through the organ. For instance, it may block the flow of digesting food through the small intestine. YES
Which of the following is/are true of aldosterone?
All are true: 1) It is secreted in response to a decline in blood volume or blood pressure. YES 2) It is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. YES 3) It compensates for a decline in blood pressure or blood volume by prompting the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys to resorb more sodium into the blood. YES
Which of the following situations is likely to be associated with a clavicle fracture?
All of the above: 1) A box in the boy's closet fell directly on his clavicle. 2) A boy tried to break his fall as he was playing basketball. 3) A boy fell on his shoulder during a martial arts tournament 4) A boy was riding in a late model car when another car collided with it. He was wearing his seatbelt and the airbag deployed.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) __________.(from the answers below):
All of the above: 1) is five times more common in temperate Europe or the United States than in tropical countries YES 2) is not always easy to diagnose because of its range of symptoms and presentation YES 3) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by numbness or pain on the skin, muscle weakness, slurred speech, and difficulty in maintaining balance YES
As difficult as the problem of stimulating axonal regeneration is, other problems challenge researchers and clinicians as they try to restore complete function to someone with a spinal cord injury. Some of these problems might include which of the following below?
All of the above: 1) restoring the neuronal synapses of a destroyed neuron. YES 2) stimulating neuron cell bodies to regenerate when the neurons are totally destroyed YES 3) Controlling the secondary damage from inflammation while minimizing the risk from infections, which are usually prevented (in part) by the inflammatory process. YES
The best treatment for a herniated disc is preventing it in the first place. While there is no foolproof prevention plan, one might lessen the risks by___________.
All the listed responses are correct: 1) avoiding sudden lifting movements 2) keeping the back straight when lifting, and lifting with one's legs 3) exercising the back to keep the muscles strong
Excitability is a special functional feature of muscle tissue that __________.
Allows electrical impulses to travel along the cells' sarcolemma, leading to contraction
Which region of the bronchial tree, illustrated here, is NOT in the conducting zone?
Alveoli
In which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers, moved by motor proteins, pull chromosomes in the direction of opposite poles?
Anaphase
The sternal region is ________ to the scapular region.
Anterior
Which valve would you hear if you were listening to the heart at its superior right point?
Aortic valve
Which heart structure is located most anteriorly?
Apex
The flat sheet of connective tissue which extends beyond the muscle fibers to attach the muscle to bone is a(n) ______
Aponeurosis
What would cause pain that extends or moves to the right in the umbilical region?
Appendicitis
Identify the area shown by the arrow.
Arbor Vitae
Myeloblasts __________.
Are the committed cell type for all the granulocyte cell lines
The axillary artery is found in the region of the
Armpit
To which laryngeal cartilages do the vocal folds attach?
Arytenoid and thyroid cartilages
The prenatal period starts __________.
At conception
An example of a pivot joint is the
Atlantoaxial joint
The vertebra that lacks a body and helps allow one to nod the head is the
Atlas
Cytotoxic T-cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes) __________.
Attack antigens directly
This part of the neuron may have branching collaterals.
Axon
This tends to be the longest cytoplasmic projection from a neuron.
Axon
The ________ of a presynaptic neuron associates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron.
Axon Terminal
Vesicles containing neurotransmitters are located in
Axon Terminals
Identify the letter that indicates a commissure connecting left and right cerebral hemispheres.
B
Identify the letter that indicates a gland that secretes a hormone controlling basal metabolic rate.
B
Identify the letter that indicates anchor points for chordae tendineae, composed of cells from the myocardium.
B
Identify the letter that indicates the Deltoid.
B
Identify the letter that indicates the Linea alba.
B
Identify the letter that indicates the Temporalis.
B
Identify the letter that indicates the epimysium.
B
Identify the letter that indicates the fraction of leukocytes that represents eosinophils.
B
Identify the letter that indicates the region of a neuron with a name that means "little hill."
B
Identify which letter represents the most abundant category of glial cells in the CNS.
B
This structure is the basic unit of contraction.
