Anatomy Semester 1 Exam Review
Describe the Sympathetic division of the Nervous System
"Fight or Flight"; Increased heart rate, sweaty hands, prickly scalp
Describe the Autonomic division of the Nervous System
"Involuntary"; Controls activities automatically (EX: cardiac and smooth muscle)
Describe the Parasympathetic division of the Nervous System
"Resting and Digesting"; Blood pressure, heat, and breathing return to normal
What is the function of Arachnoid Mater?
"Spider Thread"-like extensions that attatch to the innermost membrane
Describe the Somatic division of the Nervous System
"Voluntary"; Controls skeletal muscles
What are the 3 classifications of joints?
- Fibrous - Synovial - Cartilaginous
Describe and give an example of the Flat Bone
2 thin layers of compact bones filled witha layer of spongy bone EX: Skull and Thorax
How many segments is the spinal cord divided into? How many bones are within each section?
3.: Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5
What does the Abdominal landmark identify?
Abdomen area
What is the function of the Deltoid?
Abducts the arm from the rest of the body
Define Irritability
Ability of a living tissue to respond to Stimuli
Define Elasticity
Ability of a living tissue to return to normal length when relaxed
Define Contractability
Ability of a muscle to become shorter and thicker
What is step 2 of the SFT?
Action potential travels down the sarcolemma along t-tubules
What is the function of the Pectoralis Major?
Adducts and provides forward motion for the arms
Identify the movement provided by the Hinge Joint
Allows flexion and extension in one plane EX: Elbow and Knee
What is the function of the Parietal Lobe?
Allows the recognition of pain, cold, or light touch
Identify the movement provided by the Saddle Joint
Allows up and down as well as side to side movement EX: Thumb
What is the function of the Frontal Lobe?
Allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles, contains Broca's area (speech), and higher intellectual reasoning
What is the function of the Cerebrum?
Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body
What does the Thoracic landmark identify?
Around chest area
Define Insertion
Attachment of a muscle tendon to a movable bone
Define Origin
Attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone
When referring to directional terms, what does Lateral mean?
Away from the Midline
When referring to directional terms, what does Inferior mean?
Away from the head
When referring to directional terms, what does Posterior mean?
Behind
Define the Plantar Flexion Movement
Bending of the sole of the foot, toes curl toward the ground
What does the Brachial landmark identify?
Bicep area
What is the function of the Orbicularis Occuli?
Blinks and closes eyes
Describe the Anatomical Position
Body is erect, feet are parallel, arms are hanging at the side, hands and palms are facing forward
Identify the movement provided by the Gliding Joint
Bones slide over one another to provide a sliding movement EX: Wrists and Ankles
What is the function of the Corpus Callosum?
Bundle of nerves that holds the 2 halves of the brain together
What is step 8 of the SFT?
Ca+ ions are removed from Troponin. It returns to Sarcoplasmic Recticulum and Muscle relaxes
What is step 4 of the SFT?
Ca+ ions bind to Troponin, causing it to rotate
When referring to the structure of a bone, what is Hyaline Cartilage ?
Cartilage in joint; outlines Epiphysis
What is the function of the Soma?
Cell Body
What does the Sternal landmark identify?
Center of chest
What does the Buccal landmark identify?
Cheek area
When referring to directional terms, what does Proximal mean?
Closer to the organ of the body
What is the function of the Orbicularis Oris?
Closes and protrudes lips
What is the function of the Masseter?
Closes the jaw
What is the function of Cones?
Color vision
What is the function of the Iris?
Colored portion of the eye that filter the amount of light that enters the Pupil
What is the function of the External Obliques?
Compresses abdomen and laterally flexes and rotates vertebral column
What is the function of a Ligament?
Connect bone to bone
What is the function of a Tendon?
Connect muscle to bone
Define and give an example of a Tetanic Contraction
Continuous, forceful muscular contraction without relaxation EX:
What is the function of the Nucleus?
Control center of the cell
What is the function of the Cerebellum?
Controls balance and coordination
Describe and give an example of the Short Bone
Cube shaped, filled with cancellous material, covered with thin compact bone EX: Wrist and Ankle
Define the Dorsal Flexion Movement
Decreases angle at joint, Toe points up
What is the function of Pia Mater?
Delicate, innermost membrane that clings tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
What is the function of the Zygomaticus?
Diagonal muscle that raises the corner of the mouth
What is the function of the Microglial Cell?
Dispose of debris such as dead brain cells and bacteria in CNS
Describe and give an example of the Frontal Section
Divides the body into Anterior and Posterior
Describe and give an example of the Transverse Section
Divides the body into Superior and Inferior
Describe and give an example of the Sagittal Section
Divides the body into left and right
What is the function of the Frontalis?
