⭐️Ancient World History Semester 2 Final Exam⭐️

What expression references Rome's vast network of roads?

"All roads lead to Rome"; Rome's roads were the reason it could become the powerful empire that it did, and while they didn't invent roads, they built more of them than anyone else and connected everything to everything; the first road was the Appian Way connecting Capua to Rome, and ultimately, they would build more than 50,000 miles of major highways and another 200,000 miles of other roads

What was the Romans' demand from their emperors?

"Bread and Circuses!"-- Caesars had to provide lots of free food and entertainment to the people of their kingdom, which could be afforded since so much food and money came into the city from the rest of the empire, resulting in most Romans sleeping all day long and not working; the more the Romans demanded, the greater the taxes on the rest of the empire to pay

What were Caesar's last words?

"Et tu, Brute?" meaning "Even you, Brutus?"; he sadly says these words to a friend who was part of the plot to kill him

What did historian Will Durant say about Greece?

"Greece is the first link in the European Chain"

What does Genesis 12:3 say?

"I will bless those who bless you, and whoever curses you I will curse, and all peoples on earth will be blessed through you"

What does Mare Nostrum mean?

"Our Sea" in Latin; the name Rome gave to the Mediterranean Sea

What did Spartan women tell their husbands and sons?

"Return with your shield or on it"; Spartan women told their husbands and sons not to return unless they were either a hero or one who was carried back, having died trying

What common phrase references Rome's growth?

"Rome wasn't built in a day"

What was the Triumvirate?

"Rule of 3"; Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar

What is the 5th century called for Athens?

"The Fateful Century," because Western Civilization hung in the balance-- if the mighty Persians destroy the Greeks at this time, then the whole history of Europe and America will be radically different

What is Julius Caesar's most famous phrase?

"Veni, Vidi, Vici"; this indicated how convincingly he had conquered the barbarians of Gaul, meaning "I came, I saw, I conquered"

What is an olympiad?

A 4-year period of time, which separated one set of Olympic games from another

Who was Philip II of Macedon?

A Macedonian king and general; the father of Alexander the Great and founder of Philippi, the namesake for the Bible's Book of Philippians

What was a centurion?

A Roman army commander in charge of about 100 men

What is a proconsul?

A Roman governor

What was a Rex?

A Roman king

What is a publican?

A Roman tax-collector

Who was Archimedes?

A brilliant inventor, perhaps the ancient world's most creative inventor; he invented a grouping of creative defensive weapons that wreaked havoc on the Roman navy in the Second Punic War

What happened after Caesar was murdered in 44 BC?

A civil war broke out that lasted 14 years; in 30 BC, Octavian ended that war by marching his troops into Rome and declaring himself emperor

Who were the Spartans?

A military society of bloodthirsty people set upon doing evil that was always provoking and attacking their neighbors, left babies considered too weak or unworthy to die of exposure, routinely abused children, and forced each of their young men to prove their manhood by murdering an innocent slave without getting caught

Who was Tantalus?

A mythological murdered sentenced to suffer a cruel starvation punishment in eternity; every time he reached up for fruit hanging low over his head, the branches rose up out of reach, and every time he dropped his mouth to the water to quench his thirst, the water level dropped so he was denied (it is from this story that we get the world "tantalize")

Who was Sisyphus?

A mythological strongman sentenced to a cruel eternal punishment of being told he could leave the Underworld if he could roll a giant boulder to the top of the hill, but every time he got within inches of the top, he was cursed to lose his grip and watch the stone roll back down

What period of time began with Octavian's rule of the Roman empire?

A nearly 200 year period called "Pax Romana," meaning "Roman Peace"; this was a false sense of security though, as the peace was held together by the fear of the Roman army-- crime rates had gone down because most people feared the Roman justice system

What was constructed in Byzantium/Constantinople?

A new Forum, circular in shape, and a smaller Pantheon were built; the world's largest christian church (or religious building of any kind) was also built and named "Hagia Sophia," meaning "Holy Wisdom"-- it still stands today, 1,700 years later

What is a triumph?

A public celebration for a returning army that has been victorious in war, including a parade through a specially built arch; the general received godhood status for a day as well as lifelong honors such as a title and funeral

What happened after the death of Polycarp?