B
Which letter identifies the anterior superior iliac spine?
B
Which letter indicates a depression that is the site where a femoral ligament attaches to the acetabulum?
B
Which letter indicates a layer of cells that are derived from the epidermis?
B
Which letter indicates a tactile corpuscle (Meissner's corpuscle) that is responsive to light pressure?
B
Which letter indicates histones?
B
Which letter indicates the circumferential lamellae?
B
Which letter indicates the corpus callosum, which is an area of white matter where axons from one cerebral hemisphere cross the midline to the opposite hemisphere?
B
Which letter indicates the inferior orbital fissure?
B
Which letter indicates the integument layer that corresponds to leather hides from an animal?
B
Which letter indicates the region known as the epiphysis?
B
Which letter indicates the structure where cranial nerve fibers from the retina cross to the opposite side of the brain?
B
Which letter indicates the umbilical region?
B
Which letter indicates the zygote?
B
Motor neurons arise primarily from the
Basal Plate
Which white blood cells contain granules of histamine?
Basophils
In hyperopic (farsighted) eyes, diverging light rays from nearby objects cause the focal point to happen __________, resulting in __________ objects to appear blurry.
Behind the retina / nearby
Which of the following places is a cartilaginous joint?
Between the sternum and rib 1
A muscle with fascicles that insert into the tendon from both sidesis categorized as
Bipennate
Damage to which part of the brain would result in someone being unable to identify an item in his or her pocket by touch alone?
somatosensory association cortex
Myelin on axons works to
speed the rate of impulse conduction and insulate neighboring axons from one another.
Arrector pili muscles go from the __________.
superficial dermis to a deep-lying hair follicle
Three "seeing/vision" nuclei that occupy the midbrain of humans are the
superior colliculi, motor nucleus for oculomotor nerve, and motor nucleus for trochlear nerve.
The artery that supplies most of the pituitary gland (but not the pars nervosa) is the
superior hypophyseal artery.
Which type of nerve fibers makes up the autonomic nervous system (ANS) (from the below):
sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
The lateral cord of the brachial plexus forms directly from
the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks.
An example of hormonal stimuli is __________.
the hypothalamus secretes CRH that influences the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH, which then stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
An example of proprioception is
the sensation you feel during a wake-up stretch.
Which answer choice correctly identifies functions of the hypoglossal nerve?
tongue movements during speech and swallowing
Which muscles make up the boundary of the triangle of auscultation?
trapezius and latissimus dorsi
The image here shows__________ .
unmyelinated axons surrounded by a Schwann cell
Where are cell bodies of somatic motor neurons located in the body?
ventral horn of spinal cord
From which embryonic place do the limb muscles develop?
ventral region of myotomes (hypaxial muscles)
From which embryonic region do the limb muscles make up?
ventral region of myotomes (hypaxial muscles)
Which muscle is the one that is used to smile?
zygomaticus (major and minor)
Marks the medial boundary of the biceps brachii.
Median Bicipital Furrow
Which portion of the adrenal gland secretes hormones in response to "fight-or-flight" situations?
Medulla
Which cell pictured here produces pigments responsible for skin color?
Melanocyte
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland?
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone MSH
ALS would NOT be connected with which of the following?
Memory Difficulty NO 1) Abnormal stretch reflexes (deep reflexes) YES 2) Loss of muscle strength YES 3) Difficulty breathing YES
The middlemost embryonic germ layer to develop is
Mesoderm
These glial cells arise from embryonic white blood cells.
Microglia
In which brain region are the cerebral peduncles located? (from the below):
Midbrain
This vertical line passes 1 cm medial to the nipple.
Midclavicular Line
Which component of bone tissue makes bone a hard substance?
Mineral Salts
Which part of bone tissue makes bone hard?
Mineral Salts
This organelle is involved in production of cellular energy.
Mitochondria
Identify the organelle pictured here.
Mitochondrion
The double membrane structure is unique to the
Mitochondrion
Parent cell that transforms into a macrophage.
Monocyte
In a positive feedback loop, if concentrations of a specific hormone increase, what is the response of the effector organ?
