anatomy testbank test 1
A mild sunburn is classified as a __________ burn. A) superficial partial-thickness B) deep partial-thickness C) full-thickness
a
A red blood cell that is placed in a solution shrivels up. The solution is __________. A) hypertonic B) hypotonic C) isotonic D) isertonic
a
A serous membrane consists of which two tissue types? A) Layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of areolar tissue. B) Layer of pseudostratified epithelium and a thick layer of areolar tissue. C) Layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thick layer of dense connective tissue. D) Layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thick layer of cartilage.
a
What organ system includes the kidneys? A) Respiratory system B) Digestive system C) Endocrine system D) Urinary system
d
What separates the epidermis from the dermis? A) Subcutaneous layer B) Adipose tissue C) Stratum granulosum D) Basement membrane
d
What tissue type forms most of the dermis? A) Stratified columnar epithelium B) Adipose tissue C) Stratified squamous epithelium D) Dense irregular connective tissue
d
What type of organic molecule can undergo replication? A) ProteinB) LipidC) Carbohydrate D) Nucleic acid
d
49) What is phagocytosis? A) The process by which a cell membrane engulfs solid particles. B) The process by which a particle enters a cell by moving down its concentration gradient. C) The process by which a cell membrane engulfs droplets. D) The process by which a carrier molecule moves a substance across a cell membrane using ATP.
a
In the genetic disease called ichthyosis, the skin is rough, brown, and scaly because the uppermost layer cannot peel off as easily as it should. What layer of the skin is affected in this disorder? A) EpidermisB) Basement membrane C) DermisD) Subcutaneous layer
a
Inflammation results in __________ in the area of injury or infection, resulting in redness and swelling of the tissue. A) vasodilation B) muscle contraction C) blood clotting D) loss of skin
a
Lacrimal glands release a watery solution, called tears, over the eye. What type of gland are lacrimal glands? A) Merocrine gland B) Apocrine gland C) Holocrinegland D) Endocrine gland
a
Matter is composed of elements which, in turn, are composed of _________. A) atomsB) inorganicmolecules C) organicmolecules D) chemicals
a
Name the tough fibrous protein that is responsible for the waterproof nature of skin. A) Keratin B) Melanin C) Vitamin D D) Collagen
a
Name two types of cavities found in the head. A) Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity B) Oral cavity and mediastinum C) Cranial cavity and vertebral canal D) Middle ear cavities and pleural cavities
a
Nitrogenous bases are components of what type of molecule? A) Nucleic acids B) ProteinsC) Carbohydrates D) Lipids
a
Normally, melanin is confined to what area of the skin? A) Epidermis B) Basement membrane C) Dermal papillae D) Stratum corneum
a
Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) is a condition that occurs when an air-filled space forms between the lung and the wall of the pleural cavity. This space would be between the __________. A) parietal pleura and visceral pleura B) parietal pleura and visceral pericardium C) visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium D) parietal pericardium and parietal pleura
a
Red blood cells are placed in a solution of 0.9% NaCl and no diffusion or osmosis is observed. This means that the solution is __________. A) isotonic B) hypotonic C) hypertonic D) isertonic
a
Specialized cell types organized in a way that provides a specific function form __________. A) tissuesB) organsC) organ systems D) organelles
a
Structures including a bulb, a bulge, and a papilla are all associated with what skin structure? A) Hair follicle B) Dermal layer C) Fingernail D) Melanocyte E) Stratum basale
a
Structures within the skin, called accessory structures, originate from the __________. A) epidermisB) basement membrane C) dermisD) subcutaneous layer
a
The activities of an anatomist consist of __________, whereas those of a physiologist consist of __________. A) observing bodyparts; studying functions of body parts B) conducting experiments; making microscopic examinations C) studyingmolecules; observing forms of the body parts D) sketching; dissecting
a
The condition called __________ results from a complete lack of melanin. A) albinism B) jaundice C) cyanosis D) melanoma
a
The epidermis (outer layer of the skin) needs to be tough and resistant to shearing and stretching. The type of intercellular junction best suited for this need is a(n) __________. A) desmosome B) gap junction C) tight junction D) ion channel
a
The esophagus carries food from the mouth to the stomach. The inner lining is under constant friction as food passes through. What type of epithelial tissue would be best to protect the esophagus? A) Stratified squamous epithelium B) Simple squamous epithelium C) Simple cuboidal epithelium D) Simple columnar epithelium E) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
a
The iris of the eye constricts to change the diameter of the pupil, controlling the amount of light allowed to enter the eye. What type of muscle tissue forms the iris? A) Smooth muscle tissue B) Skeletal muscle tissue C) Intercalated muscle tissue D) Cardiac muscle tissue
a
The nail __________ overlies the nail __________. A) plate; bed B) plate; body C) matrix; bed D) bed; plate
a
The pyloric glands of the stomach release hydrochloric acid and other digestive juices during digestion. These glands have very short ducts and the tubes are branched. These glands are __________. A) simple branched tubular glands B) simple coiled tubular glands C) simple branched alveolar glands D) unicellular glands
a
The skin along with structures such as nails, hair, and sweat glands are part of the __________. A) integumentary system B) dermisC) subcutaneous tissue D) exoskeleton
a
The superficial layer of epidermal cells are __________. A) squamousB) highly mitotic C) cuboidalD) well nourished
a
What cell type gives rise to cutaneous melanomas? A) Melanocytes B) FibroblastsC) Keratinocytes D) Dendritic cells
a
What do intercellular junctions connect? A) Cell membranes B) Cell nuclei C) Blood cells D) Organelles
a
What does the term conformation refer to? A) The three-dimensional shape of a molecule. B) The energy held in the bonds of an organic molecule. C) The ability of DNA to copy itself. D) The amino acid sequence of a protein.
a
What group of elements accounts for more than 95% of the human body by weight? A) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. B) Calcium, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. C) Carbon, phosphorus, oxygen, hydrogen. D) Calcium, phosphorus, hydrogen, nitrogen.
a
What is a hypotonic solution? A) A solution that has a lower concentration of impermeantsolutes than do the cells in the solution. B) A solution that would cause cells in the solution to lose water. C) A solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than do the cells in the solution. D) A solution that would cause cells in the solution to shrink.
a
What is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment?A) Dermal blood vessels constrict. B) Sweat glands become active. C) Smooth muscles relax. D) Dermal blood vessels dilate.
a
What is assimilation? Version 1 11 A) The changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms. B) The breaking down of foods into nutrients that the body can absorb. C) The elimination of waste from the body. D) The increase in body size without a change in overall shape.
a
What is measured by the pH scale? A) Concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. B) Concentration of salts dissolved in a solution. C) Concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution. D) Strength of an electrical current that a solution can carry.
a
What is the order of epidermal strata, from superficial to deep? A) Corneum; lucidum; granulosum; spinosum; basale B) Basale; spinosum; granulosum; lucidum; corneum C) Corneum; granulosum; spinosum; lucidum; basale D) Basale; lucidum; spinosum; granulosum; corneum
a
What is/are the origin(s) of many of the terms in anatomy and physiology? A) Greek and Latin B) Spanish and Portuguese C) French and German D) Chinese and Japanese
a
What layer of the epidermis is absent from thin skin? A) Stratum lucidum B) Stratum granulosum C) Stratum corneum D) Stratum basale
a
What statement describes DNA? A) It is assembled out of subunits containing a sugar group and a phosphate group. B) It is assembled out of subunits called amino acids. C) It is a major source of cellular energy. D) It is important in forming the structure of cells.
a
What statement describes carbohydrates? A) They contain C, H, O, with twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms. B) They are not water soluble, but are lipid soluble. C) They include enzymes, antibodies, and membrane receptor molecules. D) Some will contain nitrogen and phosphate.
a
What statement describes lipids? A) They are insoluble in water. B) They contain abundant amounts of nitrogen and sulfur. C) They have equal numbers of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. D) They include starch, cellulose, and sucrose.
