Animal Physiology Chapter 24

There are four buffer systems in the human body:

1. H2CO3: HCO3- system 2. protein buffer system which is intracellular 3. hemoglobin buffer system is generated from carbonic acid 4. phosphate buffer system is a urinary buffer.

Four chemical categories of respiratory pigments:

1. Hemocyanins 2. Chlorocruorins 3. Hemoerythrins 4. Hemoglobin

Respiratory acidosis: 1. _______ disease like _______. 2. ______ or ______ disorders that reduce the efficiency of the ________ muscles 3. Holding ones _______.

1. Lung, COPD 2. Nerve or muscle, respiratory 3. breath

There are four types of acid base imbalances:

1. Respiratory acidosis 2. Respiratory alkalosis 3. Metabolic acidosis 4. Metabolic alkalosis

The blood oxygen equilibrium curves of 11 species vary in 2 ways: 1. _______: reflects different molecular forms of ________. 2. _______: reflects how much respiratory ________ is present.

1. Shape, hemoglobin 2. Height, pigment

Metabolic alkalosis 1. Can cause _______. 2. can be caused by ingestion of ________ drugs or substances like ________ _______.

1. Vomiting 2. alkaline, baking soda

Metabolic acidosis 1. Can cause severe _______ 2. Can cause _______ mellitus 3. Can be due to strenuous _______ 4. Can cause servere _______ failure

1. diarrhea 2. Diabetes 3. exercise 4. renal

Respiratory alkalosis: 1. can cause one to have a _______ as well as ________.

1. fever, Hyperventilation

In the protein buffer system: 1. it behaves as a buffer in both _______ and cells. 2. ________ is by far the most important protein buffer as well as the most important ________ buffer. 3. Proteins are good buffers because they contain both acid and base groups that can give up or take up _______.

1. plasma 2. hemoglobin, intracellular 3. protons

1. Respiratory acidosis: abnormal CO2 ________ meaning _______-ventilation. 2. Respiratory alkalosis: excessive ________ of CO2 3. Metabolic acidosis: _________ in plasma concentrations of HCO3-.

1. retention, hypo 2. loss 3. reduction

1. Pigments undergo ________ combinations with ________. 2. All pigments are _______ proteins. 3. They are all strongly _______ 4. Pigments all differentially ________ various _______ of light.

1. reversible, oxygen 2. metallo 3. colored 4. absorb, wavelengths

In most people at rest saturated blood is about _________ and only about _________ is released to the tissues. Oxygen utilization is about ______%. During exercise, deoxygenation in the tissues is ________: almost _______ the oxygen is released to the tissues during _______.

20mL O2/100mL, 5mLO2/100mL, 25% decreased, triple, exercise

Only about ________% of the CO2 in the blood is present in the CO2 ________ form: dissolved in _______.

5%, chemical, plasma

________ in the O2 affinity of hemoglobin can aide O2 ________ to systemic _______.

Decrease, delivery, tissues

The respiratory system regulates the ________ concentration by controlling the rate of ________ removal from plasma through adjustment of pulmonary ventilation. Eliminates metabolically produced _______ so that ________ does not accumulate in the body

H+, CO2 CO2, H2CO3

The kidneys eliminate ______ and regulate _______. During acidosis: The kidneys secrete _______ and adds _______ to the blood. During alkalosis: Conserves ______ and eliminates ______.

H+, HCO3-. H+, HCO3- H+, HCO3-

_________ is the most widespread respiratory pigment.

Hemoglobin

CO2 can be transported as:

Molecular CO2 H2CO3: Carbonic acid HCO3-: Bicarbonate CO32-: Carbonate Carbamino compounds

Hemerythrins are _______ _______ ________ containing respiratory pigments. Hemerythrins are located intracellularly in ________ or ________ cells. The oxygen binding site is a _________ iron center. The iron atoms are coordinated to the protein through the _______ side chains of a ________ and aspartate and five ________ residues. _______ when deoxygenated turns a __________ in the oxygenated state

Non-heme iron blood, coelomic binuclear, carboxylate, glutamate, histidine Colorless, violet-pink

