Animal Systems Dogs

What is an example of a hound dog?

American Coonhound

What is an example of a non-sporting dog?

American Eskimo

If none of the melanocytes in the whole body add pigment, the result is:

An albino dog with red eyes

A dog's diet and digestive tract physiology now are a closer match to what?

An omnivore

Human behavior of ascribing human needs and wants to the animals

Anthroporphism

Combine the study of humans with the study of animal life to create a better understanding of human/animal interactions at that point in history

Anthrozoologists

What species did dogs originate from?

Asian wolves

Hound group; hunting dogs and pets with lots of energy; prefer pack like company of other dogs and people; life expectancy is 12-15 years; medium sized dogs; short hair coat that needs weekly grooming and sheds seasonally; energetic, needs exercise, good with kids and other dogs, follow their noses, can be stubborn and focused; lovable companions and very vocal

Beagle

Default color produced by melanocytes that provide pure eumelanin to the hair; some variations of this pigment are brown, grey, and pale brown

Black

What is an example of a herding dog?

Border collie

Part of the working group; well-muscled and strong; tight-fitting coat; altar and curious; smooth and graceful athletes; life expectancy is 10-12 years; category of large dogs; short hair coat that needs occasional grooming and sheds seasonally with color ranging from mahogany to brown with tiger strips to light brown with white markings; energetic, needs exercise and challenges, good with kids (maybe with dogs), trainable, barks if necessary

Boxer

What are the requirements for labeling a species as "domesticated"?

Breeding, feeding, and general care are under human control, natural selection is superseded by human control of life and death, a distinct genetic shift(s) that occurred from the wild ancestor to the domesticated species

Dogs are _________ along with wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals, and dingoes. Dogs belong to the genus _______ and the species ___________.

Canids; canis; familiaris

What is an example of the foundation stock service and miscellaneous dog?

Catahoula Leopard

What is an example of a toy dog?

Chihuahua

What is an example of a sporting dog?

Cocker spaniel

What are the benefits for a human with having a dog?

Companionship, lessons in the circle of life and empathy, touch and tactile re-assurance, communication and social skills, improved self-esteem, increased activity, exercise, and other health benefits, protection and feeling needed and appreciated

Mother dog

Dam

What three important shifts happened in dog domestication?

Digestion, reproduction and behavior

Human-animal bond is a dominant feature for dogs in this area of the industry; welfare of the animal is very important; these dogs live closely with their owners; dogs receive significant attention to their good, grooming, environmental enrichment, veterinary care, and sometimes training;

Dogs as pets

The dog "industry" can be divided into five areas:

Dogs as pets, dogs with a "job", dogs as "tools", dogs in "limbo", and dogs on their own

Dog has a specific purpose for existing; human-animal bond may be present though the animal is neither a pet or companion; includes dogs used in biomedical research, racetrack or dog sled racing, media, entertainment, or advertising

Dogs as tools

Dogs don't have owners or a pack but could; don't have a job or specific purpose but maybe they did or could; live in a situation with a variable time line; dogs housed in open or limited shelters or in rescue facilities or foster care homes;

Dogs in limbo

These dogs live alone or in packs but with little human interaction, welfare is variable, and the humans-animal bond is weak/absent; strays or community dogs; dogs number in the millions around the world; breed without control; over half of the puppies will not survive their first year;

Dogs on their own

Dog has a fairly specific activity or purpose; a moderate to strong human-animal bond; dog sin this ear include: search and rescue, some herding, seasonal hunting dogs, assistance animals that visit facilities but live with one owner, assistance dogs in training in a home, personal protection dogs and many dogs used in the military or law enforcement

Dogs with a job

Where did dogs originate?

East Asia or China

Non-sporting group; gait is loose and shuffling; lots of face wrinkles to keep clean and dry; tend to gain weight without activity; life expectancy: 8-10 years; medium sized dog; short hair coat that needs weekly grooming and sheds seasonally; low energy, calm, friendly, good with kids and other dogs, needs regular exercise, quiet - little barking

English bulldog

Two foundations pigments for hair color is:

Eumelanin (black) and phaeomelanin (red)

Put to sleep

Euthanized

Indicates how much of the characteristic actually is produced , although the gene is present in all of the cells involved

Expression

What are the benefits for a dog in a human-animal bond?