More of that hormone is secreted, which prompts further secretion of that hormone.
Based on what you learned the increased glucose in the basement membrane would most likely result in____________.
More water molecules in the basement membrane.
Which of these statements accurately describes how the general visceral motor system of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is different from the general somatic motor system?
Motor units in the ANS include a chain of two motor neurons.
Which fascicle arrangement produces the more strong contraction?
Multipennate
Which fiber arrangement in muscle fascicles produces the most power? Why is this?
Multipennate, because they contain the most fibers
________ is a progressive disease that destroys patches of myelin in both the brain and spinal cord.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
The primary contractile tissue of the heart characterizes tissues in this category.
Muscle
Which tissue category contains tissues comprised of cells containing myofilaments?
Muscle
Myofascial pain syndrome is best described as a condition in which
Muscle fibers contract when the skin superficial to them is stroked.
Which statement below best describes the nervous tissue damage associated with multiple sclerosis (MS)?
Myelin sheaths produced by oligodendrocytes are destroyed.
Stem cell from which eosinophils and basophils develop.
Myeloid
Which part of the nail is where the active growing goes on?
Nail matrix
Which tarsal bone lies directly anterior to the talus?
Navicular
The cervical region is the
Neck
The brain and spinal cord are composed primarily of this tissue type.
Nervous
Which organ system includes the spinal cord?
Nervous
Which tissue type is formed mainly from ectoderm?
Nervous Tissue
From which structure do the preganglionic autonomic neurons develop (from the below)?
Neural Tube
The point at which a nerve ending and skeletal fiber join is called a(n) ______.
Neuromuscular Junction
Identify the cell shown by the blue arrow.
Neuron
During contraction of a sarcomere, what occurs to the A band?
None are correct: 1) The A bands overlap, due to the pull of the thin filaments on the thick filaments. NO 2) The pull of actin filaments causes it to lengthen. NO 3) It disappears NO
As a researcher, you are exploring possible ways to treat achondroplasia. Which of the following methods might work in treatment?
None of the listed responses will work. 1) Giving anabolic steroids 2) Administering growth hormones 3) Administering fibroblastic growth factor
The body's axis of development is determined by the
Notochord
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine are subunits of the DNA's double helix called __________.
Nucleotides
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine are subunits of the DNA's double helix that are called __________.
Nucleotides
The visual cortex is located in the _________ lobe. (from the below):
Occipital Lobe
What happens during implantation?
On day 6, the trophoblast layer erodes inward until the entire blastocyst is imbedded in the uterine wall. This process takes close to 1 week.
The crista terminalis can be used to locate all of the following structures except the
Opening of the pulmonary veins NO 1) Opening of the superior vena cava YES 2) Opening of the coronary sinus YES 3) Opening of the inferior vena cava YES
Which of these cranial nerve pairs do not pass through the superior orbital fissures?
Optic
Which osteogenic cells are situated in the endosteum?
Osteoblasts
Which term applies to a number of disorders in adults in which the bones are inadequately mineralized?
Osteomalacia
Which disease of the skeletal system is often associated with decreasing levels of estrogen, but may also result from inadequate weight-bearing exercise and nutritional deficiencies of calcium, vitamin D and protein?
Osteoporosis
Membrane attached to the stapes.
Oval Window
Which of the following hormones is secreted by neurons?
Oxytocin
A disease that is characterized by excessive and abnormal remodeling of bone tissue and affects 3% of the elderly is
Paget's disease
The biceps brachii has this fascicle arrangement, which maximizes the range of motion possible.
Parallel
This arrangement of fascicles tends to provide the greatest range of motion (shortening distance), though not the greatest power.
Parallel
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is illustrated below by the purple neurons?
Parasympathetic
This division can also be called the craniosacral division.
Parasympathetic Division
The cells that secrete parathyroid hormone are called
Parathyroid Cells
Which of the following is not part of the posterior lobe of the pituitary?
Pars Intermedia
Sympathetic innervation to the head follows which pathway from the below pathways?