A revival broke out in Smyrna, many were saved, and the Roman Empire could never extinguish or overcome the true power of Christianity; When Christians are persecuted, the Church grows-- persecution leads to intensified prayer, intensified prayer leads to Holy Spirit revival, and revival leads to true Church growth- "The greater the heat, the greater the expansion"

What is Koine Greek?

A very precise language with multiple words for every important idea, which is important for a written message like God was preparing for the world; thanks to the conquests of Alexander, koine became so widespread that it would set the table for the first Gentile Churches to be established in the Greek world, and for the New Testament to be written in koine

What was seating like in the Coliseum?

Admission was always free and a supply of free tickes guided guests to open seating in assigned sections (men were given the best seats on the lower level while women had to sit way up high); there were giant awnings for shade, two large sets of restroom facilities, all the food one could eat, and mechanical elevators and trap doors allowing elaborate sets, people, and animals to make quick and surprising enterances

What were the first symbols of Christianity?

Anchors (Christ being the unmovable anchor of life) and fish, which in Greek is spelled in a way that looks like "ICHTHUS" in English, meaning "Jesus Christ, God's Son, Savior"

What did Egypt and Greece contribute to the fullness of time?

Ancient Egypt served as a place of God's preservation for His people; Ancient Greece gave the world democracy (and with it the ability to express one's faith), much of the foundation of Western Civilization for future Europe and United States, ancient language of Koine Greek-- the most precise language in antiquity, and because of Alexander, Koine made it possible for Jesus to tell his disciples to go into the world and made other disciples, and it was the language of the New Testament Gospel message

When was Rome founded?

April 21, 753 BC at 8:00 am

What did cities no longer need because of Rome's strength?

As new Roman towns began appearing across the Mediterranean frontier, people no longer saw the need for city walls, and for the first time in history walls weren't considered necessary for a civilization's identity or survival, and instead construction work was put into arenas, temples, and theaters

What happened after Octavian's death?

Because he failed to leave a plan for choosing his successor, for nearly half a century after his death, men related to Julius Caesar occupied the seat of emperor and squandered the wealth and potential of Rome

What was the name of Alexander's horse?

Bucephalus; his story is the origin of "being scared of your own shadow"

Who was the emperor of Rome after Caligula?

Caligula's son, Claudius Caesar, who came to the throne as a result of a joke when the soldiers showed up at the palace to murder Caligula and thought it was funny that Claudius was scared and put up no defense for his father; since Claudius was cowardly, partially deaf, had a stutter, and walked with a limp, the army commanders simply used him as their "emperor marionette" until he was murdered by his wife

What group of people did the Romans hate?

Christians-- Nero blamed them for the fire in Rome, and they were greatly hated by Romans; firstly, because they refused to participate in immoral behavior, Christians were resented for calling sinners to repentance, and secondly, Christians wouldn't bow down before Caesar, burn incense in his name, or call him their "lord"

What did Mesopotamia contribute to the fullness of time?

Clear lessons about God's judgments (Noah's Flood and Tower of Babel), first written word, first efforts to understand science and math, the idea for "empire" and regionally-centralized governments (resulting in the idea for a future 1-world government like what the anti-Christ will bring), Jewish enslavement (in Babylon, the crossroads of Asia) that would prepare the far-off people of the Orient for the arrival of the world's Savior, the Eastern astrologers called the Magis had been studying the skies and using prophecies of Daniel to search for Christ's birth

Who was the most important Caesar from the AD 300s?

Constantine, who during a battle in AD 312 claimed to see a vision of a cross in the sky that bore the inscription "By this sign conquer," which he accepted as a vision from God-- after winning the battle, he outwardly embraced Christianity

What did Eden contribute to the fullness of time?

Creation, harmony with God, sin and separation from God, death and a radically-changed world, a prophetic promise for a Savior/Redeemer to rescue all of Mankind from sin, death, and the evil that goes with them

What are the three types of classical columns?

Doric, ionic, and Corinthian

What is a veto?

Each of the 2 Roman Consuls had veto power to cancel out the plans of the other Consul; it means "I forbid"

What were the catacombs?

Early Christians created these miles and miles of tunnels carved beneath Rome as a burial site for the persecuted Christians (most Romans cremated their dead, but Christians didn't want to because they believed it was wrong to harm a body in any way for resurrection); more than half a million Christians were buried there, and the catacombs are now tourist attractions for those who want to experience the burial place of the Church's first martyrs Christianity's earliest art

What did Rome contribute to the fullness of time?

