Animal Science Chapter 7 and 8

What are by-products?

products from the animal that are less of value than the major product

What are cows fed?

total mixed ration (silages, roughages, and concentrates)

From slaughtered animals and those that died during their productive lives. What is this called?

Rendering

Foot rot

What is it: bacterial infection between toes Treatment and prevention: zinc or copper sulfate foot baths, antibiotics

Milk Fever

What is it: lack of calcium due to high production of milk, causes cows to have muscle and nerve function problems Treatment and prevention: anionic salts in dry period

Foot abscesses

What?: bacterial infection inside the foot Treatment: opening and draining and gluing on a wood block to opposite toe

displaced abomasum

What?: metabolic disorder where the abomasum twists or moves (right or left) Treatment: surgery (abomasopexy)

what are bull calves raised for? what are heifers raised for?

bulls: veal or beef heifers: replacements

what are calves fed to wean

culled milk or replacer for 4-8 weeks and weaned

labor intensive

dip navels, let calf nurse 1-2 days then put in hutches and raised by hand

How are bi-products grouped?

edible and inedible

Ketosis

fat cows in negative energy balance utilize fat stores producing ketone bodies which can be toxic to the cow

Ketosis

fat metabolism produces ketones

Why do nutritional problems occur in dairy cattle?

high production and energy needs

Housing facilities

loose housing with manure pack (feed lot type setting), tie stalls, free-stalls

Rendering

major products are animal fats and protein

edible by-products

-Variety meats: liver, heart, tounge, tripe, sweet bread -Fats used in lard or tallow: shortenings, margarines, pastries, candies

mastitis and how to control it

-infection of mammary tissue -milk properly, teat dips before and after, dry off infusions, soft bedding, routine CMT testing

Feeding Challenges in dairy cattle

-negative energy balance the first 2-4 months after calving (poor conception rates and disease problems) -cows and heifers fed on rising plane for 30-60 days before they calve due to the increased demands of gestation and lactation -dry cows: less concentrates, dry period (50-60 days)

Average size dairy in the US?

100 milking cows, 30 dry cows, and 100 replacement heifers

When are dairy cows bred?

15 months

How long is the average cow milked for and how many pounds of milk is produced?

305 days; 16,870 pounds

Inedible by-products

Hides, inedible tallow, inedible organs

which breed of dairy cow is number 1 for milk production?

Holstein

Poultry consumption on the rise and red meat consumption is on the decline. Why?

Marketing

Least cost rations

bakers waists, brewers grain, candy bars, beet pulp