Pathway 2
Identify a boundary defining the pelvic inlet.
Pelvic Brim
What is the boundary defining the pelvic inlet called?
Pelvic brim
The stomach begins the breakdown of ingested proteins by secreting__________, a protein-digesting enzyme
Pepsin
It is Friday afternoon, and you have had a very long day working in the emergency department as the surgical physician. Your last patient is accurately diagnosed with acute compartment syndrome. You can do which of the following actions?
Perform the procedure on an emergent basis, as soon as it is medically and physically possible, this afternoon.
The covering of a fascicle within a nerve is the
Perineurium
The biconcave shape of erythrocytes is a result of__________.
Peripheral proteins anchored to the inner surface of their plasma membranes
Which digestive process is illustrated here?
Peristalsis
This membranous organelle contains oxidase and catalase enzymes.
Peroxisome
The main "swallowing" muscles are the
Pharyngeal Constrictors
Identify the macromolecules that make up the two layers of the plasma membrane, shown here by the red bracket.
Phospholipids
Identify the cells shown by the bracket in this section through the retina.
Photoreceptors
Shearing of axons in a diffuse axonal injury causes such widespread disruptions because such an injury involves
Projection Fibers
The major function of stratified squamous epithelium is
Protect from abrasion
Functions of bones include all of the following statements, EXCEPT __________.
Protein Storage NO 1) Mineral Storage YES 2) Movement YES 3) Fat (Energy Storage) YES
The femoral region is ________ to the plantar region.
Proximal
The knee is ________ to the foot.
Proximal
The valve responsible for preventing backflow of blood from the lungs into the heart.
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Stenosis of the mitral valve may cause blood to back up into the
Pulmonary circulation
What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?
Pupil
Which of these nerves arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
Radial
The structure of the radius that is the most distal site of attachment for the biceps brachii muscle is the __________.
Radial Tuberosity
A cell does not respond to the presence of a hormone if it lacks a specific__________ molecules either on the plasma membrane or intracellularly.
Receptor
A muscle that attaches to the skeleton at the pubic crest and the xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 is the
Rectus Abdominis
Where are blood cells produced postnatally?
Red bone marrow located in spongy bone.
The visceral motor part of the PNS __________.
Regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and regulates secretion by the body's many glands
Which statement is true regarding neuronal regeneration?
Reinnervation of the target organ with partial recovery of function is sometimes possible in the PNS.
What stimulates the secretion of anterior lobe hormones from the pituitary?
Releasing hormones produced and secreted in the hypothalamus stimulate secretion of anterior lobe hormones.
Which of the listed hormones is not secreted by the placenta?
Renin NO 1) HCG YES 2) Estrogen YES 3) CRH YES
From the thoracic region, the __________ form(s) from the inner tube of the body.
Respiratory Structures
Which ribs are called false ribs?
Ribs 8-12
Which of these diseases is more prevalent in children, and was exceedingly common in the United States and other industrialized nations before vitamin D was added to milk?
Rickets
Fibroblasts make the protein fibers found in many connective tissues. Many epithelial cells make protein products that are secreted (mucus, enzymes, hormones). Which cellular organelles are abundant in these types of cells?
Rough ER
Cisternae of this organelle are continuous with the nuclear envelope.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes may be either free within the cytoplasm or bound to a membrane system known as the
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
This membranous organelle is the site of protein synthesis for proteins that are secreted by the cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
The following describes Cleavage lines
Run parallel to the orientation of collage bundles in the reticular layer.
Which structure below is responsible for formation of the regeneration tube following injury to an axon?
Schwann Cells
Which portion of the eye is covered by conjunctiva as pictured below?
Sclera
What is the purpose of goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue of the upper respiratory tract?
Secrete mucin
Identify the bony structure where the pituitary gland is located.
Sella turcica of the sphenoid.
Which neural tissue is derived from the neural crest?
Sensory Neurons
Which of the following below explains why cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the PNS (which is outside the CNS) in ganglia?
