Anatomy Semester 1 Exam Review

Describe the Sympathetic division of the Nervous System

"Fight or Flight"; Increased heart rate, sweaty hands, prickly scalp

Describe the Autonomic division of the Nervous System

"Involuntary"; Controls activities automatically (EX: cardiac and smooth muscle)

Describe the Parasympathetic division of the Nervous System

"Resting and Digesting"; Blood pressure, heat, and breathing return to normal

What is the function of Arachnoid Mater?

"Spider Thread"-like extensions that attatch to the innermost membrane

Describe the Somatic division of the Nervous System

"Voluntary"; Controls skeletal muscles

What are the 3 classifications of joints?

- Fibrous - Synovial - Cartilaginous

Describe and give an example of the Flat Bone

2 thin layers of compact bones filled witha layer of spongy bone EX: Skull and Thorax

How many segments is the spinal cord divided into? How many bones are within each section?

3.: Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5

What does the Abdominal landmark identify?

Abdomen area

What is the function of the Deltoid?

Abducts the arm from the rest of the body

Define Irritability

Ability of a living tissue to respond to Stimuli

Define Elasticity

Ability of a living tissue to return to normal length when relaxed

Define Contractability

Ability of a muscle to become shorter and thicker

What is step 2 of the SFT?

Action potential travels down the sarcolemma along t-tubules

What is the function of the Pectoralis Major?

Adducts and provides forward motion for the arms

Identify the movement provided by the Hinge Joint

Allows flexion and extension in one plane EX: Elbow and Knee

What is the function of the Parietal Lobe?

Allows the recognition of pain, cold, or light touch

Identify the movement provided by the Saddle Joint

Allows up and down as well as side to side movement EX: Thumb

What is the function of the Frontal Lobe?

Allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles, contains Broca's area (speech), and higher intellectual reasoning

What is the function of the Cerebrum?

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body

What does the Thoracic landmark identify?

Around chest area

Define Insertion

Attachment of a muscle tendon to a movable bone

Define Origin

Attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone

When referring to directional terms, what does Lateral mean?

Away from the Midline

When referring to directional terms, what does Inferior mean?

Away from the head

When referring to directional terms, what does Posterior mean?

Behind

Define the Plantar Flexion Movement

Bending of the sole of the foot, toes curl toward the ground

What does the Brachial landmark identify?

Bicep area

What is the function of the Orbicularis Occuli?

Blinks and closes eyes

Describe the Anatomical Position

Body is erect, feet are parallel, arms are hanging at the side, hands and palms are facing forward

Identify the movement provided by the Gliding Joint

Bones slide over one another to provide a sliding movement EX: Wrists and Ankles

What is the function of the Corpus Callosum?

Bundle of nerves that holds the 2 halves of the brain together

What is step 8 of the SFT?

Ca+ ions are removed from Troponin. It returns to Sarcoplasmic Recticulum and Muscle relaxes

What is step 4 of the SFT?

Ca+ ions bind to Troponin, causing it to rotate

When referring to the structure of a bone, what is Hyaline Cartilage ?

Cartilage in joint; outlines Epiphysis

What is the function of the Soma?

Cell Body

What does the Sternal landmark identify?

Center of chest

What does the Buccal landmark identify?

Cheek area

When referring to directional terms, what does Proximal mean?

Closer to the organ of the body

What is the function of the Orbicularis Oris?

Closes and protrudes lips

What is the function of the Masseter?

Closes the jaw

What is the function of Cones?

Color vision

What is the function of the Iris?

Colored portion of the eye that filter the amount of light that enters the Pupil

What is the function of the External Obliques?

Compresses abdomen and laterally flexes and rotates vertebral column

What is the function of a Ligament?

Connect bone to bone

What is the function of a Tendon?

Connect muscle to bone

Define and give an example of a Tetanic Contraction

Continuous, forceful muscular contraction without relaxation EX:

What is the function of the Nucleus?

Control center of the cell

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

Controls balance and coordination

Describe and give an example of the Short Bone

Cube shaped, filled with cancellous material, covered with thin compact bone EX: Wrist and Ankle

Define the Dorsal Flexion Movement

Decreases angle at joint, Toe points up

What is the function of Pia Mater?

Delicate, innermost membrane that clings tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

What is the function of the Zygomaticus?

Diagonal muscle that raises the corner of the mouth

What is the function of the Microglial Cell?

Dispose of debris such as dead brain cells and bacteria in CNS

Describe and give an example of the Frontal Section

Divides the body into Anterior and Posterior

Describe and give an example of the Transverse Section

Divides the body into Superior and Inferior

Describe and give an example of the Sagittal Section

Divides the body into left and right

What is the function of the Frontalis?