Early Rome built the greatest network of bridges and roads, connecting the known world together, and with the emergence of Octavian and Rome's great empire, the Prince of Peace came to the Earth when the man-made peace of Pax Romana arrived

What kind of things did people come to watch in the Coliseum?

Famous sea battle reenactments, the executions of criminals, Christians being eaten alive or burned on crosses, sets (mock jungles and rocky hills) laid out for the "hunt" of wild beasts imported to Rome from Europe, Asia, and Africa; they mainly came to see contests between expert gladiators (named after the sword they carried, the gladius) who before competing, would line up facing Caesar and say "We who are about to die salute you!"

What tragedies struck Rome after Titus destroyed Jerusalem?

Firstly, Rome experiences another fire that burned much of it to the ground, secondly, in AD 79, Mount Vesuvius spontaneously erupted, giving residents of 4 nearby towns no time to flee, the most famous of these being Pompeii because of how well it was preserved

Who did God choose to prepare the world for the Gospel?

For reasons only God knows, Alexandros III of Macedon was chosen before his birth to be the Lord's anointed instrument to carry Greek culture and language to the entire known world to set the state for the Gospel message and much of the New Testament to be carried to the world and become the written language of choice, Koine; the surest sign of God's anointing on Alexander was that he proceeded to overthrow the mighty Persian Empire in only 3 years without losing a single battle, and once his conquest was done, he died

How did the fall of Rome begin?

For the last century of its existence as part of the empire, Rome was under constant attack, and barbarian Germanic tribesmen (Goths, Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, and Vandals) were hired as mercenaries to defend the city; the worst attacks came from a leader called Atila and his army of Russian Huns, and his invasion of Italy in AD 450 weakened Rome completely

What were the Romance languages?

French, Romanian, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish

What bible verse proves that Christ's birth didn't just happen randomly?

Galatians 4:4-5 - "But when the fullness of time came, God sent forth His Son, born of a woman, born under the Law, so that He might redeem those who were under the Law, that we might receive adoption as sons."

What are the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World?

Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Great Pyramids at Giza, Great Lighthouse at Alexandria, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, and Colossus of Rhodes

What groups did Octavian keep from the Roman republic? What new group did he create?

He allowed the Senate and Consuls to survive, even if they mainly just approved things the emperor wanted; he created a new, elite imperial security force called the Praetorian Guard, many of which became Christians when the Apostle Paul was kept by them under house arrest

What was the third title that Octavian gave himself?

He claimed the title "Augustus," a name attached to all Roman gods as a sign of divinity; "Caesar Augustus" also began wearing the olive-wreath crown of the Roman gods

What was the first title that Octavian gave himself?

He claimed the title "Princeps," which meant "First Citizen"; he was claiming to be the first among equals, and most Romans took this title to mean that Octavian was "one of them" and not a power-hungry noble

What happened when Julius Caesar wanted to return home from his conquests?

He disobeyed the Senate, crossed the Rubicon home (the origin of the phrase "Crossing the Rubicon", and won a long civil war, resulting in him being made a tyrant by the people; Caesar later named himself "Dictator for Life" and was eventually murdered by a plot of the Senate on the Ides of March

What changes did Constantine make to the empire after his vision from God?

He ended the persecution of Christians through a royal decree called "The Edict of Milan," make sure all property the empire had stolen from the church was returned, gave tax money for building churches, declared Sundays Roman holidays, abolished crucifixion, illegalized the bloodiest "sports" at the Coliseum, illegalized the killing of unwanted babies, and became the first to use the word "Catholic" (meaning universal) in association with the church

What did Octavian implement that helped with trade in the empire?

He established a stable currency of gold and silver coins which merchants could universally use anywhere in the empire, removing the need to exchange currencies for trade with other civilizations

Why did many people wonder if Constantine was a real Christian?

He lived a hypocritical life filled with the earthly pleasures he discouraged in others, he ordered all his soldiers to become Christians and be baptized (calling into question his level of discipleship or Scriptural understanding), and he wasn't baptized until he was on his death bed; regardless, the Church did grow numerically under his protection, but Church leaders also dealt with more unwanted interference from the government-- Constantine set himself up as the key leader of the Church (now headquartered in Rome), setting a dangerous precedent of involving elected rulers in Church affairs

What did Octavian require to provide fairer methods of taxation?

