ANS and Endocrine system ch 15&17

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C. salivary glands

All of the following have only sympathetic innervation except the____________. A. sweat glands. B. blood vessels. C. salivary glands. D. arrector pili.

general visceral motor system.

Another name for the ANS is the _____________.

calcium

Blood levels of which substance are regulated by secretion from the illustrated glands?

lateral horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord.

Cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located within the____________.

lateral gray horns of the spinal cord

Cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located within the _____________.

post-ganglionic neuron

Cell body of this autonomic neuron lies outside the CNS.

pre-ganglionic neuron

Cell body of this autonomic neuron lies within the CNS.

zona glomerulosa.

Cells that manufacture and secrete aldosterone are located in the________________.

pars distalis.

Cells that manufacture and secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone are located in the______________.

well vascularized.

Compared to most other organs in the body, endocrine organs are_________.

hypothalamus.

Control of temperature, of autonomic nervous reflexes, of hunger, and of sleep are functions associated with the_______________.

A. accessory

Cranial parasympathetic outflow is contained in all of the following cranial nerves except the A. accessory. B. facial. C. vagus. D. glossopharyngeal.

posterior pituitary gland.

Diabetes insipidus can be caused by trauma to the________

sympathetic division

Division of the ANS most active during vigorous exercise describes the __________.

parasympathetic division

Division of the ANS most active when the body is at rest describes the _______________.

sympathetic division

Division of the ANS responsible for the fight-or-flight response describes the ___________.

sympathetic

Division that is dominant during exercise, excitement, or emergencies.

parasympathetic division

Division that is dominant during rest, digestion, and excretion.

kidney

Erythropoietin is produced in the_______.

sympathetic trunk

Ganglia of this structure are connected to the ventral rami of spinal nerves through the rami communicantes.

pineal gland

Gland of the posterior diencephalon.

sella turcica of the sphenoid

Identify the bony structure where the pituitary gland is located.

Identify the letter that indicates a "master gland" that secretes at least nine hormones.

Identify the letter that indicates a gland that regulates circadian rhythms.

Identify the letter that indicates a gland that secretes hormone that controls metabolic rate.

Identify the letter that indicates the hypophysis, which consists of an anterior and posterior lobe.

ventral root to white ramus communicans to sympathetic trunk ganglion

Identify the pathway that correctly traces the movement of preganglionic sympathetic fibers.

D. dry mouth, due to sympathetic inhibition of secretions from the salivary glands

If you were very nervous about speaking in front of a group of people, which of the following would be likely to develop? A. Parasympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream B. sympathetic dilation of most blood vessels, and a decrease in blood pressure C. sympathetic stimulation of constrictor muscles in the eyes to constrict pupils D. dry mouth, due to sympathetic inhibition of secretions from the salivary glands E. parasympathetic contraction of the smooth muscles of the bladder wall, promoting voiding

parasympathetic

In which autonomic division do nerve cell bodies lie closest to the organs being innervated?

may often control their disease by diet and exercise

Individuals with type 2 diabetes______.

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Over 90% of all preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are in cranial nerve

trigeminal nerve.

Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers of the head travel within the_____________.

acetylcholine

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers to sweat glands and peripheral blood vessels secrete _________.

Secretes hormones that control blood sugar levels.

rami communicantes

Short nerve branches that connect the ventral rami of spinal nerves to the sympathetic ganglia.

decreased heart rate

Stimulation of the vagus nerve in the baroreceptor reflex causes __________.

thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine.

Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the________________.

pathway 2 (Preganglionic fibers travel to synapse in the superior cervical ganglion. Postganglionic fibers travel with blood vessels, and innervate structures of the head.)

Sympathetic innervation to the head follows which pathway?

motor / heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure

The ANS is the system of __________ neurons that regulates such functions as __________.

epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The adrenal medulla secretes___________.

entirely within the wall of the digestive tube

The enteric nervous system functions __________.

autonomic nervous system

The general visceral motor division of the peripheral nervous system describes the _________________.

ventral rami

The gray and white rami communicantes attach to the_________.

increases the excretion of sodium in the urine.