Draws back scalp, wrinkles forehead, raises eyebrows
When is Anaerobic Respiration used?
During a process that doesn't require much oxygen EX: Weight lifting, sprinting
When is Aerobic Respiration used?
During a process that requires oxygen EX: Long distance jogging, cycling
What is the function of the Trapezius?
Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates Scapula and Arm
When referring to the structure of a bone, what is the Epiphysis?
End of the longbone that determines shape of the joint; usually made up of spongy bone
What is the function of the Vastus Lateralis?
Extends Tibia
What is the function of the Rectus Femoris?
Extends leg at the knee
What is the function of the Gluteus Maximus?
Extends or straitens thigh at hip during walking
What is the function of the Vastus Medialis?
Extends the Knee
What is the function of the Triceps Brachii?
Extends the forearm at the elbow
What is the function of the Latissimus Dorsi?
Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm. It also draws the shoulder forward and backward
What does the Orbital landmark identify?
Eye area
When referring to directional terms, what does Deep mean?
Farther away from the body's surface
When referring to directional terms, what does Distal mean?
Farther away from the organ
What is the function of the Nervous System?
Fast acting control system; monitors internal and external environment and allows the body to respond to stimuli
What does Yellow Marrow contain?
Fats
What is the function of the Myelin Sheath?
Fatty material covering axons
What is the function of the Pons?
Fiber tracts involved in the control of breathing
Describe and give an example of the Irregular Bone
Filled with cancellous material, covered in a thin layer of compact bone EX: Spinal Column and Pelvic Girdle
What is the function of the Oligodendrocyte?
Flat extensions that wrap around nerve fibers and coat axons to speed signals along. They make up the myelin sheath in CNS
What is the function of the Sternocliedomastoid?
Flexes neck and rotates head
What is the function of the Tibialis Anterior?
Flexes the foot strongly at the ankle (dorsiflexing and inverting the foot at the ankle)
What is the function of the Brachioradialis?
Flexes the forearm
What is the function of the Biceps Femoris?
Flexes the leg at the knee
What is the function of the Rectus Abdominis?
Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal organs, raises pelvis, bends and rotates trunk when one side acts alone
What is the function of the Schwann Cells?
Form myelin sheath in the PNS, clear debris
What is the Sarcomere?
Function unit of a muscle fiber/skeletal muscle
Identify the movement provided by the Ball and Socket Joint
Greatest degree of movement EX: Shoulder and Hip
Describe and give an example of the Long Bone
Have a shaft composed of compact bone and it's ends filled with spongy bone EX: Humerus
What is the function of the Neuron?
Highly specialized cells that transmit impulses and cannot reproduce
When referring to the structure of a bone, what is the Medullary Canal?
Hollow chambers running through the Diaphysis (filled with Yellow Bone Marrow); lined by Endosteum
When referring to the structure of a bone, what is the Endosteum?
Innermost layer of the bone
How does Myelination effect nerve transmission?
It speeds the process
Define Synarthrotic
Least movable joint EX: Sutures
What is the function of the Hypothalamus?
Limbic System component that regulates hunger and body temp
What is the function of the Aqueous Humor?
Liquid behind the Cornea
Which bones support most of the body's weight?
Lumbar Bones
Describe Dorsal Position
Lying on your back
Describe Supine Position
Lying on your back, palms up
What is the difference between a Male and Female pelvis?
Male: Less than 90 degrees Female: More than 90 degrees
Is the Precentral Gyrus sensory or motor?
Motor
Define the Abduction Movement
Movement away from the midline of the body
Define the Pronation Movement
Movement that turns the palms down
Define the Suppination Movement
Movement that turns the palms up
Define the Adduction Movement
Movement toward the midline of the body
Define and give an example of a Isometric Contraction
Muscle doesn't shorten EX: Bending elbow
Define and give an example of a Isotonic Contraction
Muscle shortens EX: Bending knee
What is a Prime Mover Muscle?
Muscle that acts as the initial and main source of motive power
What is a Synergist Muscle?
Muscle that aids a prime mover in movement and helps prevent rotation
What is the function of the Biceps Brachii?
Muscle that flexes and supinates the forearm
What is a Antagonist Muscle?
Muscle that opposes/reverses a prime mover
What is step 6 of the SFT?
Myosin heaads form Cross-Bridges and bind to Actin
What is step 7 of the SFT?
Myosin heads use ATP to pull Actin fillament toward the M-Line
What is step 3 of the SFT?