He ordered everyone in the empire to return to the place of their ancestry every 14 years for a census (such as the one in Luke 2)

What is Nero best remembered for?

He was on the throne when Rome caught fire for 5 days, and was suspected of having conspired to start the fire because he believed that Roman architecture was out-of-date-- while Rome burned, Nero happily watched the flames and calmly played his lyre; he used the aftermath to steal property from the rich and move ahead with rebuilding much of Rome in his own image, the centerpiece being a grand palace featuring a 90-foot statue of himself in the heart of downtown named the "Colossus of Nero"

Who are the fathers of history?

Herodotus, Father of History; Euclid, Father of Geometry; Hipparchus, Father of Trigonometry; Thales, Father of Science and Philosophy; Hippocrates, Father of Medicine; Democritus, Father of Atomic Theory; Eratosthenes, Father of Geography; Homer, Father of Greek Poetry; Aristophanes, Father of Comedy; Aeschylus, Father of Tragedy

What was eliminated because of Octavian's emphasis on law?

His emphasis on law, obedience, and justice led to the elimination of all class distinctions in Rome, and the differences between patricians and plebians began to die away-- Octavian made it clear that all men were civilians who must answer to the law, and no favoritism was allowed; government officials were now promoted based on ability alone, and unqualified men were replaced with skilled ones

How did Tiberius die?

His son Gaius, with a friend, smothered the emperor with a pillow while he slept; upon learning of his death, crowds of Romans filled the streets with open rejoicing and celebration, and people began to chant, "To the Tiber with Tiberius!"

What bold changed did Constantine make?

In AD 330, he moved the capital city from Rome to give a fresh start apart from the evil and decay of the city, and moved the capital to a city toward the east called Byzantium; though he renamed the city "New Rome," the name that stuck was "Constantinople," meaning "Constantine's Polis"

When did Rome finally collapse?

In AD 476 after another wave of barbarian invasions, military warlords removed Rome's final emperor Romulus Augustus, marking the end of Antiquity and the start of the Middle Ages; Rome's legacy was forever secure though, and it would remain the primary cultural "pipeline" that would define the future of Europe, Christianity, Western Civilization, and the United States

What is an arena?

In Rome, there was a mini-Coliseum where gladiators would live in barracks and warm up each day before entering the Coliseum through underground tunnels; the word arena came from the Latin word for the kind of "sand" that was thrown on the Coliseum floor to soak up blood

What was the second title that Octavian gave himself?

In order to remind everyone of his connection to Caesar, he wanted people to know him by the name "Caesar," which would become a title synonymous with "emperor"; all Roman emperors would go by this name

What does it mean to "untie the Gordion Knot"?

In the town of Gordium, Alexander took out his sword and hacked apart a knot that others had tried to untie; this expression means "to solve a problem in an unconventional way"

What does the phrase "fullness of time" mean in Galatians 4:4-5?

It conveys the picture of a broken creatoin that has been anxiously and patiently "pregnant" in anticipation of the ultimate moment when the "birth" of its salvation would occur; God had been preparing all the details to make the timing of the arrival of sin's cure perfect

What benefits did Byzantium's location have?

Its geography placed it near the Hellespont at a key crossroads between Europe and Asia, it was already well-known by the people of the world and well connected by highways, it was already rich from trade and well-defended, and it had been built on 7 hills which linked it symbolically with Rome's history

What kind of things were preserved from Pompeii?

Many people died from inhaling poisonous gases, and was rediscovered like a perfectly sealed time capsule 1,800 years later, with many air pockets in the shapes of those that had died; streets, roofless houses, gardens, furniture, utensils, dog houses, artwork in homes, mosaic signs such as one in a front porch saying "Beware of the dog," the theater, a wide array of shops such as a bakery with bread in its oven, a snack bar with traces of pork, fish, snails, and beef in its bowls and artwork showing that duck and chicken were also for sale and the name implying that drinks were sold as well

What is a martyr? Who is a famous Christian martyr?

Martyrs are those who are murdered for a cause or belief-- one of the most famous early Christian martyrs was Polycarp, the Pastor of the Christian church at Smyrna; as a young man he met and listened to the teachings of the Apostle John, when he was 86, a new wave of persecution swept the Roman world and he was brought before an angry crowd and coaxed into denying his faith by ordering him to swear an oath to Caesar, which Polycarp refused, resulting in him being set on fire

What did Roman men and women hold important during Caligula's reign?