The hormone produced by the heart______.

hormonal

The major stimulus for the release of thyroid hormone is______________.

hypothalamus

The overall integrating center for the ANS.

localized effects on specific organs and short postganglionic axons near organ of innervation

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is characterized by __________.

peripheral ganglia near the organs, and short postganglionic fibers.

The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by_______________________.

hypothalamus

The part of the brain that exerts more control over autonomic functioning than any other part is the______________.

hypothalamus.

The secretion of hormones by the anterior lobe of the pituitary is controlled by the__________.

sympathetic stimulation.

The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of____________.

brain stem and the sacral region of the cord.

The site of origin of the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system is the___________.

C. arrestor pili muscles and sweat glands

The sympathetic pathways to the extremities, direct impulses to which of these structures/tissues? A. peripheral blood vessels and salivary glands B. skeletal muscles of the arms and legs C. arrector pili muscles and sweat glands D. the heart and lungs

immediately inferior to the larynx.

The thyroid gland is located_______.

postganglionic sympathetic

The trunk ganglia contain what kind of cell bodies?

parasympathetic division

This division can also be called the craniosacral division.

true

True or false? Preganglionic fibers are myelinated, whereas postganglionic fibers are unmyelinated.

the epidermis

Vitamin D is synthesized and secreted by_______.

Voluntary sympathetic activation occurs when the cerebral cortex acts on the amygdala when one remembers a scary event.

What influence does the cerebral cortex have on the ANS?

constriction

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation of respiratory bronchioles in the lungs?

They are the postganglionic sympathetic axons that direct impulses to intended peripheral organs.

What is the role of the gray rami communicantes?

TSH secreted by the anterior pituitary (The thyroid gland is under hormonal control; thyroid-stimulating hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone.)

What stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland?

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

What stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete its excitatory neurohormones?

ventral horn and spinal cord

Where are cell bodies of somatic motor neurons located?

sympathetic trunk and collateral ganglia (Sympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse in the sympathetic trunk ganglia or in the collateral ganglia (celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and inferior hypogastric ganglia).

Where do sympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse?

in the armpit

Where would you not find an autonomic ganglion?

sympathetic

Which autonomic division increases heart rate?

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

parasympathetic division

Which division of the autonomic nervous system has preganglionic fibers within the facial nerve?

sympathetic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system innervates the sweat glands in skin?

parasympathetic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is illustrated by the purple neurons?

thymus

Which gland is highlighted?

erythropoietin

Which hormone released by this organ stimulates red blood cell synthesis?

C. vagus

Which of the following cranial nerves does not supply parasympathetic fibers to the head? A. facial B. oculomotor C. vagus D. glossopharyngeal

B. testosterone

Which of the following hormones is not produced by the placenta? A. estrogens B. testosterone C. hCG D. progesterone

C. atrial natriuretic hormone

Which of the following hormones is secreted by cardiac muscle cells? A. ADH B. FSH C. atrial natriuretic hormone D. epinephrine

B. oxytocin

Which of the following hormones is secreted by neurons? A. insulin B. oxytocin C. thyroid hormone D. growth hormone

A. ADH

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary? A. ADH B. adrenaline C. LH D. glucagon

posterior lobe of the pituitary and adrenal medullae

Which of the purely endocrine organs contain modified neurons that produce and secrete neurohormones?