Draws back scalp, wrinkles forehead, raises eyebrows

When is Anaerobic Respiration used?

During a process that doesn't require much oxygen EX: Weight lifting, sprinting

When is Aerobic Respiration used?

During a process that requires oxygen EX: Long distance jogging, cycling

What is the function of the Trapezius?

Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates Scapula and Arm

When referring to the structure of a bone, what is the Epiphysis?

End of the longbone that determines shape of the joint; usually made up of spongy bone

What is the function of the Vastus Lateralis?

Extends Tibia

What is the function of the Rectus Femoris?

Extends leg at the knee

What is the function of the Gluteus Maximus?

Extends or straitens thigh at hip during walking

What is the function of the Vastus Medialis?

Extends the Knee

What is the function of the Triceps Brachii?

Extends the forearm at the elbow

What is the function of the Latissimus Dorsi?

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm. It also draws the shoulder forward and backward

What does the Orbital landmark identify?

Eye area

When referring to directional terms, what does Deep mean?

Farther away from the body's surface

When referring to directional terms, what does Distal mean?

Farther away from the organ

What is the function of the Nervous System?

Fast acting control system; monitors internal and external environment and allows the body to respond to stimuli

What does Yellow Marrow contain?

Fats

What is the function of the Myelin Sheath?

Fatty material covering axons

What is the function of the Pons?

Fiber tracts involved in the control of breathing

Describe and give an example of the Irregular Bone

Filled with cancellous material, covered in a thin layer of compact bone EX: Spinal Column and Pelvic Girdle

What is the function of the Oligodendrocyte?

Flat extensions that wrap around nerve fibers and coat axons to speed signals along. They make up the myelin sheath in CNS

What is the function of the Sternocliedomastoid?

Flexes neck and rotates head

What is the function of the Tibialis Anterior?

Flexes the foot strongly at the ankle (dorsiflexing and inverting the foot at the ankle)

What is the function of the Brachioradialis?

Flexes the forearm

What is the function of the Biceps Femoris?

Flexes the leg at the knee

What is the function of the Rectus Abdominis?

Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal organs, raises pelvis, bends and rotates trunk when one side acts alone

What is the function of the Schwann Cells?

Form myelin sheath in the PNS, clear debris

What is the Sarcomere?

Function unit of a muscle fiber/skeletal muscle

Identify the movement provided by the Ball and Socket Joint

Greatest degree of movement EX: Shoulder and Hip

Describe and give an example of the Long Bone

Have a shaft composed of compact bone and it's ends filled with spongy bone EX: Humerus

What is the function of the Neuron?

Highly specialized cells that transmit impulses and cannot reproduce

When referring to the structure of a bone, what is the Medullary Canal?

Hollow chambers running through the Diaphysis (filled with Yellow Bone Marrow); lined by Endosteum

When referring to the structure of a bone, what is the Endosteum?

Innermost layer of the bone

How does Myelination effect nerve transmission?

It speeds the process

Define Synarthrotic

Least movable joint EX: Sutures

What is the function of the Hypothalamus?

Limbic System component that regulates hunger and body temp

What is the function of the Aqueous Humor?

Liquid behind the Cornea

Which bones support most of the body's weight?

Lumbar Bones

Describe Dorsal Position

Lying on your back

Describe Supine Position

Lying on your back, palms up

What is the difference between a Male and Female pelvis?

Male: Less than 90 degrees Female: More than 90 degrees

Is the Precentral Gyrus sensory or motor?

Motor

Define the Abduction Movement

Movement away from the midline of the body

Define the Pronation Movement

Movement that turns the palms down

Define the Suppination Movement

Movement that turns the palms up

Define the Adduction Movement

Movement toward the midline of the body

Define and give an example of a Isometric Contraction

Muscle doesn't shorten EX: Bending elbow

Define and give an example of a Isotonic Contraction

Muscle shortens EX: Bending knee

What is a Prime Mover Muscle?

Muscle that acts as the initial and main source of motive power

What is a Synergist Muscle?

Muscle that aids a prime mover in movement and helps prevent rotation

What is the function of the Biceps Brachii?

Muscle that flexes and supinates the forearm

What is a Antagonist Muscle?

Muscle that opposes/reverses a prime mover

What is step 6 of the SFT?

Myosin heaads form Cross-Bridges and bind to Actin

What is step 7 of the SFT?

Myosin heads use ATP to pull Actin fillament toward the M-Line

What is step 3 of the SFT?