Food, shelter, protection, affection, inclusion in a "pack" type of living situation, activity, and health care

Breeds in these two groups are generally not common in the U.S. and aren't currently recognized by the AKC; range greatly in size, hair coat, and behavior; may join any of the other groups once their registry is recognized but for now they are "in limbo"

Foundation stock service and miscellaneous

Non-sporting group; known for "smushy" face and bat-like ears, best as single pets; life expectancy is 10-12 years; medium sized dog; short hair coat that needs occasional grooming and sheds seasonally; low energy, short brisk walks help keep weight under control, lawful and adaptable, can be trained but can be stubborn, good with kids but needs supervision with other pets, very little barking

French bulldog

Both permanent and heritable

Genetic shifts

Herding group; large, all-purpose working dog, agile and muscular, runs best at a trot but can reach great speeds, needs training for best results, life expectancy: 7-10 years; large sized dogs; medium hair coat that needs regular grooming and sheds frequently; smart and confident, very energetic, needs exercise along with challenges and a purpose/job; very trainable, good with kids (maybe with dogs if supervised), barks if necessary

German shepherd

Dogs that as adults are over 120 pounds that are very large and very tall in height

Giant

Sporting group; strong dogs, like to play and very good workers, frequently employed for service, assistance, search and rescue, assisted therapy; life expectancy: 10-12 years; large dogs; medium to longer hair coat that needs regular grooming and sheds seasonally; very active, needs a lot of exercise and activities, playful, very trainable, devoted companions, good with kids and other dogs, barks as needed and sometimes a little more

Golden retriever

What is an example of a working dog?

Great Pyrenees

What does HAB stand for? Brain-based, nuerological change of great importance

Hazard avoidance behavior

This group was established in 1983 from a set of breeds that used to be grouped with working dogs; these dogs naturally control other animals including people (especially children); very intelligent; learn lessons easily and work well with people in team situations

Herding

Come from ancestors who were used for hunting; ability and endurance to track their prey over distances and over a long time; extra-keen sense of smell; great stamina; make characteristic sounds (baying)

Hound

Early dogs sought found and found plenty of it where?

In the garbage heaps outside of settlements

What changed in community dog's behaviors as they were domesticated?

Increased tolerance of humans which allowed puppies to socialize and become familiar with humans before they developed fear reaction

Sporting group; originated in Canada; comes in three colors: yellow, chocolate, black; good worker for hunting, law enforcement, search and rescue, and assistance; life expectancy: 10-12 years; large dog; short hair that needs occasional grooming and sheds seasonally; friendly and outgoing, very energetic, need exercise and challenges, good with kids and maybe with dogs if supervised, very trainable, barks if necessary

Labrador retriever

Dogs that as adults 55-120 pounds and large height

Large

What are the three categories of coding for hair coat?

Long/short, wiry with furnishings/not (furnishings means they appear to have a moustache), and curly or wavy/straight

Dogs that as adults 20-54 pounds and medium height

Medium

Cells in the hair follicles that add pigment to hair as it grows

Melanocytes

Female dogs are _______________ in their reproductive cycles because they come into "heat" and breed then either become pregnant or don't come into heat again for several months.

Monoestrous

What were the two critical elements that early dogs had that led to domestication?

Need for resources to thrive and breed and their fear of humans

Refers to the surgery or chemical procedure to remove the testicles of the animal

Neutering

Come in a variety of sizes, colors, hair coat types, and personalities; traditionally not used for outdoor sports or hunting; some are playful, some more aloof, some serious and some courageous

Non-sporting

Phaeomelanin is found only in the hair coat, but eumelanin also contributes to what colors?

Nose and eyes

The domesticated dog is the most widespread canine in the world topping, ______ _____ in numbers and is living or has visited every continent.