a
What type of epithelium would be best suited for high rates of diffusion and filtration? A) Simple squamous epithelium B) Stratified squamous epithelium C) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium D) Transitional epithelium E) Stratified columnar epithelium
a
What type of molecule has a molecular formula of C6H12O6? A) Monosaccharide B) Amino acidC) Polysaccharide D) Phospholipid
a
When you scrape your skin, white blood cells arrive to fight infection. To slow down near the site of the cut, they use selectin to provide traction. Since selectin helps white blood cells bind to a surface, what type of protein is selectin? A) Cellular adhesion molecule B) Integral protein C) Cellular binding molecule D) Receptor
a
Where is a mitochondrion found in the cell? A) In the intracellular fluid B) In the extracellular fluid C) In the cell membrane D) In the fluid of the nucleus
a
Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one? A) The heart muscle is involuntarily and fatigue-resistant. B) The skin is composed of an epithelial layer over a connective tissue layer. C) The quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles are located in the thigh. D) The aorta is a large vessel connected to the heart.
a
Which of the following best describes the reaction H 2CO 3 → H 2O + CO 2 ? A) Decomposition reaction B) Exchange reaction C) Reversible reaction D) Synthesis reaction
a
Which of the following composes the extracellular matrix? A) Ground substance and protein fibers B) Fixed cells and wandering cells C) Heparin and keratin D) Lacunae and lamellae
a
Which of the following is a general characteristic of connective tissue? A) It consists of cells within extracellular material. B) It has no blood supply. C) It covers the outside of organs. D) It lines organs.
a
Which of the following is an element A) IronB) WaterC) Sodium chloride D) Glucose
a
Which of the following is not an organic compound? A) Sodium chlorideB) CholesterolC) DNAD) The enzyme phosphodiesterase
a
Which of the following is not true about the extracellular matrix? A) It is the same in all of the tissues where it is found. B) In epithelium, it consists of a basement membrane and interstitial matrix. C) In many body parts, it includes various glycoproteins. D) It may include integrins.
a
Which of the following pairs of atoms are isotopes of each other? A) Atom A with 6 protons and 6 neutrons; atom B with 6 protons and 7 neutrons. B) Atom A with 6 protons and 6 neutrons; atom B with 7 protons and 6 neutrons. C) Atom A with 6 protons and 6 neutrons; atom B with 7 protons and 7 neutrons.
a
Which of the following, found in the nucleus, serve as the cell's "mitotic clock"? A) Telomeres B) KinasesC) Ribosomes D) Hormones
a
Which of these is a monosaccharide? A) Glucose B) Starch C) Cellulose D) Sucrose
a
Why does exposure to ultraviolet light darken the skin? A) It stimulates the synthesis of melanin. B) It stimulates the production of keratinocytes. C) It stimulates the synthesis of keratin. D) It stimulates proliferation of papillae.
a
Why does the elevated body temperature seen with a fever develop? A) Because the set point for body temperature becomes elevated. B) Because the set point for body temperature is decreased. C) Because the hypothalamus stops monitoring body temperature. D) Because infection destroys the hypothalamus and, thus, the control center for body temperature.
a
26) Blood vessels in the __________ supply epidermal cells with nutrients. A) epidermisB) dermisC) stratum basale D) hair follicle
b
28) One function of liver cells is lipogenesis, the process of converting excess dietary carbohydrates to lipids. What organelle in the liver cell performs this function? A) Golgi apparatus B) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) Rough endoplasmic reticulum D) Mitochondria
b
40) Which type of tissue lines the follicles of the thyroid glands? A) Simple squamous epithelium B) Simple cuboidal epithelium C) Stratified cuboidal epithelium D) Glandular epithelium
b
44) Which of the following are found within areolar tissue? A) Many adipocytes filled with fat. B) Collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and gel-like ground substance. C) Chondrocytes and lacunae. D) Osteocytes, osteoblasts, and canaliculi.
b
72) During Alison's coronary bypass surgery, a blood vessel from her leg was removed and used to bypass a blockage in a major artery in her heart, where it will supplement the blood supply following a heart attack. The use of her own blood vessel is called an __________. A) exograft B) autograft C) allograft D) isograft
b
A human embryo has a mutation that prevents smooth muscle from developing in the body. Which bodily functions will be most heavily affected by this mutation if the fetus survives to birth? A) Heart functions B) Digestive system functions C) Movement of the body D) Strength of bones
b
A mutation occurs that prevents the formation of intercalated disks. Which of the following muscular structures will be directly affected? A) The legs B) The heart C) The stomach and intestines D) The tongue
b
A parietal layer of a serous membrane __________, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane __________. A) covers organs; lines cavities B) lines cavities; covers organs C) secretes serousfluid; secretes mucus D) secretes mucus; secretes a serous fluid
b
A patient's blood test shows that their blood pH is 7.26. What is the term for this condition? A) Alkalosis B) Acidosis
b
A protein that spans the cell membrane is termed a(n) __________. A) receptor protein B) integral protein C) peripheral protein D) anchoring protein
b
A substance that has been added to a protein sample does not alter the composition or amino acid sequence of the protein itself, but changes its three-dimensional structure. What term describes this effect? A) Decomposition B) DenaturationC) Exchange reaction D) Neutralization
b
A young man who ran 6 miles a day throughout high school is injured during his first season running cross country in college. He must rest for three months and then gradually begin exercising again. The skeletal muscles in his lower limbs decrease in size during this prolonged period of inactivity. The organelles that break down his muscle proteins are __________. A) peroxisomes B) lysosomes C) centrosomes D) ribosomes
b
A(n) _________ gland branches repeatedly before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part. A) simpleB) compound C) tubularD) alveolar
b
An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how temperature changes affect the rate at which the heart beats is most likely a(n) __________. A) anatomist B) physiologist C) chemistD) biochemist
b
Consuming too many vegetables containing the pigment carotene can result in a __________ tinge to the skin due to the deposit of the pigment in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. A) greenish B) yellowish C) bluishD) reddish
b
Elastic connective tissue is found in __________. A) bonesB) walls of blood vessels C) cartilageD) ligaments and tendons
b
Epithelial membranes are composed of what two tissue types? A) Connective tissue and underlying muscle tissue B) Epithelium and underlying connective tissue C) Connective tissue and underlying epithelium D) Epithelium and underlying muscle tissue
b
Granules called __________ serve to transfer pigment from melanocytes to nearby keratinocytes. A) proteosomesB) melanosomesC) melatonin vesicles D) transfer vesicles
b
Homeostasis exists if concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen in the body are balanced and heat and pressure __________. A) decreasesteadily B) remain withincertain limited ranges C) increase when thebody is stressed D) fluctuate greatly between very high and low values
b
How do isotopes of a particular element compare to each other? A) They have the same atomic numberand same mass number. B) They have the same atomic numberbut different mass numbers. C) They have different atomic numbersbut the same mass number. D) They have different atomic numbersand different mass numbers.
b
How does a computerized tomography (CT) scan differ from a conventional X-ray image? A) The CT scan is two-dimensional. B) The CT scan is three-dimensional. C) The CT scan is four-dimensional. D) The CT scan is safer.
b
How is DNA molecules stored in the nucleus? A) As free molecules. B) Complexed with protein, forming chromatin. C) Bound via RNA to the nuclear envelope. D) Complexed with protein on the nuclear envelope.
b
How is a protein molecule changed when it is denatured? A) Its primary and secondary structures are altered. B) Its secondary and tertiary structures are altered. C) Its amino acid sequence and the secondary structure is altered. D) Its tertiary and quaternary structures are altered.
b
How might merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands be described? A) Most common in the armpits and groin B) Secrete in response to elevated body temperature C) Secrete in response to emotional stress D) Usually associated with hair follicles
b
If a human cell has 23 chromosomes, it likely just finished __________. A) mitosisB) meiosisC) cytokinesis D) osmosis
b
In treating a burn patient, how is the "rule of nines" used? A) To estimate the depth of the burn. B) To estimate the surface area of the burn. C) To estimate time needed for healing. D) To estimate the level of pain experienced by the patient.
b
Injections that are administered into the tissues of the skin are called __________ injections. A) subcutaneous B) intradermal C) intramuscular D) hypodermic
b
Katy is an aspiring tattoo artist and is doing her first tattoo. Being nervous, she doesn't adjust the needle depth setting on the tattoo machine properly. As a result, the ink is only deposited into the dermis in some spots, while much of it is deposited into the lower layers of the epidermis. What will happen to the tattooA) The tattoo won't show through the layers of the skin. B) In about a month or so, the ink deposited into the epidermis will be gone. C) The tattoo will be perfectly fine. D) The ink will bleed and the tattoo will be blurry, but the ink will be retained.