The Bohr effect typically enhances ________ ________ in an animal

O2 delivery

Most CO2 in the blood is in the form of ________. The extent of bicarbonate formation depends on ________ _______.

bicarbonate blood buffers

The shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve depends on the oxygen _________ _______ cooperatively.

binding site

With the total saturation of oxygen bound to hemoglobin, the plateau means there is a wide range of _______ ______ partial pressures that is sufficient to saturate blood hemoglobin.

blood Oxygen

Fluctuations in concentration of H+ have profound effects on _______ ________ such as: 1. Excitability of _______ and ______ cells: Increased H+ concentrations/_______ depresses the ________ increased levels and causes over-excitability and muscle _______. 2. _______ activity 3. Concentrations of ________: Renal tubules secrete ______ and ______: usually more _______ than ______. 4. Increase in K+ concentrations alter _______ function.

body chemistry 1. nerve and muscle, acidosis, CNS, spasms 2. Enzyme 3. potassium, H+, K+: K+ than H+ 4. cardiac

Roughly 10-23% of all carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported in the blood attached to proteins forming ________ _______. _________ (Hb), which has unloaded some of its oxygen to the tissue, is one of the most abundant ________ that can carry CO2. CO2 attaches to the ________ portion of hemoglobin and forms ________ _______.

carbamino compounds, Hemoglobin, proteins, globin, carbamino hemoglobin

Haldane effect enhances ________ _______ transport by Hg promoting its uptake in tissues and release in the ______.

carbon dioxide, lungs

In red blood cells, the enzyme _________ ________ catalyzes the conversion of dissolved carbon dioxide to ________ _______, which rapidly dissociates to _______ and a ______ proton. By Le Chatelier's principle, anything that stabilizes the proton produced will cause the reaction to shift to the ________.

carbonic anhydrase, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, free stabilizes, right

________ _______ systems act as the line of defense against changes in [H+].

chemical buffer,

Since the temperature of the blood is relatively _______, the amount of ________ ______ depends directly on the ________ pressure.

constant, dissolved gas, partial

An increase in temperature typically causes a _________ in O2 affinity.

decrease

A shift to the right in the oxygen equilibrium curve reflects a _________ in O2 affinity. The oxygen partial pressure needed to saturate is _________. It also means that the _______ is higher.

decrease, higher, P50

The Bohr effect: A ________ in the pH decreases _________ affinity for hemoglobin and shifts the curve to the fixed acid Bohr effect (influence of protons).

decrease, oxygen,

The affinity for O2 ________ as the CO2 partial pressure of the blood ________.

decreases, increases

Acid-base physiology involves ________ or _______ of chemical forms affecting the concentration of ________.

excretion or retention, H+

Vertebrate hemoglobin has _______ oxygen binding sites per _________ so that binding at one site alters the ________ of the protein and in turn alters the oxygen ________ of hemoglobin for oxygen. Vertebrate myoglobin has ______ oxygen binding sites per hemoglobin so cannot display cooperation.

four, hemoglobin, conformation, affinity one,

Multiple forms of hemoglobin differ not in the heme but in the _________ portion.

globin

Arthropod hemocyanins are animals such as:

hemocyanins-crabs, lobsters, crayfish, horseshoe crabs, spiders and some other arthropods

Chlorocruorins have close chemical similarities to __________. It is sometimes called _______ _______. Chlorocruorins is only in ________ families of marine ________ _______. Always dissolved in _________.

hemoglobin green hemoglobin four, annelid worms blood

The root effect is employed in various species of bony fish to help create ________ oxygen _______ _______ in two regions of the body-the ________ _______ and the ______.

high, partial pressures, swim bladder, eye

Respiratory pigments display a ________ (no cooperation) OR ________ (cooperation) oxygen saturation curve. Oxygen binding to Myoglobin displays A ________ oxygen equilibrium curve. Oxygen binding to hemoglobin a ________ curve.

hyperbolic, sigmod hyperbolic, sigmoid

The Bohr effect is also displayed when an __________ in CO2 ________ the oxygen affinity for hemoglobin shifting the curve to the _______. CO2 is also an ________ modulator. Carbon dioxide reacts with the ________ amino groups of _________ to form carbamates

increase, decreases, right allosteric N-terminal, α-subunits

Concentrations of specific ________ ions in the blood can allosterically modulate the ________ ________.

inorganic, O2 affinity.

