Anatomy Unit 1 Review

thin skin

Covers most of the body Has four layers of keratinocytes stratum lucidum is absent hair only found on thin skin

In humans, palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet typically

do not have hair

In humans, the distal segments of the fingers and toes

do not have hair

The opposite of depression is

elevation

True or false: The collagenous fibers of dense irregular connective tissue are parallel and closely packed.

false

accessory skin structures

hair, glands, nails

Which of the body cavities contain serous membranes?

pericardial

Vitamin D production in the skin

promotes calcium absorption and bone health

The functions of vitamin D include

promoting uptake of phosphate from intestines stimulating the uptake of calcium from the intestines

Dendrites

receive action potentials, shorter than axons, multiple branches at their ends

Indicate the three components of extracellular matrix.

Ground substance Protein fibers Fluid

The type of lamellae found between osteons (haversian systems) is

concentric

Simple glands are ______ glands.

multicellular

If your patient had very low levels of vitamin D, what would you expect to find?

A higher than normal concentration of calcium in the urine A lower than normal concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood

Select the statements that describe calluses.

Are localized thickenings in the stratum corneum Develop in areas subject to heavy friction or pressure

Indicate functions of connective tissue in the body.

Attachment of one tissue to another Transport of nutrients, gases, enzymes and hormones. Storage of high-energy molecules and minerals. Lends support

the dermis contains

Blood vessels, sensory neurons, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, smooth muscle

True or false: Extracellular matrix includes protein fibers, cytoplasm, and ground substance.

False: Extracellular matrix includes the extracellular fluid, ground substance, and protein fibers.

rue or false: Exocrine glands are classified as compound if they have a single unbranched duct.

False: compound glands have a branched duct

Choose the components of the dermis.

Fibers, glands, blood vessels and nerve endings

What are the two criteria used to classify the different types of epithelial tissue?

Number of cell layers Shape of epithelial cells

pseudo-unipolar neuron

One axon that splits into two branches

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

Only in thick skin Thin, translucent band superficial to the stratum granulosum A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

eccrine sweat glands

Secreting glands, are far more numerous and are abundant on palms, soles of feet and forehead. Each is a simple, coiled, tubular gland. Ducts connect to pores. Sweat: 99% water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin and metabolic wastes.

These collagen fibers help to connect ligaments and tendons to the periosteum of the bone.

Sharpey Fibers

apocrine glands

Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin

What are the deepest structures damaged in a fourth-degree burn?

Tendons, fascia, muscle, and bone

Rheumatoid arthritis is

a condition that may involve an autoimmune disease

Gout is

a metabolic disorder caused by increased uric acid in blood.

multipolar neuron

a nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon

Two methods used by the skin to help decrease body temperature are

activating sweat glands, dilating dermal blood vessels

The type of connective tissue found beneath the skin, within the breast, and on the surface of the heart is

adipose

Binding of epithelia to deeper tissues and providing an arena for immune defense are functions of the loose connective tissue called ______ tissue.

areolar

The loose connective tissue that is the "loose packing" material of most organs and attaches epithelial tissue to deeper tissue is called

areolar

You would look for concentric lamellae

around the central canal of an osteon

subcutaneous tissue

attaches skin to underlying muscles and supplies skin with blood vessels and nerves. consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. sometimes called "hypodermis"

bone growth requires adequate amounts of certain substance from the diet. Which of the following list three of the dietary needs for normal bone growth?

calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

three parts of a neuron

cell body, dendrites, axon

glia

cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons

main protein fiber in dermis

collagen (elastic and reticular also present)

Which type of bone tissue is considered dense bone?

compact bone

reticular layer

composed of dense irregular connective tissue main layer of the dermis

axons

conduct action potentials away from the cell body, longer than dendrites, constant diameter

Storing fats is a function of a ______ tissue.

connective

Support and binding tissues together are examples of functions for

connective

Support and binding tissues together are examples of functions for ______ tissue.

connective

papillary layer

contains projection called dermal papillae that extend toward the epidermis. loose connective tissue with thin fibers loosely arranged contains bloods vessels that supply epidermis with O2 and nutrients, remove waste products and aid in body temp regulation

stratum basale

deepest layer of epidermis, single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells. Anchors epidermis to basement membrane.

layers of the skin

dermis and epidermis

Two types of sweat glands

eccrine and apocrine

What type of fibers are found in areolar connective tissue?

elastic, collagen

A joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement would be classified as a ______ joint

fibrous

The type of burn involving only epidermal tissue, such as a sunburn, would be categorized as

first degree

Which of the following is NOT a cartilaginous joint?

fontanelles

The simplest types of movement at a synovial joint are _________blank movements.

gliding

The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except

increases in sebaceous gland activity

edpidermis

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The medial meniscus is in the

knee

skeletal muscle cells

long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleate

In the figure of the hair follicle, what is label C?

medulla

The deposition of which of the following substances is primarily responsible for the color of the skin, hair and eyes?

melanin

embryonic connective tissue is called

mesenchyme

In replacement, a ______ type of tissue develops.

new

bipolar neurons

one axon and one dendrite

stratum corneum

outermost layer of the epidermis, which consists of flattened, keratinized cells

The dermis contains receptors that detect

pain changes in pressure variations in temperature touch

two layers of the dermis

papillary and reticular

The function of a bursa is to

provide a fluid-filled cushion that reduces friction.

In _____________ the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed.

regeneration

Name the two processes that result in the repair of injured tissue.

regeneration and replacement

The type of connective tissue that helps to tightly bind bones together, resist stress, attach muscle to bone, and transfer muscular tension to bones is called dense _______ collagenous tissue.

regular

Item 4 A pivot joint

restricts movement to rotation

the two major glands of the skin

sebaceous glands and sweat glands

sebaceous glands

secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis simple or compound alveolar glands

What kind of membrane lines an internal body cavity or covers the external surfaces of the viscera?

serous

What are the three major types of tissue membranes?

serous, mucous, synovial

cardiac muscle cells

shorter, cylindrical, striated, usually one nucleus, branched and connected to each other by intercalated discs.

Exocrine glands that have a single unbranched duct are classified as ______ exocrine glands.

simple

Subcutaneous tissue contains of all of the following EXCEPT

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Five strata of the epidermis

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly is called

supination

What major category of tissue membrane is composed only of connective tissue?

synovial

smooth muscle cells

tapered at each end, single nucleus, not striated

Second degree burns involve damage to

the epidermis and dermis

Identify the functions of the integumentary system.

thermoregulation resistance to infection sensation of environmental stimuli

True or false: A tissue that consists of an open lacy network of relatively few protein fibers with widely scattered cells would be classified as a type of loose connective tissue. True false question.

true

A single secretory cell forms a(n) ______ gland.

unicellular

The symptoms of third degree burns include

usually painless because the sensory receptors have been destroyed.