Anatomy Test 2: Chapter 5

Organic components of the matrix of bone include A) calcium phosphate. B) collagen fibers. C) calcium carbonate. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) collagen fibers

Preforating canals (canals of Volkmann) A) are arranged parallel to the surface of the bone. B) are always associated with osteons in spongy bone. C) transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone. D) occur in growing juvenile bone, but are obliterated in adult bone. E) All of the answers are correct.

C) transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone

During track and field practice, on of the runners trips over a hurdle and falls forward. Fortunately, they are able to break their fall with their hands. However, they stand up holding their wrist in pain. What type of fracture might they have sustained? A) compound fracture B) Colles' fracture C) greenstick fracture D) displaced fracture E) None of the answers are correct.

Colles' fracture

Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification? A) Osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue. B) Osteoblasts secrete the organic component of the matrix. C) Blood vessels enter the spaces between bone spicules to supply the growing tissues. D) The bone grows in length. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) The bone grows in length

Which of the following is an example of a sesamoid bone? A) humerus B) carpal bone C) occipital bone D) patella E) None of the answers are correct.

D) patella

Which of the following describes a central canal A) contains an artery B) contains a vein C) runs parallel to osteons D) contains a nerve E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct

How does an epiphysis contribute to the growth and function of a long bone? A) It permits more additional bone to be formed than would occur without it. B) It allows growth at the metaphysis while retaining the shape of the articular surface. C) It allows the bone to replace the cartilage at the metaphysis more rapidly. D) It permits bones of different densities to occur in close proximity. E) None of the answers are correct.

It allows growth at the metaphysis while retaining the shape of the articular surface

Which of the following is (are) true of the growth of the skeleton? A) It begins to ossify at six weeks of gestational age. B) All bone formation ceases immediately after the end of adolescence. C) Calcification of bones does not occur until an infant begins to learn to walk. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

It begins to ossify at six weeks

If a long bone found at an archeological dig contained functional epiphyseal plates, what inference is most accurate?

The person was prepubertal

How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth? A) They don't; hormones are not involved in bone growth processes. B) They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. C) They control the rate of movement of the epiphyseal line. D) They regulate the deposition of calcium and phosphate salts in the bone matrix. E) None of the answers are correct.

They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity

A break in a bone is called

a fracture

The period of time when bone remodeling is most likely is A) after injury. B) during aging. C) during youth. D) during embryologic development. E) never.

after injury

Bone remodeling occurs in A) spongy bone. B) compact bone. C) all bone types equally at all times. D) all bone types based on need. E) None of the answers are correct.

all bone types based on need

A bone cell that produces new bone matrix is

an osteoblast

The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue is

calcification

Increased levels of calcium in the blood in a pregnant woman would stimulate the secretion of

calcitonin

Layers of bone that go all the way around a bone are referred to as

circumferential lamellae

Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following? A) neural tissue B) muscle tissue C) connective tissue D) epithelial tissue E) None of the answers are correct.

connective tissue

The periosteum A) covers the outside of bones. B) covers articular cartilage. C) can form chondrocytes to assist in enlarging cartilages associated with the bones. D) lines the medullary cavity. E) is vital in blood cell formation.

covers the outside of bones

Which of the following types of fractures produces new and abnormal bone arrangements? A) transverse fracture B) compression fracture C) spiral fracture D) comminuted fracture E) displaced fracture

displaced fractures

The connective tissue covering the inner surface of a bone is the

endosteum

A displaced fracture retains the normal alignment of the bone elements or fragments.

false

A transverse fracture is produced by twisting stresses and spreads along the length of the bone.

false

Every bone contains relatively large a medullary cavity.

false

Periosteum lines the marrow cavity

false

The central canals connect the lacunae to one another

false

The diaphysis is the region at each end of a long bone.

false

The lacuna contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

false

The metaphysis is the tubular shaft of a long bone

false

The scapula is an example of what type of bone

flat

A depression or concavity on the surface of a bone is called a

fossa

Endochondral ossification begins with A) hyaline cartilage. B) elastic cartilage. C) fibrocartilage. D) articular cartilage. E) None of the answers are correct.

hyaline cartilage

Ossification of flat bones is called

intramembranous

The degenerative effects of osteoporosis are most likely to affect

older women

In osseous tissue, which of the following is able to break down bone?

osteoclasts

Mature bone cells that monitor the matrix are

osteocytes

Which type of cell divides readily after a bone is damaged? A) osteocyte B) osteoprogenitor cell C) red marrow cell D) osteoclast E) osteoblast

osteoprogenitor cell

Which of the following works with calcitrol to maintain bone homeostasis? A) growth hormone B) parathyroid hormone C) calcitonin D) calcitriol E) thyroid hormone

parathyroid hormone

The first location of long bone formation begins in an area called the A) trabecula. B) spicule. C) Haversian system. D) primary ossification center. E) secondary ossification center.