The ________ are the third and most powerful line of defense against shifts in [H+].

kidneys,

Smaller bodied species tend to exhibit ________ oxygen affinity and thus ________ P50 than larger bodied ones. This may be due to the relationship between _______ _______ _______ rate and ______ size. A lower-affinity Hg in _______ species unload ________ to the tissues more readily due to ________ affinity.

lower, higher weight-specific metabolic, body smaller, oxygen, lower

Myoglobin has a _______ P50 than hemoglobin and therefore a higher ________ affinity.

lower, oxygen

The root effect: ________ pH and _________ CO2 decrease _______ carrying capacity. The Root effect in eels: ________ lowers oxygen-carrying capacity of ________.

lowered, increased, O2 Acidification, hemoglobin

The _________ form of hemoglobin is a much stronger acid than the _________ form. This buffer system accounts for ________ of the buffering capacity of the whole blood.

oxygenated, deoxygenated 30%

When the blood starts at a high partial pressure of oxygen its ________ ______ must fall greatly. When the blood is already at a lowered partial pressure of oxygen its _________ ________ must fall only a little. During exercise, as O2 partial pressure of blood falls, less of a ________ is required to cause unloading of 5 vol % O2.

partial pressure partial pressure drop,

Henry's Law: The solubility of a gas depends on its _______ ______ above the ________. The partial pressure of a gas solution is equal to the _______ ______ of that gas in the _______ phase with which the solution is in ________.

partial pressure, solution, partial pressure, gas, equilibrium

At equilibrium, the ________ and ________ PO2 is about 100 mmHg. At 37 degrees celsius, plasma will contain about 0.3 ml O2 /100 ml of ________.

plasma, alveolar fluid

The phosphate buffer system plays a role in the _______ and _______. Any _______ reacts with monohydrogen phosphate to form ________ phosphate. The _______ is neutralized by dihydrogen phosphate. It is an efficient buffer in intracellular ________.

plasma, erythrocytes acid, dihydrogen base metabolism

Ones blood color depends on the ________ it uses to carry _______.

protein, oxygen

HbCO2 will return to the lungs in the _______ blood cells. Once in the lungs, _______ will detach from the Hb and will diffuse into the ________ space. _______ will then diffuse into the RBC and will attach to the ________ portion of the hemogobin.

red, CO2, alveolar, Oxygen, heme

A ________ in the affinity enhances unloading of O2 more than it impairs ________. Consequently, each 100 mL of blood delivers more O2 from the _________ organs to the systemic tissues during each passage through the ________ system when the affinity is ________.

reduction, loading, breathing, circulatory, reduced

The root effect in fish is amplified by counter current vascular arrangement in the _______ _______.

rete mirabile

Hemocyanin is the ________ most common of the ________ pigments in animals. Hemocyanin turns bright _______ when oxygenated and turns _______ when deoxygenated. Hemocyanin always dissolves in the _________. There are 2 types of Hemocyanin:

second, respiratory blue, colorless blood Arthropod hemocyanins and Mollusc hemocyanins

Myoglobin is a _______-chain globular protein. It is containing a ________. It is the primary ________ carrying pigment of muscle tissues. Unlike the blood-borne _______ this protein does not exhibit cooperative binding of _______. Instead, the binding of _______ by myoglobin is unaffected by the ________ pressure in the surrounding tissue. Myoglobin is often cited as having an "_______ binding tenacity" to oxygen given its ________ oxygen dissociation curve.

single heme oxygen hemoglobin, oxygen oxygen, oxygen instant, hyperbolic

Mollusc hemocyanins are animals such as:

squids, octopus, many snails, and some other molluscs.

Henry's Law: At a constant ________, the amount of a given ______ that dissolves in a given type and volume of ________ is directly proportional to the ________ _______ of that gas in equilibrium with that _________.

temperature, gas, liquid, partial pressure, liquid

Deoxygenation promotes CO2 ________ by the blood and oxygenation promotes CO2 ________.

uptake, unloading