Na+ ions rush into sarcolemma, releasing Ca+ ions from the Sarcoplasmic Recticulum
What does the Cervical landmark identify?
Neck area
What is step 1 of the SFT?
Nerve impulses reach the end of the nerve and release Acetocholine
Identify the movement provided by the Pivot Joint
One bone rotates about another EX: Atlas, Axis, Forearm
What is the function of the Sensory Cells?
Or "Afferent"; Carry impulses from sensory receptors to CNS and inform us what is happening on the inside and outside of our bodies
What is the function of the Motor Cells?
Or "Efferent"; Carry impulses away from the CNS through their axons to the PNS
What is the function of the Sclera?
Or "Fibrous Tunic"; Outermost layer of the eye
What is the function of the Associative Cells?
Or "Interneuron"; Connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways
What is the function of the Axon?
Or "Nerve Fiber"; A single long extension from the cell and conducts electrical impulses away from the body
Define Neuroglia
Or "Nerve Glue"; Supporting cells which support, insulate, and protect the neuron. They cannot transmit impulses, but they can reproduce
What is the function of the Choroid?
Or "Nutritive Layer"; The middle layer of the eye
What is the function of the Blind Spot?
Or "Optic Disc"; allows an opening for the Optic Nerve to leave the eye
What is the function of the Dendrite?
Or "Receptors"; branched out outgrowths from the cell body that receive signals and conduct impulses towards the soma
What is the function of the Retina?
Or "Sensory Tunic"; The innermost layer of the eye
What is an Osteoclast? What is an Osteoblast?
Osteoblast: Build bone cells Osteoclast: Mature bone cells (break down bone cells)
When referring to the structure of a bone, what is the Periosteum?
Outermost layer of bone; provides nutrient blood for bone cells
What is the function of Dura Mater?
Outermost meninges (rough)
What is the function of the Soleus?
Plantar flexion and inversion of the foot
What is Threshold?
Point at which the cell will become fully depolarized
What is the function of the Serratus Anterior?
Protracts the shoulder and medially rotates the scapula
What is the function of the Temporal Lobe?
Provides hearing and smelling
What is the function of the Muscular System?
Provides movement by shortening and produces heat
What is the function of the Occipital Lobe?
Provides vision
What is the function of the Occipitalis?
Pulls scalp posteriorly
What does Red Marrow contain?
Red and White blood cells
What is the function of the Midbrain?
Reflex centers for vision and hearing ( the lens in your eye bending)
What is the function of the Medulla Oblongata?
Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting
What is the function of the Thalamus?
Relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex
What is step 5 of the SFT?
Rotation of Toponin removes Tropomyosin off of Myosin binding site on Actin
Is the Postcentral Gyrus sensory or motor?
Sensory
When referring to the structure of a bone, what is the Diaphysis?
Shaft of the bone; fibrous connective tissue
What is the function of the Node of Ranvier?
Spaces between myelin sheath where axon is exposed
What is the function of the Astrocyte?
Star shaped cells that anchor neurons to blood capillaries. Protects neurons from harmful substances in blood and controls chemical environment in brain
What is the function of the Skeletal System?
Supports the body by providing framework for muscle attachment, protects internal organs, and gives the body structure
What is the function of the Platysma?
Tenses skin at the neck
What is the strongest bone in the body?
The Femur
When referring to directional terms, what does Anterior mean?
The Front
Which bone is not attached to any other bone?
The Hyoid
What is the function of the Cornea?
The anterior bulge on the surface of the eye
Define the Flexion Movement
The bending of a body part
What is the function of the Gastrocnemius?
The calf muscle
Define the Eversion Movement
The foot's movement away from the midline of the body
Define the Inversion Movement
The foot's movement towards the midline of the body
What is the function of the Fovea Centralis?
The highest point of visual activity
What is the function of the Pupil?
The opening that allows light to enter the eye
Define the Extension Movement
The straightening of a limb at a joint
What is Myosin?
Thick filament (A-band)
What does the Femoral landmark identify?
Thigh area
What is Actin?
Thin filament (I-band)
When referring to directional terms, what does Medial mean?
Toward the Midline
When referring to directional terms, what does Superficial mean?
Toward the body's surface
When referring to directional terms, what does Superior mean?
Toward the head
What is the function of Static Equilibrium?
Utilizes the Vestibular to maintain stability and posture
What is the function of Dynamic Equilibrium?
Utilizes the semicircular canals to balance the head during sudden movements
What is the function of Rods?
Vision in dim light
What does the Carpal landmark identify?
Wrist area