b
Magnetic resonance imaging uses __________. A) X-rays B) radio waves C) radioisotopes D) high-frequency sound waves
b
Mitosis is division of the __________. Upon completion of the cell cycle that includes mitosis, there are __________cells. A) cytoplasm; two B) nucleus; two C) cytoplasm; four D) nucleus; four
b
Name the polysachharide synthesized by human cells and stored in the liver and skeletal muscles. A) Glucose B) Glycogen C) Sucrose D) Lactose
b
Nucleic acids include __________. A) proteins and DNA B) RNA and DNA C) enzymes and RNA D) steroids and triglycerides
b
Programmed cell death occurs during development, including the removal of webbing between fingers of the fetus. This process is known as __________. A) cell specialization B) apoptosisC) mitosisD) cell differentiation
b
What is the correct sequence of organelles and cell parts involved in milk secretion? A) Cell membrane, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus. B) Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, cell membrane. C) Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, cell membrane. D) Vesicles, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, cell membrane.
b
What is the effect of a positive feedback mechanism? A) It causes long-term changes. B) It moves conditions away from the normal state. C) It brings conditions back to the normal state. D) It produces stable conditions.
b
What is the mass number of an element whose atoms contain eight protons, eight electrons, and eight neutrons? A) 8 B) 16 C) 24 D) 32
b
What is the most abundant inorganic substance in the body? A) Glucose B) Water C) Lipid D) DNA
b
What is the relationship between surface area and volume as a cell grows?A) The relationship between its surface area and volume remains unchanged. B) Its surface area increases to a lesser degree than its volume. C) Its volume increases to a lesser degree than its surface area.
b
What is the role of oxygen in the body? A) Reacts with water to form carbonic acid. B) Used to release energy from nutrient molecules. C) Functions as a major electrolyte. D) Produced as a waste product of celluluar metabolism.
b
What occurs to form a covalent bond? A) One atom loses electrons and another atom gains electrons. B) Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. C) Oppositely charged atoms are attracted to one another. D) Like-charged atoms repel each other.
b
What statement describes proteins? A) Proteins provide most of the energy used by cells.B) The shape of proteins molecules are critical to their function.C) Proteins are built of long carbon chains with specialized chemical groups at either end of the chains.D) Proteins are not water soluble.
b
What type of glands secrete breast milk and ear wax A) Modified sebaceous glands B) Modified apocrine sweat glands C) Modified merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands D) Modified endocrine glands
b
What type of muscle tissue is in the walls of blood vessels? A) Cardiac muscle tissue B) Smooth muscle tissue C) Skeletal muscletissue D) Voluntary muscle tissue
b
What type of tissue would be located between the blood and the air in the lungs to allow for gas exchange? A) Stratified squamous epithelium B) Simple squamous epithelium C) Simple cuboidal epithelium D) Simple columnar epithelium
b
What would occur if the concentration of glucose in the extracellular fluid is higher than the concentration in the intracellular fluid? A) Water will enter the cell by osmosis. B) Water will leave the cell by osmosis. C) Glucose will enter the cell by osmosis. D) Glucose will leave the cell by osmosis.
b
When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is not true? A) The head is facingto the front. B) The palms are facing backwards. C) The body iserect. D) The upperlimbsare at the sides.
b
Where are apocrine sweat glands most abundant? A) On the forehead B) In the axillae C) At the back of the neck D) On the palms of the hands
b
Which compound is not soluble in water? A) Albumin B) Cholesterol C) SucroseD) DNA
b
Which molecule does not have a polar region? A) WaterB) TriglycerideC) Water-soluble amino acid D) Glucose
b
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of nervous tissue? A) It provides cushioning and protection from shearing forces. B) Some of its cells send electrochemical messages. C) Its intercellular space is filled with collagen. D) It contracts to perform movements.
b
Which of the following best describes the reaction NaNO 3 + HCl → HNO 3 + NaCl? A) Decomposition reaction B) Exchange reaction C) Reversible reaction D) Synthesis reaction
b
Sodium ions and calcium ions are examples of what type of particle? A) CationsB) Uncharged particles C) AnionsD) Salts
a
The type of radiation that removes electrons from atoms is called __________ radiation. A) ionizingB) radicalizing C) energizing D) fusion
a
What is secreted by sebaceous glands? A) Fat globules mixed with cellular debrisB) HormonesC) Watery solution containing organic material D) Mucus
a
What requirement of life is the most abundant chemical in the body and is the major component of extracellular fluid? A) Water B) Oxygen C) CellD) Heat E) Food
a
Why are the topics of anatomy and physiology difficult to separate? A) Physiological functions depend on anatomy of structures. B) Physiological functions in an organism are ongoing. C) The body parts take up space. D) Our understanding of physiology is changing more than our understanding of anatomy.
a
Blood cells are produced in the organs of the __________ system. A) endocrine B) skeletalC) respiratory D) muscular
b
Bone cells form concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called __________. A) osteonsB) central canals C) lacunaeD) canaliculi
b
Collagen is a protein with a coiled (helical) conformation. When it is exposed to high temperature, it becomes straight and flat.Its primary structure is not altered by the temperature change. What happened to cause the molecule to flatten? A) Bonds between carbon and oxygen were broken. B) Hydrogen bonds were broken. C) Peptide bonds were broken. D) Peptide bonds were formed.
b
Consider the following list of commonly found items and their pH values: Battery acid (1.0), vinegar (2.2), grapes (3.5-4.5), tomato (4.0-4.5), beer (4.2), coffee (5.0), white bread (5.0-6.0), butter (6.1-6.4), egg whites (7.6-8.0), baking soda (8.3), milk of magnesia (10.6), bleach (12.8) Based on your knowledge of acid and base reactions, which of the following would be most likely to react with a base to form a salt? A) BleachB) Battery acid C) CoffeeD) Egg whites
b
Consider this reaction: HBr + NaOH → NaBr + H __________. A) buffer B) saltC) solvent D) acid
b
During what phase of the cell cycle do chromosomes replicate? A) Prophase B) Interphase C) Metaphase D) Telophase
b
Tara discovers a rapidly growing lump that doubles in size over a month. A doctor does a biopsy and discovers it's a form of cancer. What went wrong in the cell cycle to result in the cancer? TA) Mitosis was too infrequent. B) Mitosis was too frequent. C) The cell cycle stopped. D) The cell cycle ran backwards.
b
What is the source of stem cells within a hair follicle? A) Hair papilla B) Hair bulge C) Hair root D) Hair matrix
b
What is the maximum number of hydrogen atoms a free carbon atom may bond with? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 8
c
What occurs to form an ionicbond? A) Each atom gains electrons. B) Atoms share a pair or moreof electrons. C) Oppositely charged atoms are attracted to each other. D) Like-charged atoms repel each other.
c
What particles are located in the nucleus of an atom? A) Protons and neutrons B) Protons and electrons C) Electrons and neutrons D) Neutrons, electrons, and protons
c
What type of structures can be visualized using ultrasonography? A) Dense organs, such as bones. B) Air-filled organs, such as lungs. C) Soft internalstructures, such as fetuses. D) Microscopic structures, such as mitochondria.
c
When an acid and a base interact during a chemical reaction to produce water and a salt, a type of reaction called a(n) __________ reaction has occurred. A) synthesisB) decomposition C) exchange
c
) Which organelle contains the nucleolus? A) Themitochondrion B) The endoplasmicreticulum C) The Golgiapparatus D) The nucleus
d
29) As keratinocytes age and are pushed further away from the dermis, they develop __________ which help fasten the cells tightly together. This in turn helps the skin serve its protective function. A) melaninB) collagenC) keratinD) desmosomes
d
Excessive collagen production during wound healing results in __________. A) more rapid healing B) blood clot formation C) redness and swelling in wound area D) scar formation
d
Histology is the study of __________. A) organ function B) moleculesC) cellsD) tissues
d
If helium (He) were to gain a proton, what would it become? A) He +B) He−C) Helium-3 D) Lithium
d
In all organisms, what is the basic unit of structure and function? A) The atom B) The organelle C) The macromolecule D) The cell
d
Nerve fibers scattered throughout the dermis are associated with what structures? A) Hair, melanocytes, and keratinocytes B) Bone, tendons, and muscles C) Adipose and reticular tissue D) Muscles, glands, and sensory receptors
d
Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of what type of tissue?'A) Dense irregular tissue B) Reticular connective tissue C) Muscle tissue D) Dense regular connective tissue
d
The chemical bond called a(n) __________ bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms. A) polar covalent B) nonpolar covalent C) ionicD) hydrogen
d
What is a characteristic that many centenarians share? A) They had high level of exercise throughout life. B) They have long-lived relatives. C) They follow the Mediterranean diet. D) They never smoked.