Men gained status mainly through who they could get to attend their parties, and women gained status by how beautiful they could look; statues reveal the ever-changing fads of women's jewelry, clothing, and hair styles

What were the governments of ancient Greece?

Monarchy, "rule by one," a king or queen; Oligarchy, "rule by few," a board, council, group of generals, etc; Democracy, "rule by the people," in a democracy all citizens must have freedom of speech and assembly so that they can be informed enough to vote for every issue that arises in a nation; Tyranny, the government where the people overthrow their government and replace it with a popular leader, called a "tyrant," who doesn't start evil, but becomes corrupted by power

What was the end of Caligula's reign like?

Near the end of his life, Caligula stooped to a new low by appointing his horse to serve as one of Rome's Consuls; He was eventually stabbed to death by the military and members of his own bodyguard, with the Senate's blessing

What is the story of Pandora's Box?

Pandora was the world's first woman according to the Greeks, and was given a box by Zeus who told her never to open it at risk of unleashing terrible evils upon the Earth; Pandora opened it, releasing all the evils of the world, including murder, plagues, and hatred, but she eventually closed it, leaving only hope trapped inside

What is an arch?

Perhaps the Roman's greatest feat of engineering; the power of arches is how they push the supported weight outward instead of downward, bearing far greater weight loads than columns can

What new professional groups did Octavian create in Rome?

Post Office, Police Force, and Fire Department

What is Latin?

Rome's "dead" language because nobody speaks it anymore in every day life, however, it remains important because it has been adopted as the language of modern science, music, government, law, education, medicine, and the Roman Catholic Church

What warning did Shakespere include in his rendition of Julius Caesar's story?

Shakespeare's soothsayer warns Caesar to "Beware the Ides of March," saying that he could die on March 15; this is the day he is murdered by Cassius and the rest of the Sentae

What was the Port of Ostia?

Since Rome was located 15 miles from the ocean were the Tiber River mer the Tyrrhenian Sea, they needed a key port that would link them to the rest of the world

Who were three important Greek philosophers?

Socrates, the father of logic and the world's first famous philosopher; Plato, a student of Socrates, and founder of Western Civilization's first university (The Academy); Aristotle, the world's singular authority on a wide variety of topics, and also the private school teacher of Alexander the Great

What icon did Nero create as a symbol of Christian hate?

The "Nero Cross" became a symbol of Rome's supposed victory over Christianity, which featured an upside-down cross representing "the broken power of Christ" and mankind's ability to achieve "peace without God"; many people today only know this as a "peace sign," originated in 1958 as a symbol for nuclear disarmament

Who are "The 300"?

The 300 Spartans and other Greeks who, led by Leonidas, made their last stand against the Persians at Thermopylae Pass; all who died bought time for the others to warn Athens

Who was Hannibal?

The Carthaginian general famous for crossing the Alps in winter with an army of men, horses, and elephants; he also won the bloody Battle at Cannae in which 50,000 Romans died

What was the Roman Empire changed to after Rome's destruction?

The Eastern emperors, surviving for another 1,000 years, took the new name "Byzantine Empire" (after Constantinople's original name); overtime it would be conquered by a tribe called the Turks (namesake for modern Turkey), which in AD 1299 took the name Ottoman Empire, which would remain together until AD 1919

What is a polis?

The Greek name for a city-state, used today by American cities like Minneapolis

What is a phalanx?

The Greeks infantry formation of tightly packed rows of men with outstretched spears

Who were the founding tribes of Rome?

The Latins were the first tribe that lived on the seven hills of Rome, and their lasting legacy was that their language would become the first of the Romans; The Etruscans, nearly 700 years before Christ, were the most dominant culture in northern Italy and merged cultures with the Greeks and became the Romans; The Sabines were raided and kidnapped by the Etruscan and Latin tribesmen in order to turn them into life-long slaves to populate and grow Rome

Who were the Patricians? Who were the Plebeians?

The Patricians were Rome's most important social class who had all the privileges and opportunities, with a bloodline that directly linked them to one of Rome's founding fathers; the Plebeians were the least important social class of Romans with no privileges or opportunities, with no bloodline linking them to one of Rome's founding fathers

What did the people of the Near East contribute to the fullness of time?

The Phoenicians gave the first "phonetic" alphabet based on letters and sounds rather than pictures (eventually simplifying the telling of God's Word); the Hebrews gave the world God's Law, a glimpse into what it means to be a people of God, and the bloodline through which the Savior could be born

Who was Jupiter?