B. production of goose bumps

Which of these descriptions is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation? A. contraction of the bladder wall in urination B. production of goose bumps C. increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera D. constriction of the pupils

A. skeletal muscle

Which of these is not innervated by the ANS? A. skeletal muscle B. cardiac muscle C. smooth muscle D. glands

D. sweat glands, arrestor pili muscles, and adipose tissue

Which of these organs/tissues are NOT innervated by parasympathetic fibers, or do not exhibit parasympathetic effects? A. adrenal medullae, kidney, and gallbladder B. blood coagulation, mental activity, and vagina C. the eye (ciliary muscles), cellular metabolism, and heart D. sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, and adipose tissue

D. They innervate many of the same visceral organs

Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS ? A. Both divisions include some cranial nerves to transmit impulses to organs in the head and neck. B. They innervate different organs, but induce similar effects. C. Both divisions provide rapid systemic responses to dangerous stimuli. D. They innervate many of the same visceral organs. E. Both divisions induce vasodilation of coronary blood vessels.

C. Motor units in the ANS include a chain of two motor neurons.

Which of these statements accurately describes how the general visceral motor system of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) differs from the general somatic motor system? A. The dorsal root ganglia contain cell bodies of motor neurons. B. ANS motor axons are more thickly myelinated than somatic motor axons. C. Motor units in the ANS include a chain of two motor neurons. D. The conduction of impulses through the ANS is quicker than conduction through the somatic motor system.

D. They contain all the preganglionic fibers traveling to the sympathetic chain.

Which of these statements concerning gray rami communicantes is incorrect? A. Their fibers are unmyelinated. B. They are associated with sympathetic trunk ganglia. C. They carry postganglionic fibers to peripheral structures. D. They contain all the preganglionic fibers traveling to the sympathetic chain.

kidney (ADH promotes water resorption by the kidneys and increases blood volume and blood pressure.)

Which organ is influenced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

medulla

Which portion of the adrenal gland secretes hormones in response to "fight-or-flight" situations?

hypothalamus (The hypothalamus controls the activities of the autonomic nervous system directly and links to the brain stem nuclei of the reticular formation.)

Which region of the central nervous system integrates the activities of the autonomic nervous system?

cervical

Which region of the spinal cord does NOT contain any autonomic neurons?

C. Preganglionic sympathetic axons terminate in the adrenal medulla and stimulate the release of acetycholine

Which statement is true concerning the innervation of adrenal medulla? A. After synapsing in the celiac ganglion, postganglionic sympathetic fibers stimulate the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla. B. Postganglionic sympathetic axons terminate in the adrenal medulla and stimulate the release of acetylcholine. C. Preganglionic sympathetic axons terminate in the adrenal medulla and stimulate the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine. D. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse in the body wall of the adrenal medulla. Postganglionic neurons secrete into the bloodstream to initiate the "rest and digest" response.

pancreas

Which structure is highlighted?

parathyroid glands

Which structure is highlighted?

pineal gland

Which structure is highlighted?

pituitary gland

Which structure is highlighted?

sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

Which type of nerve fibers make up the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

true

true of false? Postganglionic sympathetic fibers are relatively long compared to those of the parasympathetic division.

false

true or false? An endocrine cell that secretes its hormone in response to the presence of another hormone is said to be controlled by humoral stimuli.

false

true or false? Because the fibers of the sympathetic division arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, they cannot innervate structures of the head or pelvis.

false

true or false? Fibers from the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord contribute to the sympathetic division.

false

true or false? In diabetes mellitus, the posterior lobe of the pituitary does not produce sufficient antidiuretic hormone.

false

true or false? Parasympathetic fibers innervate the sweat glands, arrector pili, and smooth muscles of the arteries.

false

true or false? Parasympathetic stimulation of blood vessels causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.

false

true or false? Sympathetic trunk ganglia contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons and are located in the dorsal root of the spinal cord.

true

true or false? The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions can be distinguished by the amount of branching of the post-ganglionic fibers.

true

true or false? the heart contains endocrine cells that secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

true

true or false? All endocrine glands secrete their hormones into the bloodstream.

umbilical region / superior right thoracic region and superior right quadrant

pituitary gland

which gland is highlighted?

adrenal cortex