d
Which of the following correctly describes the structural organization of the cell membrane? A) A solid, rigid layer of phospholipid with loosely bound protein molecules. B) A bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded and can move. C) Rigid layers of protein molecules in which carbohydrate molecules are suspended. D) Three layers; lipid on the inside, protein in the middle, and carbohydrates (and polysaccharides) on the outside.
b
Which of the following illustrates a positive feedback mechanism? A) Maintenance of blood pressure. B) Uterine contractions during childbirth. C) Body temperature control. D) Control of blood sugar.
b
Which of the following is not true of organelles? A) They carry on specific activities. B) They are only in cells of humans. C) They are composed of aggregates of large molecules. D) They are found in many types of cells.
b
Which of the following is true regarding the pH scale? A) Each whole number on the scale represents a two-fold difference in hydrogen ion concentration. B) The lower the whole number on the scale, the greater the H + concentration. C) Values above 7 are acidic.D) A substance of pH 2 is more basic than a substance of pH 4.
b
Which statement correctly describes radioactive isotopes? A) They are stable and can participate in chemical bonding. B) They are unstable and will decompose, releasing energy. C) They are stable and will decompose, releasing energy. D) They are unstable, but can become stable by bonding with other isotopes.
b
Which statement describes melanocytes in very dark skin? A) They are more abundant than they are in light skin. B) They each contain one large pigment granule. C) They lack pigment but shrivel up and turn black. D) They contain numerous small pigment granules.
b
Which type of muscle tissue can be consciously controlled? A) Smooth muscle tissue B) Skeletal muscle tissue C) Intestinal muscle tissue D) Cardiac muscle tissue
b
Why are cartilage tissues likely to be slow in healing following an injury? A) Chondrocytes cannot divide. B) Chondrocytes do not have direct blood supplies. C) The intercellular material is semisolid. D) Cartilage cells are immersed influids.
b
Wrinkles develop with aging. What change to the skin would cause these wrinkles to occur? A) Collagen degrades in the subcutaneous layer as the epidermis thins. B) Fat is lost from the subcutaneous layer and the dermis shrinks. C) The number of sweat glands diminishes. D) Epidermal cells undergo a burst of cell division.
b
Embryonic stem cells growing in a lab dish are bathed in a "cocktail" of chemicals that cause them to specialize into branching networks of single-nucleated cells that pulsate in unison. These cells are most likely part of what types of tissue? A) Smooth muscle B) Skeletal muscle C) Cardiac muscle D) Epithelial tissue
c
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation greatly increases the risk of developing __________. A) heart disease B) diabetesC) skin cancer D) glaucoma
c
Following the nomenclature for cells, what cell types take in solid particles like bacteria? A) Phagozyme B) PhagaseC) Phagocyte D) Phagosome
c
How do DNA and RNA differ? A) DNA contains ribose and RNA contains deoxyribose. B) DNA is single-stranded and RNA is double-stranded. C) DNA codes for genetic information and RNA uses that information to synthesize protein.D) DNA is comprised of nucleotides and RNA is comprised of amino acids.
c
How do merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands differ from sebaceous glands?A) Merocrine glands are in the dermis while sebaceous glands are in the subcutaneous layer.B) Merocrine glands release their product onto the skin surface while sebaceous glands release their product into the blood.C) Merocrine glands release a watery secretion while sebaceous glands release an oily secretion.D) Merocrine glands are modified apocrine glands while sebaceous glands are modified ceruminous glands.
c
How do merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretions differ? A) In the locations of the glands that produce them. B) In the number of cells that secrete. C) In the amount of cytoplasm secreted along with the glandular product. D) In the amount of glycoprotein secreted with the glandular product.
c
How do the atoms of different elements differ from one another? A) They have the same atomic numbers and the same mass numbers. B) They have the same atomic numbers but different mass numbers. C) They have different atomic numbers and different mass numbers. D) They have different atomic numbers but the same number of electrons.
c
How do the atoms of isotopes of a particular element vary? A) They have differing numbers of electrons. B) They have differing numbers of protons. C) They have differing numbers of neutrons. D) They have differing number of nuclei.
c
In negative feedbackmechanisms, what occurs due to changes that move a variable away from the normal state? A) Stimulation to change the variable in the same direction. B) Inhibition of all body reactions. C) Stimulation to change the variable in the opposite direction. D) Stimulation to reduce all requirements of the body.
c
Jackson has a condition in which his fibroblasts are functional, but very inefficient and produce collagen at a slow rate. He has cut himself on a broken piece of glass. What will his healing process be like? A) No blood clot or scab will form. B) Only the epidermis will heal. The dermis will not heal until he seeks medical intervention. C) The wound will heal very slowly.D) Heavy scar tissue will be produced in and around the wou
c
Jeffery donates part of his liver to his daughter who suffers from cystic fibrosis. This is an example of an __________. A) exograft B) autograft C) allograft D) isograft
c
Lard, a fat that is solid at room temperature, will have __________ than peanut oil. A) more oxygen atoms B) more glycerol groups C) more single carbon-carbon bonds D) fewer hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms
c
Molecules bind to receptor sites and are enclosed in vesicles in the process of __________. A) pinocytosisB) phagocytosisC) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) exocytosis
c
Simple squamous epithelium is an example of which organizational level? A) Organ system B) OrganC) TissueD) Molecule
c
Skin cells play an important role in producing what vitamin? A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin B C) Vitamin D D) Vitamin K
c
Smooth muscle is found in the wall of the __________. A) heartB) boneC) stomach D) liver
c
Spicy foods irritate the membrane of your mouth, which triggers goblet cells to produce a protective layer of a thick substance called mucus. What membrane must be lining the mouth? A) Serous membrane B) Synovial membrane C) Mucous membrane D) Cutaneous membrane
c
Sweating results in loss of body heat by what means? A) Convection B) Conduction C) Evaporation D) Radiation
c
The __________ is typically thicker than the __________. A) stratum basale; stratum corneum B) papillary layer; reticular layer C) dermis; epidermis D) skin of the forearm; skin of the palm of the hand
c
The ability of an organism to sense and react tochanges in its body is an example of __________. A) circulationB) respirationC) responsiveness D) absorption
c
The average number of divisions that a human cell cultured in a dish can undergo is __________. A) 10-20 B) 30-40 C) 40-60 D) 60-100
c
The cosmetic procedure called miraDry involves microwaving the axillary region. After this procedure, patients notice a drastic reduction in both body odor and wetness in their underarms. Hair remains unchanged. What structures are affected by this treatment? A) Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands and ceruminous glands B) Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands and sebaceous glands C) Merocrine (eccrine) and apocrine sweat glands D) Sebaceous glands and ceruminous glands
c
The difference in hydrogen ion concentration between solutions with pH 4 and pH 5 is __________. A) two-foldB) five-foldC) ten-foldD) hundred-fold
c
The femoral region is ________ to the popliteal region. A) distalB) medial C) proximal D) lateral
c
The major blood vessels that supply the epidermis are in the __________. A) stratum basale B) basement membrane C) dermisD) stratum corneum
c
The membranes of the blood-brain barrier need to be fused, preventing any substances from entering and/or escaping between cells. The type of intercellular junction best suited for this need is a(n) __________. A) desmosome B) gap junction C) tight junction D) ion channel
c
The pancreas releases hormones. It also releases enzymes needed to break down food. Because of this dual role, the pancreas could be considered part of what two organ systems? A) Nervous and digestive systems B) Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems C) Endocrine and digestive systems D) Urinary and endocrine systems E) Lymphatic and integumentary systems
c
The thoracic cavity is __________ to the abdominopelvic cavity. A) dorsal (posterior) B) ventral (anterior) C) superior D) inferior
c
Vesicles can be formed fromthe __________ membrane. A) lysosomalB) nuclearC) cellD) mitochondrial
c
What are corns? A) Areas of white skin pigmentation B) Scaly areas on the scalp C) Keratinized conical masses D) Growths emanating from the nails
c
What are nucleic acids? A) Inorganic salts B) Molecules that act as enzymes. C) Molecules comprised of nucleotides. D) Primary sources of cellular energy.