Sensory neurons arise from neural crest cells
__________ is plasma from which the clotting factors have been removed.
Serum
Which of these joints is stabilized by glenohumeral ligaments?
Shoulder Joints
What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the respiratory tube indicated by the arrow?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Which kind of epithelial tissue is shown in this image?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Which of the following provides the least resistance to diffusion?
Simple squamous epithelium
Identify the tissues that make up the membranes illustrated here.
Simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
This type of muscle attaches to bone, but may also attach to skin, cartilage, fascia or a raphe.
Skeletal Muscle
This type of muscle composes the largest share of muscle weight in the human body.
Skeletal Muscle
Which adult structure is made from the myotome portion of the somite?
Skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs
Of the various types of skeletal muscle fibers, the ones with the thinnest myofibrils are
Slow Oxidative Fibers
Both cardiac muscle and this type of muscle are called involuntary.
Smooth Muscle
The "cells" of both skeletal muscle and this muscle type are correctly called muscle fibers.
Smooth Muscle
This type of muscle is found in large vessels leading to and from the heart.
Smooth Muscle
This type of muscle makes up the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach and uterus.
Smooth Muscle
The cell bodies located in the posteriormost region of the spinal cord's gray matter belong to this group.
Somatic Sensory
The defecation and urination reflexes are integrated in the
Spinal Cord
Which organ is not found in the ventral body cavity?
Spinal Cord
The basilar membrane supports the
Spiral Organ
Which muscle that is listed below only attaches to the axial skeleton, and thus is classified as an axial muscle?
Splenius YES 1) Serratus Ventralis NO 2) Rhomboideus Capitis NO 3) Supraspinatus NO
Which item featured of the muscle tissue shown here is shared with skeletal muscle tissue?
Striations
The chest is ________ to the abdomen.
Superior
A horizontal line on the back used for locating the fourth lumbar vertebra.
Supracristal Line
What is the function of the bone markings shown on this rib: head and facets?
Surfaces that form joints.
Division of the ANS most active during vigorous exercise describes the
Sympathetic Division
Ganglia of this structure are connected to the ventral rami of spinal nerves through the rami communicantes.
Sympathetic Trunk
Where do sympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse in the body?
Sympathetic trunk and collateral ganglia
Chemical signals diffuse between neurons at this location.
Synapse
Which of these is not in direct contact with thick myofilaments?
Synaptic Vesicles NO 1) Actin YES 2) ATPase YES 3) Myosin YES
What is the functional classification of the joint in the given illustration below?
Synarthrosis
Most joints contain cartilage. If damaged, which kind of joint will NOT benefit from an autologous cartilage implantation?
Syndesmoses
What structural type of joint is illustrated here connecting the shaft of the radius to the ulna?
Syndesmosis
What is the functional relationship between the brachialis and that of the biceps brachii?
Synergistic
When the fibrous tissue of sutures ossifies, the resulting joint is called a
Synotosis
Which type of joint predominates in an upper limb?
Synovial
Articular cartilages are found both in symphyses and in
Synovial joints
What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?
Synthesis of DNA in preparation for cell division
What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
Synthesis of DNA in preparation for cell division
What stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland?
TSH secreted by anterior pituitary
Which bone is the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch?
Talus
Which of these bones has a mastoid process and a styloid process?
Temporal Bone
Which part of the brain is located in the middle cranial fossa?
Temporal Lobe
A condition that commonly leads to neck pain, ear problems, and pain when opening the mouth is
Temporomandibular Disorder
Which of these regions functions to direct nearly all sensory input, except olfactory impulses, to the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
Which endocrine gland stands out in X-ray images and helps radiologists get oriented in the brain?
The Pineal Gland
What neuronal action happens at the pyramids of the medulla oblongata?
The axons of upper motor neurons cross to the opposite side of the brain.
Z discs (Z lines) are known to be ______.
The boundaries of two adjacent sarcomeres
When the lens of the eye bulges for close vision, which of the following will happen?
The ciliary muscles contract
What structures are most important in keeping the knee from moving medially to laterally?