The Roman king of the gods

What is the word Punic?

The Roman word for "Phoenician"

How did Nero's reign come to an end?

The Senate was finally so offended by him that he was declared an enemy of the state, but Nero stabbed himself in the throat before the military could hunt him down

Who were the Hittites?

The ancient people who lived in the mountains of Asia Minor, famous for being the first people in history to mine and smelt iron into weaponry

What was Lydia?

The civilization in western Asia Minor famous for its huge supplies of gold that washed down from mountains into a nearby river, they issued the first trustworthy gold coins backed by any government, and the richest man of the ancient world, King Croesus, ruled over Lydia; this kingdom is also the origin of the mythological King Midas, the man with the golden touch

Who was Ba'al?

The demonic bull god also identified with Molech, a mechanical idol, worshipped together by the Phoenicians; this worship was despised by God because of its burnt sacrifice of human infants

What was the Pantenon?

The final temple built in Rome; in order to save space, it was dedicated to "all gods"

What was the Circus Maximus?

The huge hippodrome (horse track) in Rome; the Latin words mean "Great Loop"

Who was Narcissus?

The hunter famous for being so handsome he was arrogant; his punishment from the gods was being cursed to fall in love with his own reflection (today, people who are arrogant are "narcissistic")

What is Aramaic?

The key spoken language of Biblical times, the language of Jesus and the Disciples; Aram was the "crossroads of civilization" in ancient times

Who were the Canaanites?

The land-bound Phoenicians living in the Promised Land

Who became emperor after Claudius?

The last emperor to have legitimate ties to the Caesar family was Nero, the son of Claudius, who had major issues with mental instability and is remembered as evil (many consider him to be the worst Caesar of them all); he came to the throne at 16, and one of his first acts was to try and poison his mother-- when that didn't work he had her clubbed to death

Who was Phidippides?

The man selected to race back the 24 miles to Athens to announce the good news that the Greeks had surprised and defeated the Persian invasion force at Marathon Bay; he completed his mission, but collapsed and died of complete exhaustion after announcing to the people "We were victorious!", and today, marathon events are still run in honor of Phidippides

What is a Beast Master?

The man whose job was to underfeed, hurt, and tease the wild beasts so that they would be vicious when released into the Coliseum; their quarters were below the Coliseum

Who was the Empress Helena?

The mother of the Roman Emperor Constantine, the one who designated many of the Holy Land's "holy" sites, including the false Mount Sinai

Who were the Titans? Who replaced them?

The original 12 Greek gods, replaced by the Olympians, the 12 most famous Greek gods, including King Zeus and Queen Hera

What is the Corinthian "railroad"?

The polis of Corinth was situated near the narrow isthmus separating the Balkan Peninsula from the Peloponnesus, where the Corinthians built the world's first railroad connecting the two seas and creating an overload shortcut for boat captains who were willing to pay the toll; today, a canal has been cut in the same location for use by cargo and cruise ships

Who was Julius Caesar?

The popular Roman leader that first perfected the art of giving free food and entertainment; the Senate was threatened by his popularity and sent him off the Gaul to command troops in a dangerous place and hopefully die, but Caesar actually became more famous because of his heroic victories, going on to lead the first Roman troops into Britannia; his name later became a synonym for Rome's emperors

Who prophesied about Alexander the Great's future success?

The prophet Daniel prophesied that a goat would come from the west with a single horn and control the known world until his death when his kingdom would be divided four ways to men that were not his own children; all of these prophecies came true

What were the Punic Wars?

The series of 3 wars that set Rome up as the master of the Western Mediterranean; all 3 wars were won by Rome and lost by Carthage

What does SPQR mean?

The set of letters representing Rome's republic, and found written on every official document statue, building, etc, from the period of the republic; the letters stand for "Senatus Populus Que Romanus," meaning "The Senate and the People of Rome"

What was the fasces?

The symbol of Roman power, like a scepter; it was a bundle of sticks (representing Rome's three tribes) around an axe (representing the rex's power)

What is the Parthenon?

The temple in Athens dedicated to Athena, the goddess of wisdom

What was the Forum?

The wide open space in ancient Rome were people could talk to their Senators, make speeches at the Rostra, hear the latest, news, read the Law of the 12 Tables, and worship; this space represented freedoms, especially the freedoms of speech and religion

What is a republic?