One billion

Brave, tenacious, and very energetic; come in a variety of sizes; most are smaller dogs; confident; frequently argumentative attitude with a low tolerance for other dogs/pet; ancestral desire to dig and to hunt and kill small vermin; can be aloof, hard to train and challenging for owners to keep pace with their energy and focus

Terrier

The pet food industry brings in about ___ billion in the U.S. alone.

60

There are __ genes in the dog that help determine coat color.

8

How long does a dog's pregnancy last?

9 weeks

The AKC classifies over 350 breeds into ____ different types/groups. What does AKC stand for?

9; American Kennel Club

Litters of puppies range from what to what?

1-17

When do anthrozoologists believe that dogs and humans began associating and living closely together?

15,000 years ago

Some fossil evidence suggest that a canine-like animal may have accompanied humans as long as how many years ago?

34,000

There are over how many recognized dog breeds?

350

Only __ genes encode for over 90% of the __ coat types found in purebred dogs.

3; 7

Red is the default color produced by the melanocytes that provide pure __________ to the hair. Some common variations of this pigment are gold, yellow, orange, cream, and tan.

Phaeomelanin

Water-soluble chemicals produced by one member of a species to communicate with another member of that species

Pheromones

Without eumelanin, the nose color is _____, and the iris of the eye is ____.

Pink; blue

Toy group (larger varieties are in the non-sporting group); come in three size varieties: standard, miniature, and toy (also available in "teacup" weight about 1 pound), French origin; life expectancy is 10-18 years (smaller live longer); range from toy-large dogs; medium to long and very wavy or curly hair that require grooming daily but sheds very infrequently it is considered "hypoallergenic"; colors range from white to grey to variety of reds to black; very active and intelligent, enjoy running and swimming, need a lot of activity; good with kids and can be good with other pets, very trainable, may bark a lot

Poodle

Working group; European-origin; well-muscled; ideal working dog for almost any job; life expectancy is 8-10 years; males are considered giant and females are the upper part of the large category; short hair coat that needs occasional grooming and sheds seasonally; color is black with rust or mahogany markings; intelligent, trainable, great endurance, willingness to work, inherently protective, self-confident, should have supervision with kids and other pets

Rottweiler

What is an example of a terrier?

Scottie

What changed in a dog's digestive system when they were being domesticated?

Shifted to a more omnivorous diet to thrive on human food waste

The original "wolf" configuration of the hair coat genes leads to a dog with what kind of hair?

Short, soft, and striaght

If all three hair coat gene variants are present the resulting dog has:

Silly or fluffy longer, stiffer, curly hair

Dogs that as adults that are around 10-19 pounds and small height

Small

Surgery done to remove the ovaries and uterus of the animal

Spay

Very active and alert dogs; need a lot of daily exercise; well-suite to outdoor activities and hunting and tracking in the water or wooded areas or open fields; loyal, good-natured and very trainable

Sporting

What changed with dog's reproduction when they were being domesticated?

They matured earlier and began breeding twice per year and producing more puppies per litter; this change also shifted their endocrine responses to stimuli by light and pheromones

Come from the smallest breeds; often miniaturized versions of larger breeds; often feisty; usually intelligent and full of energy; some are playful and loyal, others in this group just randomly bark and nip a lot; some have developed serious health conditions during the miniaturization breeding process and some of the breed organizations are working diligently to screen for these issues in their future breeding efforts; popular choices for smaller living spaces

Toy

Dogs that as adults are under 10 pounds and are a very small height

Toy

Result of no pigment added to the hair as it grows

White

What is different between the wolf and dog's reproduction?

Wolves only mate once per year and only the alpha male and female in a group will mate

Dogs that are often used for guarding livestock or property, pulling sleds, or rescuing stranded travelers or climbers; very loyal, intelligent and strong; quick learners with great stamina; very large; some are very stubborn which makes them suitable for only certain homes and environments

Working

Part of the toy group; named for the county in England where they originated in the 1800s to catch rats in clothing mills; first the pets of the poor and then companion dogs to those in European high society; 11-15 years = life expectancy; considered toy sized; long and silky coat that needs daily grooming with little shedding; energetic, independent, needs supervision with kids and other pets, daily walks needed, barks sometimes and can be trained if trainer is persistent

Yorkshire terrior