The collateral ligaments
Which statement describes best vesicle formation in a Golgi apparatus?
The convex cis face receives vesicles from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). New vesicles leave the Golgi apparatus by budding off the concave trans face.
Which vessel returns most of the venous blood from the heart to the right atrium?
The coronary sinus
Which bones are the parts of the pelvic girdle?
The coxal bones
How is a shoulder dislocation structurally different from a shoulder separation?
The dislocation occurs between the head of the humerus and the glenoid labrum, while the shoulder separation occurs at the acromioclavicular joint
What is the primary reason that men have more muscle mass than women?
The effects of androgen hormones give men greater muscle mass than women.
During dorsiflexion this happens __________.
The foot is lifted so its superior surface approaches the shin
What is DIFFERENT about development of the kidneys as compared to the development of the gonads?
The gonads migrate to other areas of the body during fetal development.
Which heart chamber has the thickest myocardium?
The left ventricle, because it pumps blood at a higher pressure
Which statement is true concerning embryonic make up of skeletal muscles?
The lower limb rotates during development, so in the adult lower limb the extensor muscles are on the anterior side of the lower limb.
The primary capillary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system is located in
The median emminence
The mesoderm begins to differentiate during which of the following timeframes?
The middle of week 3
As you examine the femur, where would you guess the most frequent fracture place from osteoporosis occurs?
The neck
Which of the following structures is not found in the left ventricle?
The pectinate muscles
Hematopoiesis is __________.
The process by which blood cells are formed.
Which statement concerning the pulmonary arteries is FALSE?
The pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the heart. NO 1) The pulmonary arteries are part of the pulmonary circuit. YES 2) The pulmonary arteries carry poorly oxygenated blood. 3) The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary arteries.
How would a stab wound that has punctured the pleural cavity on the right lateral side at the level of intercostal space 8 affect the right lung?
The right lung would collapse
If you couldn't see the H zone in the photomicrograph of a sarcomere in skeletal muscle, ______.
The sarcomere is fully contracted
If you could not see the H zone in a photomicrograph of the sarcomere in skeletal muscle, ______.
The sarcomere is fully contracted.
The difference between cranium and skull, if any, is that
The skull contains facial bones and cranial bones
Why does a lumbar puncture take place within the lower lumbar region of the spinal cord?
The spinal cord ends at approximately the level of L1, making the area between L4 and L5 a safe location to sample cerebral spinal fluid without injuring the neural tissue of the spinal cord.
Which of the following statements does not correctly describe the spiral organ of Corti?
The tectorial membrane bends with vibrations, whereas the basilar membrane is rigid and fixed.
Which endocrine gland stores enough of its hormone extracellularly to last several months?
The thyroid
How is the thyroid gland different from all other endocrine glands?
The thyroid gland stores its hormones extracellularly.
What is the fate of the vesicle produced in the Golgi apparatus by the process labeled Pathway C in the figure below?
The vesicle is a lysosome containing enzymes to be used to clean-up cellular debris.
Why are sensory neurons that monitor touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature are thought of as "general sensory receptors"?
Their receptors are widely distributed over the body.
What is the purpose of the fat in adipose tissue located around the heart, around lymph nodes, and in bone marrow (as individual fat cells)?
These fat deposits serve local nutrient needs of highly active organs.
Which of these statements below regarding the collateral ganglia of the sympathetic division is FALSE?
They are the same as the sympathetic trunk ganglia.
Why are the inferior two pairs of ribs called floating ribs?
They have no anterior attachment.
What is the function of globulins in blood plasma?
They include antibodies and blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, and copper.
What is the function of serous membranes?
They reduce friction so that viscera move freely.
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the spinal cord?(from the below):
Through the cranial nerves that attach to it, the spinal cord is involved in sensory and motor innervation of the head and neck.
Which endocrine organ develops from endoderm?
Thyroid Gland
Which of the following endocrine glands is capable of storing its hormones extracellularly and then slowly releasing them?
Thyroid Gland
Shin splints result from damage to which muscle or muscle group?