primary ossification center

Treating a compound fracture differs from other fractures most significantly due to

risk of infection

The two types of osseous tissue are

spongy and compact bone

Extra bones that develop between the usual bones of the skull are called

sutural bones

Which of the following is a solid structure? A) lacuna B) medullary cavity C) trabecula D) central canal E) canaliculus

trabecula

Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony spines called

trabeculae

Processes that form where tendons or ligaments attach to a bone include A) condyles and trochleae. B) fossae, sulci, and foramina. C) rami and heads. D) trochanters, tuberosities, and tubercles. E) All of the answers are correct.

trochanters, tuberositites, and tubercles

A comminuted fracture shatters the area into a multitude of bony fragments.

true

A compression fracture occurs particularly in the vertebrae subjected to extreme stress, such as when landing on the gluteal region after a fall.

true

the central canal runs parallel to the osteons

true

Bones have a vascular supply that is

very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone

Which of the following is required to produce calcitrol in the kidneys? A) calcium B) vitamin A C) vitamin C D) vitamin D E) sodium

vitamin D

In the skeletal system, compact bone is located A) where bones are most heavily stressed. B) where stresses arrive from many directions. C) in the epiphyses of the long bones. D) in direct contact with articular cartilages. E) All of the answers are correct.

where bones are most heavily stressed

Which is a major function of the skeletal system? A) support of the body B) storage of glucose C) production of ATP D) maintenance of interstitial fluid composition E) None of the answers are correct.

A) support of the body

Which of the following statements characterizes bones and bone tissue A) It can undergo remodeling during life. B) It may have both compact and spongy regions. C) It can be changed by hormonal stimuli. D) It contains openings for nutrient blood vessels. E) All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

In addition to osseous tissue, a typical bone contains A) other connective tissues. B) smooth muscle tissues (in blood vessel walls). C) neural tissues. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct

What is the mechanism of marrow cavity enlargement in a long bone?

As bone matrix is added to the external surface, osteoclasts remove matrix in the center of the bone to enlarge the cavity

During endochondral bone formation, A) the matrix of the cartilage model becomes calcified. B) cells of the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts. C) capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage. D) osteoclasts erode the center of the new bone to form a marrow cavity. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct

The endosteum is best described as A) a tissue that is active during the growth or repair of bone. B) the cellular lining of the marrow cavity and central canals. C) an epithelial layer that covers the trabeculae of spongy bone. D) an incomplete epithelium that sometimes leaves matrix exposed. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct

Which of the following describes how bones are innervated? A) Bones are not innervated. B) Only the periosteum is innervated. C) The periosteum and endosteum are innervated by sensory nerves. D) Only the endosteum, marrow cavity, and epiphyses are innervated. E) The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves.

E) The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves

What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming?

They die and are replaced by bone cells

Which of the following is a classification of bone A) long B) round C) square D) triangular E) indefinite

long

The epiphyseal cartilage connects to the diaphysis by a narrow zone called the

metaphysis

A fracture of a bone that is the result of a twisting bone is called a A) Pott's fracture. B) comminuted fracture. C) greenstick fracture. D) spiral fracture. E) compression fracture.

spiral fracture

A long bone increases in length until

the epiphyseal cartilage becomes ossified

The function of an osteoprogenitor cell in osseous tissue is

to produce new osteoblasts

A Pott fracture occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the lower leg.

true

The skeletal system participates in A) maintaining blood calcium levels. B) absorbing the shock of unexpected rapid body movements. C) facilitating transmission of nerve impulses. D) cushioning abdominal organs such as the kidneys. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) maintaining blood calcium levels

Bone structure is determined by which of the following? A) hormones B) mechanical stress C) muscle attachments D) diet E) All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct

Which of the following is produced within red bone marrow? A) blood cells B) adipose tissue C) calcium D) protein E) All of the answers are correct.

Blood cells

Which of the following is most likely to have a nerve pass through it? A) fossa B) process C) foramen D) condyle E) All of the answers are correct.

C) foramen

Articular cartilage covers opposing bone surfaces at joints.

true

Periosteum covers the outer surface of the bone

true

The perforating canals run perpendicular to the osteons

true

Which of the following is best for viewing bones? A) MRI B) X-rays C) CAT D) ultrasound E) PET

X-Rays

A great example of a pneumatized bone is the A) parietal bone. B) mandible. C) femur. D) vertebra. E) ethmoid bone.

ethmoid bone

The best way to delay skeletal aging is to

exercise