c
What are the major components of the cell membrane? A) Lipids and carbohydrates B) Proteins and carbohydrates C) Lipids and proteins D) Carbohydrates and polysaccharides
c
What causes wrinkling and sagging of the skin? A) Drinking too much waterB) GeneticsC) Loss of subcutaneous fat, elastin, and collagen. D) Excess subcutaneous fat
c
What characteristics would be found in the tissue that forms the inner lining of the respiratory passages? A) Mucus-secreting and transitional. B) Stratified, sputum-secreting, and non-ciliated. C) Mucus-secreting, ciliated, and pseudostratified. D) Serous fluid-secreting, simple, and columnar.
c
What cytoskeletal structures are not found in all cell types? A) MicrotubulesB) MicrofilamentsC) MyofibrilsD) Intermediate filaments
c
What determines the color of skin? A) The number of melanocytes in the epidermis. B) The thickness of the epidermis. C) The amount of melanin that melanocytes produce. D) The density of hair.
c
What feature of the skin is involved in acne? A) Sweat glands B) Hair follicles C) Sebaceous glands D) Apocrine glands
c
What forms the granulations that may appear during the healing of a large, open wound? A) Blood clots B) Phagocytic cells and collagen fibers C) New blood vessels surrounded by fibroblasts D) Scar tissue
c
What happens to keratinocytes as they are pushed from the deeper layers of the epidermis toward the surface? A) They continue to divide. B) They take on more pigment. C) They die. D) They become dermal cells.
c
What is a function of the protein p53? A) Forms links between neighboring epidermal cells B) Stimulates hair growth C) Protects cells from overexposure to the sun D) Stimulates mitosis in the stratum basale
c
What is a main function ofthe digestive system? A) Formation ofcells B) Movement of bodyparts C) Absorption ofnutrients D) Providing oxygen for the extraction ofenergy from nutrients.
c
What is an isotonic solution? A) A solution that has a greater concentration of impermeant solute than a cell. B) A solution that results in more water entering than leaving a cell. C) A solution that has the same osmotic pressure as a cell. D) A solution that will cause a cell to shrink.
c
What is the anatomical term that indicatesa structure close to the surface? A) Anterior B) Proximal C) Superficial D) Superior
c
What is the chemical formula H 2O referring to? A) An atom with two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule. B) An atom with one hydrogen molecule and two oxygen molecules. C) A molecule that contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. D) A molecule that contains one hydrogen atom and two oxygen atoms.
c
What is the correct order of the stages of the cell cycle? A) Differentiation, cytoplasmic division, mitosis, interphase. B) Interphase, differentiation, cytoplasmic division, mitosis. C) Interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, differentiation. D) Mitosis, interphase, cytoplasmic division, differentiation.
c
What is the function of adipose tissue? A) Causes movement of the limbs B) Provides framework for organs C) Stores energy D) Forms inner lining of body cavities E) Gives shape to the ear
c
What is the origin of the term "anatomy"? A) From the Greek word for "function". B) Named after the first anatomist. C) From the Greek word for "cutting up". D) For the function of internal organs.
c
What type of atomic radiation will most deeply penetrate matter? A) Alpha radiation B) Beta radiation C) Gamma radiation
c
What type of cell produces connective tissue fibers? A) Macrophage B) Mast cellC) Fibroblast D) Osteoclast
c
What type of muscle cell(s) have more than one nucleus? \\A) Smooth muscle cellsand skeletal muscle cells B) Cardiac muscle cellsand smooth muscle cells C) Skeletal muscle cellsonly D) Smooth muscle cellsonly
c
When are synthesis reactions particularly important in the body? A) During the release of energy from nutrients. B) For the digestion of food products. C) For the growth of body parts. D) During the neutralization of acids by buffers.
c
When does inflammation occur? A) In response to extreme cold B) In response to injury or infection C) In response to fever D) In response to aging
c
When placed in a solution, the compound HNO 3 dissociates into H+ and NO Thecompound HNO 3 must be a(n) __________. 3 -. A) saltB) nucleotideC) acidD) monosaccharide
c
Which is the most likely explanation for the defect in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, in which the skin develops blisters in response to any touch? A) The skin has toomany melanocytes that produce too much melanin. B) Melanocytes cannotproduce melanin. C) Collagen fibers that attach the epidermis to the dermis break down. D) The skin layers arereversed.
c
Which muscle tissues are under involuntary control? A) Smooth muscle tissueand skeletal muscle tissue B) Cardiac muscle tissueand skeletal muscle tissue C) Smooth muscle tissueand cardiac muscle tissue D) Smooth muscle tissue, skeletal muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue
c
Which of following does not influence the rate of molecular movement? A) Distance B) The concentration of the substance. C) The amount of energy available for transport molecules. D) The molecular weight of the diffusing molecules.
c
Which of the following characteristics is used to name epithelial tissue types? A) Location of cells in the body B) Number of inclusions C) Organization of cells D) Number ofmitochondria
c
Which of the following describes a feature of the epidermis? A) It is comprised of epithelium and connective tissue. B) Sweat glands originate in its deepest layer. C) It lacks blood vessels. D) The superficial cells undergo continual mitosis.
c
Which of the following describes a lysosome? A) A double-membraned organelle that is the "powerhouse" of the cell. B) A complex network of interconnected membranes that is a communication system within the cell. C) A tiny, membranous sac that contains enzymes that degrade worn cell parts and debris. D) A nonmembranous structure that is essential for mitosis.
c
Which of the following is an example of a positive homeostatic mechanism in the human body? A) Shivering when body temperature falls below normal. B) Increasing heart rate and force of contraction when blood pressure falls. C) Retention of fluid leading to retention of more fluid. D) Secreting insulin after a meal to return blood sugar concentration toward normal.
c
Which of the following is true regarding the effect of a positive feedback mechanisms? A) They are theprimary means of maintaining homeostasis. B) They stabilizeconditions. C) Theycauseunstable conditions, at least temporarily. D) They maintain theinternal environment. E) They moveconditions toward a setpoint.
c
Which of the following isnot one of the four basic types of body tissues? A) Epithelial tissue B) Connective tissue C) Eye tissue D) Muscle tissue
c
Which of the following processes does not help to maintain the life of an individual organism? A) Responsiveness B) MovementC) Reproduction D) Respiration
c
Which of the following processes is most important to the continuation of the human species? A) Responsiveness B) MovementC) Reproduction D) Respiration
c
Why are the elderly less able to maintain a stable body temperature?A) They can no longer sense temperature. B) Their sebaceous glands become less active. C) They have fewer sweat glands. D) Their skin has hardened.
c
Why do mutations usually disrupt the function of collagen? A) The many types of collagen are widespread in the body. B) Collagen has a variable structure. C) Collagen has a very precise structure. D) Collagen is used as a cosmetic.
c
Why is a complete atom considered to be electrically neutral? A) Because the number of protons equals the number of neutrons. B) Because the number of electrons equals the number of neutrons. C) Because the number of electrons equals the number of protons. D) Because the number of electrons is greaterthan the number of protons.
c
You step out of the shower and vigorously rub your skin with a towel. If you were able to analyze the towel, you would find skin cells. They are most likely what type of cell? A) Melanocytes B) Dermal cells C) Keratinocytes D) Fibroblasts
c
46) Which of the following diseases would originate in the abdominopelvic cavity? A) AsthmaB) LaryngitisC) Myopia (near-sightedness) D) Pancreatitis
d
48) Which of the following are cellular fragments? A) Red blood cells B) White blood cells C) Lymphocytes D) Bloodplatelets
d
52) What type of tissue is adipose tissue? A) Epithelial tissue B) Muscle tissue C) Nervous tissue D) Connective tissue
d
61) The body loses heat to the air molecules continuously circulating over it by the process of __________. A) Radiation B) Evaporation C) Conduction D) Convection
d
72) Damage to cellular DNA that cannot be repaired would induce __________. A) mitosis B) meiosis C) apoptosis D) necrosis
d
A __________ membrane lines tubes and cavities that open to the outside of the body A) serousB) cutaneous C) synovial D) mucous
d
A blood pH of __________ is called alkalemia. A) 6.5 - 7.0 B) 7.0- 7.2 C) 7.2 - 7.5 D) 7.5 - 7.8
d
A nerve and blood vessels are sometimes bundled together by a connective tissue that is cobweb-like in appearance. What type of connective tissue serves this function? A) Dense connective tissue B) Hyaline cartilage C) Adipose tissue D) Areolar tissue
d
A researcher has been studying genes that result in abnormal cell growth and has linked them to cancer. What two types of genes is the researcher studying? A) Kinases and cyclins. B) Oncosuppressors and tumor activators. C) Metastatic activators and apoptosis stimulators. D) Tumor suppressors and oncogenes.