Na+ ions rush into sarcolemma, releasing Ca+ ions from the Sarcoplasmic Recticulum

What does the Cervical landmark identify?

Neck area

What is step 1 of the SFT?

Nerve impulses reach the end of the nerve and release Acetocholine

Identify the movement provided by the Pivot Joint

One bone rotates about another EX: Atlas, Axis, Forearm

What is the function of the Sensory Cells?

Or "Afferent"; Carry impulses from sensory receptors to CNS and inform us what is happening on the inside and outside of our bodies

What is the function of the Motor Cells?

Or "Efferent"; Carry impulses away from the CNS through their axons to the PNS

What is the function of the Sclera?

Or "Fibrous Tunic"; Outermost layer of the eye

What is the function of the Associative Cells?

Or "Interneuron"; Connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways

What is the function of the Axon?

Or "Nerve Fiber"; A single long extension from the cell and conducts electrical impulses away from the body

Define Neuroglia

Or "Nerve Glue"; Supporting cells which support, insulate, and protect the neuron. They cannot transmit impulses, but they can reproduce

What is the function of the Choroid?

Or "Nutritive Layer"; The middle layer of the eye

What is the function of the Blind Spot?

Or "Optic Disc"; allows an opening for the Optic Nerve to leave the eye

What is the function of the Dendrite?

Or "Receptors"; branched out outgrowths from the cell body that receive signals and conduct impulses towards the soma

What is the function of the Retina?

Or "Sensory Tunic"; The innermost layer of the eye

What is an Osteoclast? What is an Osteoblast?

Osteoblast: Build bone cells Osteoclast: Mature bone cells (break down bone cells)

When referring to the structure of a bone, what is the Periosteum?

Outermost layer of bone; provides nutrient blood for bone cells

What is the function of Dura Mater?

Outermost meninges (rough)

What is the function of the Soleus?

Plantar flexion and inversion of the foot

What is Threshold?

Point at which the cell will become fully depolarized

What is the function of the Serratus Anterior?

Protracts the shoulder and medially rotates the scapula

What is the function of the Temporal Lobe?

Provides hearing and smelling

What is the function of the Muscular System?

Provides movement by shortening and produces heat

What is the function of the Occipital Lobe?

Provides vision

What is the function of the Occipitalis?

Pulls scalp posteriorly

What does Red Marrow contain?

Red and White blood cells

What is the function of the Midbrain?

Reflex centers for vision and hearing ( the lens in your eye bending)

What is the function of the Medulla Oblongata?

Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

What is the function of the Thalamus?

Relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex

What is step 5 of the SFT?

Rotation of Toponin removes Tropomyosin off of Myosin binding site on Actin

Is the Postcentral Gyrus sensory or motor?

Sensory

When referring to the structure of a bone, what is the Diaphysis?

Shaft of the bone; fibrous connective tissue

What is the function of the Node of Ranvier?

Spaces between myelin sheath where axon is exposed

What is the function of the Astrocyte?

Star shaped cells that anchor neurons to blood capillaries. Protects neurons from harmful substances in blood and controls chemical environment in brain

What is the function of the Skeletal System?

Supports the body by providing framework for muscle attachment, protects internal organs, and gives the body structure

What is the function of the Platysma?

Tenses skin at the neck

What is the strongest bone in the body?

The Femur

When referring to directional terms, what does Anterior mean?

The Front

Which bone is not attached to any other bone?

The Hyoid

What is the function of the Cornea?

The anterior bulge on the surface of the eye

Define the Flexion Movement

The bending of a body part

What is the function of the Gastrocnemius?

The calf muscle

Define the Eversion Movement

The foot's movement away from the midline of the body

Define the Inversion Movement

The foot's movement towards the midline of the body

What is the function of the Fovea Centralis?

The highest point of visual activity

What is the function of the Pupil?

The opening that allows light to enter the eye

Define the Extension Movement

The straightening of a limb at a joint

What is Myosin?

Thick filament (A-band)

What does the Femoral landmark identify?

Thigh area

What is Actin?

Thin filament (I-band)

When referring to directional terms, what does Medial mean?

Toward the Midline

When referring to directional terms, what does Superficial mean?

Toward the body's surface

When referring to directional terms, what does Superior mean?

Toward the head

What is the function of Static Equilibrium?

Utilizes the Vestibular to maintain stability and posture

What is the function of Dynamic Equilibrium?

Utilizes the semicircular canals to balance the head during sudden movements

What is the function of Rods?

Vision in dim light

What does the Carpal landmark identify?

Wrist area