Tibialis Anterior
To what depth must an injection of anesthetic be inserted to numb the spinal cord and therefore relieve pain caudal to that area?
To the depth of the epidural space
Ultrasound techniques are used to image a fetus because they are less damaging than other techniques.
True
The trochlear notch is found on which of the bones listed below?
Ulna
Neural plasticity occurs when __________.
Undamaged neurons in the brain sprout new cytoplasmic branches after a stroke that partially restores lost functions
Olfactory sensory neurons __________ (from the below):
Undergo replacement throughout life
The elimination of nitrogenous wastes from body fluids is regulated by the ________ system.
Urinary
Which cranial nerve pair has two sensory branches which both pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
VIII
Which of the following cranial nerves does not supply parasympathetic fibers to the head?
Vagus
Which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelia?
Vascular - NO 1) Specialized cell-cell junctions YES 2) Innvervated YES 3) Highly cellular w/ little extracullar matrix YES
The gray and white rami communicantes attach to the
Ventral Rami
During which stage of the heartbeat is the valve shown here closed?
Ventricular contraction; ventricular systole
If the beating heart makes a "lub-dup" sound, the "dup" sound is caused by
Vibrations that result from the semilunar valves slamming shut.
What is the term which collectively refers to both smooth and cardiac muscle?
Visceral
Identify the structure indicated by the arrow.
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
By which week of development do most long bones have very obvious primary ossification centers?
Week 12
During which week of development does the trilaminar embryonic disc fold to make a three-dimensional embryo?
Week 4
The embryonic period goes through which week of prenatal development?
Week 8
The spinal root of which cranial nerve pair innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
XI
Which region of the adrenal cortex consists of cells arranged in parallel cords?
Zona Fasciculata
Cells that manufacture and secrete aldosterone are located in the
Zona Glomerulosa
Which portion of the adrenal gland secretes hormones that regulate blood pressure?
Zona Glomerulosa
Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA.
Zona Reticularis
Extrafusal muscle fibers that surround a muscle spindle and resist excessive muscle stretching are innervated by
alpha efferent neurons
Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide are __________ hormones.
antagonistic, because secretion of aldosterone increases blood volume and increases blood pressure and atrial natriuretic peptide decreases blood volume and decreases blood pressure
Which of the following is the correct path an impulse takes across a synapse?
axon of presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, dendrite of postsynaptic neuron
Sarcoplasmic reticulum lies
between myofibrils but in fibers.
Which region or regions of the central nervous system have an external layer of gray matter? (from the below):
cerebrum and cerebellum
Trace the path of circulation of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) from production to absorption (from the below):
choroid plexus, ventricles of the brain, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, superior sagittal sinus
Which bony articulation attaches the upper limb to an axial skeleton?
clavicle articulating with the sternum
Age-related loss of muscle mass may be influenced by all of these except:
decrease in the level of testosterone. NO 1) degeneration of muscle fibers because of accumulation of calcium in the sarcoplasm. YES 2) an increase in the relative proportion of connective tissue to number of muscle fibers. YES 3) exhaustion of the supply of muscle satellite cells. YES
Microglia are not like other neuroglial cells in that they
derive from pre-natal monocytes
If you were very nervous about speaking in front of a group of people, which of the following would most be likely to develop?
dry mouth, due to sympathetic inhibition of secretions from the salivary glands
Organelles are moved inside the cytoplasm by being pulled along microtubules by the motor proteins __________ and __________.
dyneins; kinesins
Organelles are moved within the cytoplasm by being pulled along microtubules by the motor proteins __________ and __________.
dyneins; kinesins
Which two actions are possible for the muscle that is illustrated here?
extension and adduction of the arm
The fibularis longus inserts by a long tendon at the __________(from the below):
first metatarsal and medial cuneiform
A muscle that originates on the medial epicondyle of the humerus is the
flexor carpi radialis.
In which direction does the nerve signal pass at the synapse shown here?
from presynaptic axon terminal to postsynaptic dendrite
Another name for the ANS is the
general visceral motor system.