d
A solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is described as being __________. A) acidic B) basic C) alkaline D) neutral
d
A temporary cell that is no longer useful for development undergoes preprogrammed cell death. What occurs during this process? A) Chromosomes join. B) The cytoskeleton forms large, complex structures. C) Mitochondria merge. D) The cell can no longer adhere to other cells.
d
Adrenoleukodystrophy is a genetic disorder that affects the nervous system. The gene abnormality causes a lack of an enzyme that breaks down very long chain fatty acids outside the cell. The resulting over-accumulation causes brain degeneration. What organelle is affected by the gene abnormality? A) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum C) Mitochondrion D) Peroxisomes
d
Arrector pili muscles are attached to what feature of the skin? A) Nail beds B) Sebaceous glands C) Stratum corneum D) Hair follicles
d
As a person ages, what happens to their skin? A) The skin becomes thicker.B) The skin becomes more opaque. C) The skin becomes more elastic. D) The skin becomes thinner.
d
Buildup of incorrectly folded proteins induces a stress response known as unknown protein response (UPR). When prolonged, UPR has a high correlation with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's. Which organelle is likely malfunctioning and allowing for the buildup? A) Mitochondrion B) VesicleC) NucleusD) Lysosome
d
Carlee slammed her fingers in a door. One of her fingernails is damaged near the lunula, forming a white oval at the site of the injury. As time progresses, what happens to the damaged (white) area? A) The white oval will slowly dissipate and disappear as the damage is replaced from underneath via the nail bed. B) The white oval will split vertically and each half will gradually movetoward the lateral (horizontal) edges of the nail. C) The white oval will be pushed up to the surface and out of the nail as a raised bump, with that section of nail eventually peeling off. D) The white oval will gradually move out toward the free edge of the nail and then be worn away along with neighboring normal areas of the nail.
d
Chloride ions follow their concentration gradient, but require a membrane protein for passage. Which transport method is occurring? A) DiffusionB) Active transportC) PinocytosisD) Facilitated diffusion
d
Complete ribosomes, found within cells of the body, are formed by the association between different protein subunits. Each complete ribosome represents the __________ of this organelle. A) primary structure B) secondary structure C) tertiary structure D) quaternary structure
d
Consider the following list of commonly found items and their pH values: Stomach acid (2.0), tomato juice (4.2), cabbage (5.3), cow's milk (6.6), egg white (8.0), baking soda (8.4), milk of magnesia (10.5), bleach (12.8) Which of the following is closest to the pH of distilled water? A) Tomato juice B) Baking soda C) Egg white D) Cow's milk
d
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a hereditary disorder that affects collagen production. What type of tissue would be most affected? A) Epithelial tissue B) Muscle tissue C) Nervous tissue D) Connective tissue
d
Epidermis is composed of __________, whereas dermis is composed of __________. A) areolar tissue; columnar epithelial tissue B) dense irregular connective tissue; simple squamous epithelial tissue C) pseudostratified epithelial tissue; areolar tissue D) stratified squamous epithelial tissue; dense irregular connective tissue
d
How can the body generate heat when one gets chilled? A) By stimulating activity of merocrine glands B) By dilating dermal blood vessels C) By constricting dermal blood vessels D) By increasing skeletal muscle activity
d
How does one isotope of a particular element differ from another of the same element? A) The isotopes have different numbers of protons. B) The isotopes have different atomic numbers. C) The isotopes have different numbers of electrons. D) The isotopes have different mass numbers.
d
Salt is placed in a glass of water. Slowly the salt begins to move from one area to another area. What factor caused the movement of the salt? A) Distance gradient B) Distance vector C) Concentration vector D) Concentration gradient
d
The atomic number of an atom equals the number of __________, and the mass number equals the __________. A) weight of all electrons; number of protons plus neutrons B) number of protons; weight of all the electronsC) number of neutrons plus protons; number of electrons D) number of protons; number of protons plus neutrons
d
The greater omentum is a structure that exists in the abdomen and hangs over the digestive tract, behind the abdominal muscles. A cross section viewed under a microscope reveals that it contains a connective tissue composed of large cells, or droplets. The cell walls are very thin and there is no collagen. The tissue looks like it might be good for cushioning. What type of connective tissue is this? A) Areolar tissue B) Dense regular connective tissue C) Elastic connective tissue D) Adipose tissue
d
The homeostatic mechanism that maintains body temperature has the __________ as its control center. A) dermal blood vessels B) skeletal muscles C) spinal cord D) hypothalamus
d
The pituitary gland is a structure in the brain that secretes hormones into the bloodstream. What epithelium is part of this structure and produces the secretion? A) Simple squamous epithelium B) Transitional epithelium C) Stratified cuboidal epithelium D) Glandular epithelium
d
The upper midportion of the abdomen is called the __________region. A) hypochondriac B) iliacC) hypogastric D) epigastric
d
Water loss from the skin is minimal because of the structure of the __________. A) reticular layer of the dermis B) papillary layer of the dermis C) subcutaneous layer D) epidermis
d
What are dermal papillae? A) Bundles of dense connective tissue fibers. B) Cluster of cells that produce hair. C) Site where nails are anchored to fingers or toes. D) Projections of dermal tissue between epidermal ridges.
d
What are the functions of neuroglia? A) They guide neurons to muscles, then pass neurotransmitters to the muscle cells. B) They serve as glue and scaffolding for neurons but have no physiological role. C) They sensechanges in the environment and respond by sending electrical impulses. D) They support and bind nervous tissue and provide nutrients and growth factors to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels.
d
What are the three major parts of a cell? A) Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles. B) Nucleus, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope. C) Microtubules, ribosomes, and centrosomes. D) Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
d
What best describes endoplasmic reticulum? A) A component of the cytoskeleton. B) A cellular inclusion. C) A nuclear pore. D) A network of interconnected membranes.
d
What building blocks form triglycerides? A) Three glycerol groups and one fatty acid. B) Three glucose molecules. C) Three fatty acids and three phosphate groups. D) Three fatty acids and one glycerol.
d
What cell type produces the nail plates? A) Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) B) FibroblastsC) MelanocytesD) Specialized epithelial cells
d
What characteristic does simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion have in common? A) Both require cellular energy for the transport of substances. B) Both move water across a semipermeable membrane. C) Both require a special carrier molecule to move substances across the membrane. D) Both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without using cellular energy.
d
What epidermal layer consists of a single layer of columnar cells that undergo mitosis? A) Stratum corneum B) Stratum granulosum C) Stratum spinosum D) Stratum basale
d
What feature of the skin gives it elasticity and toughness? A) The presence of hair follicles in the dermis. B) The shape of the epithelial cells of the epidermis. C) The adipose tissue of the subcutaneous layer. D) The connective tissue in the dermis.
d
What gives a nail its hardness? A) Melanin B) Collagen C) Calcium D) Keratin
d
What is the definition of homeostasis? A) The changing external conditions. B) The maintenance of stable external conditions. C) The changing internal conditions. D) The maintenance of stable internal conditions.
d
What is the definition of metabolism? A) The removal of wastes produced by chemical reactions. B) The breakdown of substances into simpler forms. C) The taking in of nutrients. D) The chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life.
d
What is the function of the dendritic cells of the epidermis? A) They are tough, waterproof cells that allow the skin to be a tough dry barrier. B) They serve as sensory receptors, detecting light touch. C) They produce a pigment that gives the skin its color and helps to protect DNA from UV radiation.D) They are phagocytic and help in triggering an immune response to any invading microbes.
d
What is the main function of cristae in mitochondria? A) To produce enzymes for reactions. B) To increase chemical transport in mitochondria. C) To facilitate diffusion of substances into the mitochondria. D) To increase the surface area for chemical reactions
d
What is the primary means of body heat loss? A) Conduction B) Convection C) Evaporation D) Radiation
d
What is the relationship of osmotic pressure to the number of solute particles in a solution? A) pressure. B) pressure. C) particles. D) pressure. The lower the number of impermeant solute particles, the greater the osmotic The greater the number of impermeant solute particles, the lower the osmotic The greater the osmotic pressure, the lower the number of impermeant solute The greater the number of impermeant solute particles, the greater the osmotic
d
What is the term "physiology" is relatedto? A) The Latin word for "physical shape". B) The structure of internal organs. C) The Greek word for "cutting up". D) The Greek word for "relationship to nature".