The word comes from "Res Publica" meaning "The People's Thing"; a republic is a form of government where there is no king and the people choose their style of lawmaking

What was the Great Library at Alexandria?

The world's most complete collection of information from every part of the known world, which would eventually burn to the ground in a terrible fire that deprived the modern world of knowing about many of the greatest thinkers, scientific breakthroughs, and works of literature from ancient times

Who were the Phoenicians?

Their name meaning "purple people," these were the ancient world's great sailors/traders; their greatest trade items were the color purple and cedar wood, and they also unintentionally exported the phonetic alphabet (which uses sounds instead of pictures)

Who were Romulus and Remus?

These were the mythological twins who founded Rome (Rome was named for Romulus), abandoned as infants under a fig tree where they were cared for by a woodpecker and a she-wolf, then later, a shepherd; as young men, in a disagreement over which of the 7 hills to build upon, Romulus killed Remus before becoming Rome's first Rex

How was Rome's ability to transport exotic goods?

They became very efficient at importing exotic goods with the help of Koine Greek remaining the universal trade language; long trains of trade caravans loaded with horses, silks, and spices came from Central and East Asia, while millions of tons of grains, gold, salt, spices, jewels, and ivory came to Rome from India and Central Africa; it was during Pax Romana that Rome's material wealth reached its peak

What was the Roman navy like under Octavian?

They caused all piracy to be swept from the seas with their ginormous ships-- the largest merchant ships could transport up to 6,000 tons of goods at one time, now supporting a population of over 80 million people from Britannia to Persia

What kind of punishment did Christians face in Rome?

They were arrested for being "haters of mankind," covered with the skins of beasts, torn apart by wild dogs, nailed to crosses, and some Christians were burned alive to serve as "night lights," called Roman Candles

What would a gladiator do after pinning their opponent down?

They would look to Caesar to signal them on what to do next-- Caesar looked to the crowds, and if the spectators thought the pinned-down fighter fought bravely, they would cheer and Caesar would give a thumbs up to spare the man (resulting in large money prizes and freedom for slave fighters), but if the crowd booed, Caesar would give a thumbs down and the man's life would be ended, resulting in his blood being collected and sold as souvenirs

Who was the first person to become emperor after Octavian?

Tiberius Caesar, Octavian's adopted son, who is mainly remembered for his extreme brutality; he was the emperor whose face was on the coin that Jesus referred to when he said "Render unto Caesar that which belongs to Caesar," the emperor when Jesus was brought to trial and the people said they had no king but Caesar, and also the emperor when Jesus was crucified on the cross

Who was emperor after Tiberius?

Tiberius's son, Gaius Caesar, who was nicknamed "Caligula," meaning "Little Boots" in reference to the fact that Caligula never took his boots off; Caligula was known to be insane, pure evil, and a wild spender who forced Rome's wealthiest men to gamble with him-- those who beat him were executed, and many wealthy Romans were kidnapped and had their families forced to pay high ransoms for their release; Caligula also threw many big parties where the main attraction was the slow torture of humans

Who was emperor after Nero?

Vespasian was the first non-Caesar, non-noble emperor whose claim to fame was his planning of Rome's 70,000-seat gladiator arena which he originally named the "Flavian Amphitheater," but which would come to be known as the "Coliseum" because people associated it with the Colossus (changed to a sun god) located on the stadium's outer lawn

Who became emperor after Vespasian?

Vespasian's son, Titus, was the second and last member of the Flavian Dynasty to be a Caesar, and is best known for destroying Jerusalem's walls and temple in AD 70; after his victory, Titus marched his troops through a triumph arch with everything they'd looted from Jerusalem and its temple, and 20,000 Jewish slaves

What happened to the Roman empire after the Flavian Dynasty?

With the start of the AD 100s, Rome's army elevated favored generals to emperor-- a Spaniard named Trajan became the first non-Italian Caesar and grew Rome to its largest size with military gains in places like Britannia and Persia; by the AD 200s, no Caesars held a strong grip on power-- in one 50 year period, 26 different men sat on Rome's throne, and in one year alone, there were 6 different emperors: 3 were assassinated, 1 died from war wounds, 1 committed forced suicide, and 1 was a teenager; by the AD 300s, the empire was on the brink of economic collapse, and and one point 4 Caesars ruled at the same time