In human embryos, the yolk sac is important because it
gives rise to earliest blood cells and blood vessels.
Which of the following is the correct progression in the healing of a skeletal fracture?
hematoma, fibrocartilage callus, bony callus, bone remodeling
Cretinism is best described as __________.
hypothyroidism in children, which leads to short, disproportionate body, a thick tongue, and mental retardation
Conjoined twins occur as a result of
incomplete division of the inner cell mass
The anatomical stalk of the pituitary is also known as
infundibulum
Which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone?
iodine
A node of Ranvier (myelin sheath gap)
is a bare region of axonal membrane in myelinated axons only.
The outer membrane of a nuclear envelope __________.
is a specialized part of the rough ER
After a muscle fiber has contracted, the calcium
is actively transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Baroreceptors are a kind of __________ that monitors __________.
mechanoreceptor / blood pressure
The ANS is the system of __________ neurons that regulates such functions as __________ (from the below).
motor / heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure
Blood vessels to the diaphysis move through the
nutrient foramen
What stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete its excitatory neurohormones?
preganglionic sympathetic neurons
Besides helping to "lock" the knee, the posterior cruciate ligament
prevents posterior sliding of the tibia when the leg is flexed at the knee.
Identify the bone indicated by the arrow.
proximal phalanx of digit 4
Starting at the spinal cord and proceeding distally, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are
rami, trunks, divisions, cords.
A CT scan produces an image of a transverse section of the body.
True
Any long axon is called a nerve fiber.
True
Chromatophilic bodies are clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes that produce the large amount of proteins needed by a neuron.
True
The peritoneal cavity is a serous cavity.
True
The supporting cells of the nervous system that surround and wrap neurons are derived from embryonic neuroepithelial cells from the ectoderm.
True
The neurohypophysis is comprised of __________.
nervous tissue that contains unmyelinated axons and neuroglial cells
Leukocytes, ordered from most to least abundant, are the
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.(Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)
Which of the following sentences about bones is true?
Bones grow thicker in response to the forces experienced during exercise.
The purpose of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to __________.
Produce steroid hormones and aid in drug detoxification
In which connective tissue is matrix NOT produced by cells in the below tissue?
Blood
Which criterion is used in naming the muscles shown here?
Direction of muscle fibers
In limbs, the insertions of muscles almost always lie ________ to their origins.
Distal
Which type of circuit below distributes a nervous signal to multiple pathways?
Diverging circuit
Which fiber tract carries the sensations of discriminative touch as well as proprioception?
Dorsal Column
Which branch of the spinal nerve innervates the muscles shown with the arrows?
Dorsal Ramus
The role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to __________.
Produce steroid hormones and aid in drug detoxification
Which body cavity discussed in Chapter 1 is formed from the embryonic coelom?
Pleural Cavity
A depression on the posterior of the knee.
Popliteal Fossa
The muscles in the __________________ compartment of the leg are the main movers for plantar flexion.
Posterior
Of the following endocrine organs, which does not migrate away from its original site of formation in the embryo?
Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
The popliteal region is
Posterior surface of the knee
Cell body of this autonomic neuron lies within the CNS.
Pre-Ganglionic Neuron
Which statement is true from the below concerning the innervation of adrenal medulla?
Preganglionic sympathetic axons terminate in the adrenal medulla and stimulate the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Which type of nerve fibers are NOT found in smooth muscle?
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Which of these joints incorporates two bones, the first costal cartilage, and an articular disc?
Sternoclavicular Joint
If hair is round in examining a cross section that indicates that the hair is __________.
Straight.
The arrangement of the fibers and minerals in an osteon function are to resist ________.
Torsion
A prime mover for extension of the forearm at the elbow is the
Triceps Brachii
To which surface does a trochlear notch of the ulna articulate?
Trochlea of the humerus
To which surface does the trochlear notch of the ulna articulate (as shown below)?
Trochlea of the humerus
Class of hormones that regulates secretions of other endocrine glands.
Tropic
In muscular dystrophy,
muscle fibers degenerate and atrophy