d
What process is defined as the removal of wastes? A) Metabolism B) Absorption C) Assimilation D) Excretion
d
What would happen if a red blood cell was placed in a hypotonic solution? A) The cell will shrink. B) Only permeable substances will leave, but concentrations in the cell do not change. C) The cell will remain the same size and shape. D) The cell will swell and may eventually burst.
d
When does cell death first occur? A) Around age 60 B) Around age 50 C) At puberty D) During fetal development
d
Which of the following are typically required to maintain a stable internal environment? A) Positive feedback mechanisms. B) An unstable outside environment. C) Decreased atmospheric pressure. D) Negative feedback mechanisms.
d
Which of the following characteristics of life and their descriptions is correct? A) Responsiveness: obtaining and using oxygen to release energy from food. B) Assimilation: sensing changes inside or outside the body and reacting to them. C) Respiration: changing absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different from those that entered the body fluids.D) Circulation: the movement of substances in body fluids.
d
Which of the following is not part of the female reproductive system? A) The uterus B) The uterine tube C) The vulva D) The scrotum
d
Which of the following lists best illustrates increasing levels of complexity? A) Cells, tissues, organelles, organs, organ systems. B) Tissues, cells, organs, organelles, organ systems. C) Organs, organelles, organ systems, cells, tissues. D) Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.
d
Which of the following structures would be affected the most by a deficiency in collagen? A) The liver and spleen B) The epidermis of the skin C) The lining of the small intestine D) The bones
d
"Cutaneous membrane" refers to __________. A) skinB) boneC) cartilage D) mucus
a
28) Positronemission tomography (PET) imaging relies upon the emission of __________ from radioactive isotopes such as carbon-11. A) positively charged electrons B) negatively charged electrons C) positively charged neutrons D) protons
a
30) In order to understand how digestion of nutrients occurs, or how nutrients are used to provide cellular energy, it is necessary to understand __________. A) chemistry B) anatomyC) radioactivity D) cytology
a
33) What is the function of the nucleus? A) To direct the activities of the cell. B) To form mitochondria. C) To transfer energy. D) To provide shape to the cell.
a
35) Which of the following are functions of epithelial tissue? A) Secretion, absorption, and protection. B) Contraction, movement, and reflexes. C) Reacting to stimuli, thinking, and remembering. D) Nourishing and hydrating tissues.
a
68) When a signal travels from a motor neuron to a skeletal muscle, what path does the nerve signal travel? A) From the dendrites of the motor neuron down the axon, and then from the axon to the muscle. B) From the neuroglia of the motor neuron down the axon, and then from the axon to the muscle. C) From the axon of the motor neuron down to the dendrites, and then from the dendrites to the muscle. D) From the axon of the motor neuron down to the neuroglia, and then from the neuroglia to the dendrites of the muscle.
a
70) What term describes a burn affecting only the epidermis? A) Superficial partial-thickness burn B) Deep partial-thickness burn C) Full thickness burn
a
74) A researcher develops a genetically modified organism that is paralyzed because none of the motor neurons that stimulate muscles can receive signals from other neurons in the spinal cord. What is wrong with these motor neurons? A) The motor neurons lack dendrites. B) The motor neurons lack axons. C) The motor neurons cannot reach the muscles. D) The other neurons lack nuclei.
a
79) The __________ of the __________ layer is important in conserving body heat. A) adipose tissue; subcutaneous B) areolar tissue; papillary C) stratified epithelium; epidermal D) dense connective tissue; dermal
a
92) The treatment called Botox works by blocking nerve signals and is typically used to target the muscles of the face to reduce wrinkling. However, some patients with excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) have Botox injected into problem areas to reduce the amount of sweating. Why would this work? A) Nerve signals that stimulate apocrine and merocrine glands are blocked. B) Nerve signals to arrector pili muscles are blocked so they aren't stimulated to squeeze sweat from the glands. C) Nerve signals that stimulate sebaceous glands are blocked. D) Nerve signals from temperature sensors are blocked, so the sweat glands aren't triggered to secrete when the temperature increases.
a
A body has been sectioned in such a way that both lungs and the urinary bladder are visible.What type of section was used? A) FrontalB) Transverse C) Coronal D) Sagittal
a
ATP is used to power many cellular processes. Some genetic disorders are the result of defects in ATP creation. Which organelle is likely affected in these disorders? A) Mitochondrion B) RibosomeC) PeroxisomeD) Golgi apparatus
a
Amylase is an enzyme that promotes the breakdown of starches during digestion. Which of the following describes the method by which amylase functions? A) It catalyzes starch breakdown without being changed or depleted. B) It functions as a hormone that signals for starch breakdown to begin. C) It inhibits chemical reactions by being changed or depleted by the starch. D) It changes its composition in order to break starch down itself.
a
An atom has a full innermost shell and three electrons in its second shell. What would happen when this atom forms a chemical bond? A) It will lose three electrons from its second shell. B) It will lose all of the electrons from its innermost shell. C) It will lose all of the electrons from both its innermost and second shells. D) It will gain five electrons in its second shell.
a
As body temperature increases, the dermal blood vessels are triggered to __________. A) dilate B) constrict
a
Because the ways that atoms interact is due to their number of __________, isotopes of an atom chemically react in the same manner. A) electrons B) neutrons C) protons
a
Bell's palsy results in the lack of stimulation to facial muscles, so they do not contact. Bell's palsy is associated with what organ system? A) Nervous system B) Endocrine system C) Skeletal system D) Integumentary system
a
Cell membranes are described as a fluid mosaic that maintains stability while still allowing movement. What component is responsible for most of the flexibility of the membrane? A) Phospholipid bilayer B) Integral proteins C) Polysaccharides D) Carbohydrates
a
Cells are placed in a solution that causes them to absorb liquid until they burst. When water is removed from the solution, newly added cells do not burst. The original solution was __________ , while the second was __________ to the cells. A) hypotonic; isotonic B) hypertonic; isotonic C) isotonic; hypotonic D) isotonic; hypertonic
a
Cellular adhesion molecules are __________. A) peripheral proteins B) integral proteins C) lipidsD) receptors
a
Chemical bonding occurs because of interactions between the __________ of atoms. A) electrons B) nuclei C) protons D) neutrons
a
Chemistry is the branch of science that studies __________. A) the composition, properties, and interactions of matter B) the function of organs within the body C) the structure of the organs of the body D) the location of organs in body cavities
a
During cell division, it is likely the chromosomes will not separate properly if the centriolesfail to attach to what structure? A) Centromeres B) CiliaC) NucleusD) Microtubules
a
For which of the following organelles are the structure and function correctly described? A) Endoplasmic reticulum: a network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals that packages protein molecules for secretion. B) Ribosome: membranous vesicle containing digestive enzymes. C) Golgi apparatus: particles composed of protein and RNA which synthesize proteins. D) Mitochondrion: nonmembranous structure that synthesizes proteins.
a
How are organic compounds different from inorganic compounds? A) Organic compounds always contain both carbon and hydrogen. B) Organic compounds always contain both oxygen and nitrogen. C) Organic compounds always contain both carbon and oxygen. D) Organic compounds always contain both nitrogen and hydrogen.
a
How does an atom of helium differ from an atom of lithium? A) One has two protons, and one has three. B) One is organic and one is inorganic. C) One is polar and one is not. D) One is a molecule and one is a compound.
a
How is it that bone cells and muscle cells differ in structure and function but come from the same original cell? A) Because each expresses a different subset of genes. B) Because each has different genes. C) Because each has different chromosomes. D) Because each express the same subset of genes.
a
You accidentally cut your hand. Bloodplatelets in the area begin to attach to the broken blood vessel walls in the wound. What needs to happen next to create a positive feedback mechanism? A) The platelets change shape and encourage more platelets to rush in and stick to each other to form plugs that seal the broken vessels. B) The platelets sticking to the broken blood vessels signals the blood to stop flowing to that area, which stops the bleeding. C) The sensation of pain in your hand causes your muscles to jerk your hand away from the danger. D) The platelets send signals to the brain to slow heart rate and slow the bleeding.
a
hat epidermal cell type responds to light touch by stimulating sensory nerve endings? A) Tactile cells B) Dendritic cells C) Melanocytes D) Keratinocytes
a
Solution A is a 50% glucose solution. Solution B is a 25% glucose solution. The two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Based on this information, what substance, A) B) C) D) and in which direction, would move across the membrane? There would be a net movement of water from solution A to solution B. There would be a net movement of water from solution B to solution A. There would be a net movement of glucose from solution A to solution B. There would be a net movement of glucose from solution B to solution A.
b
The body is made up of many different cell types, from small circular red blood cells to the elongated smooth muscle cells 20X their size. Why is there such variation in size and shape? A) Different cell sizes are due to nutritional differences. B) Variations in size and shape allow different cell types to perform unique functions. C) Variations in cell shape and size are due to chromosomal differences between cells. D) Cell size and shape does not vary among cell types.
b
The bond that forms between K+ and Cl - is a(n) __________. A) nonpolar covalent bond B) ionic bond C) hydrogen bond D) polar covalent bond
b
The breakdown of table sugar (sucrose) into glucose and fructose is an example of a(n) __________ reaction. A) synthesisB) decomposition C) neutralization D) exchange
b
The first electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of __________ electrons. A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 8
b
The movement of molecules through a membrane by filtration requires __________. A) osmotic pressure B) hydrostatic pressure C) atmospheric pressure D) barometric pressure
b
The skin is composed of an outer layer of epithelial tissue, the epidermis, and an inner layer of connective tissue, the dermis. Between the lowest layer of the epidermis and the top layer of the dermis lies an anchor layer called the __________. A) serous membrane B) basement membrane C) simple cuboidal epithelium D) synovial membrane
b
The skin, as an organ, is also referred to as the __________. A) epidermis B) cutaneous membrane C) stratum corneum D) epithelium
b
The smooth muscle cells of the digestive tract need to send electrical signals between each other to contract in unison. The type of intercellular junction best suited for this need is __________. A) a desmosome B) a gap junction C) a tight junction D) found in the blood-brain barrier
b
The subcutaneous layer is comprised of what tissue type(s)? A) Epithelial tissue B) Areolar and adipose tissue C) Epithelial tissueand areolar tissue D) Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle tissue
b
The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and many of the urinary passageways is __________. A) cuboidal epithelium B) transitional epithelium C) pseudostratified epithelium D) columnar epithelium
b
Treating an extensive burn with an __________ involves covering the injured area with undamaged skin from another area of the body. A) allograft B) autograft C) exograft D) isograft
b
Two thieves steal jewelry, and then drop it as they are escaping. The police recover the jewelry, and an officer explains on the evening news that fingerprints were obtained fromthe back of a watch. The thieves, whose prints are not on file, believe that they can escape prosecution by using acid to remove the epidermis on their fingerpads, so as not to be a match for the fingerprints on the watch. Why are they wrong? A) The prints are due to features of the subcutaneous layer, which are not destroyed. B) The prints are due to features ofthe dermis, which are not destroyed. C) The epidermis will rapidly regrow and re-form the ridges since they are genetically determined.D) The epidermis is too thick for the acid to completely remove the ridges.
b
What are electrolytes? A) Compounds that form covalent bonds with water. B) Compounds that ionize in water. C) Compounds that alter pH of the solution they are in electrolytes. D) Compounds that release radioactive radiation.
b
What forms the shafts of hair? A) Live dermal cells B) Dead epidermal cells C) Live epidermal cells D) Dead dermal cells
b
What happens to the ionic compound NaCl when placed in water? A) A new covalent bond will form between Na and Cl.B) NaCl will dissociate into Na + and Cl - ions.C) Na and Cl will each form a covalent bond with a water molecule. D) The bond between Na and Cl will become a hydrogen bond.
b
What is a defining characteristic of a stem cell A) Self-repairB) Self-renewalC) Ability to turn into a cancer cell D) Origin from a progenitor cell
b
What is found within the nucleolus? A) DNA only B) RNA and protein C) DNA and protein D) RNA only
b
What is illustrated by the recent discovery of taste receptors in the small intestine that detect sweetness? A) Chemical responses occur in only one part of the body. B) New discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made. C) Everything there is to know about anatomy and physiology has been discovered. D) The molecular and cellular levels are of little interest in anatomy and physiology.
b
What is osmosis? A) Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. B) Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane to a solution containing a higher concentration of impermeant solute. C) Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane to a solution containing a lower concentration of impermeant solute. D) Movement of ions from a low pressure region to a high pressure region through a selectively permeable membrane.
b
What is the cause of cyanosis? A) A buildup of cyanide in the skin B) Low blood oxygen levels C) Excess of carotene in the diet D) Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation
b
What is the cellular abnormality that causes cystic fibrosis? A) The absence of the mitochondria within muscle cells. B) Abnormal chloride channels that trap salt inside cells lining the lung passageways. C) Abnormal potassium channels in heart muscle. D) Extra receptors for a growth factor in bone cells.
b
21) Anderson's disease results in the failure to secrete large proteins called chylomicrons. Which organelle is most likely affected? A) NucleusB) LysosomeC) VesicleD) Mitochondrion
c
40) Which of the followingmustthe human body obtain from the environment in order to survive? A) NitrogenB) WastesC) WaterD) Carbondioxide
c
56) During which phase of mitosis do centromeres of replicated chromosomes separate? A) Prophase B) Metaphase C) Anaphase D) Telophase
c
A cell is surrounded by an extremely thin, flexible membrane. Why is the membrane selectively permeable? A) It allows all substances to pass through, making it easier to absorb nutrients. B) It allows all organic substances to pass through, but excludes all inorganic substances that could be harmful. C) It allows some substances to pass through and excludes others based on size, polarity, and other factors. D) It does not allow any substances to pass through as they could damage the cell.
c
A core body temperature that drops below 35oC (95oF) is called __________. A) hyperthermia B) feverC) hypothermia D) alopecia
c
A) Self-repairB) Self-renewalC) Ability to turn into a cancer cell D) Origin from a progenitor cell
c
About how many cells constitute the adult human body? A) 50 to 100 million B) 50 to 100 billion C) 50 to 100 trillion D) 50 to 100 quadrillion
c
After a severe burn, new skin may growoutward from the hair follicles. Why would new growth originate at the hair follicles? A) Hair follicles are very resistant to fire and heat. B) Abundant hair follicles are present on most body surfaces. C) Hair follicles contain a region that gives rise to stem cells. D) Hair follicles are located in the subcutaneous layer.
c
An individual with the condition called phenylketonuria cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine. Molecules that include phenylalanine will build up in the blood, potentially causing intellectual disability and other symptoms. This inherited disease can be controlled by following a diet that is very low in __________. A) carbohydrates B) cholesterol C) proteinD) nucleic acids
c
At what level of organization is skin? A) Tissue level B) Cellular level C) Organ level D) System level E) Chemical level
c
Blonde and red hair is due to the abundance of __________, whereas dark hair is due to having more __________. A) keratin; melanin B) keratin; collagen C) pheomelanin; eumelanin D) promelanin; pseudomelanin
c
Cardiac muscle is found in the wall of _________ A) the stomach B) the intestine C) the heart D) blood vessels
c
Cells that reside in a specific connective tissue type for an extended period of time are called __________ cells. A) wandering B) transitional C) fixedD) stem
c
Coffee grounds are mixed with water before being placed in a funnel filter. The large grounds remain in the filter, but small particles pass through the filter. How did the small particles pass through? A) They moved from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. B) They moved from an area of low hydrostatic pressure to an area of high hydrostatic pressure. C) The moved by hydrostatic pressure that was greater on one side of the membrane than on the other. D) They moved from an area of low osmotic pressure to an area of high osmotic pressure.
c
Compared to stage G1, during what stage is there double the chromosomal DNA? A) G2B) Prophase C) Metaphase D) Apoptosis
c
Consider the following list of commonly found items and their pH values:Baking Soda (8.3), Battery Acid (1.0), Beer (4.2), Bleach (12.8), Butter (6.1-6.4), Coffee (5.0), Egg Whites (7.6-8.0), Grapes (3.5-4.5), Milk of Magnesia (10.6), Tomato (4.0-4.5), Vinegar (2.2), White Bread (5.0-6.0) Which list includes only acids? A) Egg whites, baking soda, milk of magnesia, and bleach. B) Tomatoes, egg whites, and baking soda. C) Vinegar, grapes, tomatoes, and coffee. D) Beer, butter, and baking soda.
c
During wound healing, what forms the scab? A) Phagocytic cells and fibroblasts B) Blood plasma and tissue fluid C) Fibrin and blood cells D) Dead tissue fragments and phagocytes
c
