ANT 101 Chapter 7-9
How does clothing relate to human communication?
Clothing is a form of body language.
Bojana meets Tobar, knows nothing about him other than that he is a Roma, and disrespects him. Her behavior is based on her understanding of Tobar's __________.
ascribed status
Authority is the ability to bring about results __________.
based on a person's status, respect, and reputation
Why do men in Andalucia, Spain, have more "true friends" than women do?
because men have wider social networks
What is one of the greatest offenses among the highland horticulturalists of Sumba?
breaking a promise
In what way(s) has Turkey tried to suppress Kurdish identity?
by referring to them as "Mountain Turks" and restricting the use of the Kurdish language
Which of the following illustrates the idea of social capital?
calling on your neighbors for help with a community yard sale
Which of the following pairs of words illustrates a phonemic difference?
cat and Kate
Hereditary systems of social ranking and economic stratification are features of __________.
chiefdoms
What does political scientist Benedict Anderson mean by "imagined communities"?
communities in which state builders employ symbolic efforts to create a sense of belonging among diverse people
What is discourse?
culturally patterned verbal language
The reason narrative therapy might not be effective among the Pirahã of Brazil would be related to what concept?
displacement
Class is defined primarily in __________ terms.
economic
What quality did the Mao jacket worn by the leadership in China intend to communicate?
equality
Which of the following would be a research focus of critical legal anthropology?
examining the judicial system in Afghanistan to see if it discriminates against women
Using the method of __________, a 2014 study about post-apartheid South Africa showed new patterns of inequality within Black and White communities.
life histories
Which of the following situations would be an example of a state's attempt to create an "imagined community" per Benedict Anderson's definition?
marking high-visibility locations, consumer goods, and school uniforms with the country's flag
Deborah Tannen's analysis of discourse patterns among white Euro-Americans found that __________.
men and women draw different conclusions from indirect responses
What is the term for the concept that rewards go to those who deserve them?
meritocratic individualism
The current distribution of Bantu languages is the result of __________.
migrations of Proto-Bantu-speaking farmers who expanded into different regions of Africa 5,000 years ago
A distinguishing feature of a band is that it has __________.
no formal leader
West Germanic is a __________ of Dutch, which in turn is a __________ of English.
parent, sister
The ability to bring about results with the potential use of force is known as __________.
power
A group that consists of people who interact with each other and know each other personally is a/an __________ group.
primary
What is a frequent way that a state extracts resources from its citizens?
taxation
What is "productivity" with regard to language?
the ability to create an infinite range of expressions from a finite set of rules
What coincided with the first appearance of social stratification in human society?
the emergence of agriculture
According to German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, civil society encompasses social groups and institutions that exist between __________.
the individual and the state
Which of the following is the most comprehensive definition of communication?
the process of sending and receiving meaningful messages
What approach did scholars use to gain information about Proto-Indo-European?
inferences from analyses of contemporary and recorded languages
Sunni women who experienced poor treatment in obstetric clinics in northern Pakistan during Sunni-Shia conflict were the victims of __________.
sectarian conflict
Male friendships in Guyana are reinforced through __________.
storytelling
Which of the following describes a secondary group?
People who identify with one another, but who may never meet or interact personally.
What is one way the term waiteri complex, as defined by Napoleon Chagnon, leads to high rates of violence among the Yanomami?
Socialization of boys promotes aggressive attitudes and behavior.
The parliament of a small state has changed from having a male majority to a female one. The new parliament has changed a number of policies that once clearly benefited men more, to now benefiting women more. What concept would this development be directly related to?
gender essentialism
Which term applies to gang rape in U.S. fraternities?
gynophobic
A state's official television station frequently depicts men in the military performing acts that are admirable to the culture. This would be an example of __________.
a trope
What do social scientists mean by the term new social movements?
activist groups that use social capital and social media to improve the lives of people they represent
What is a social norm?
an accepted standard for how people should behave
The text-messaged phrase "LOL I H8 U!!! ;)" would be an example of __________.
an emerging variant
Which of the following is the best general description of social control?
the way people maintain orderly life in groups through both formal and informal means
What are the two types of civil society institutions defined by social theorist Antonio Gramsci?
those that support the state and those that oppose state power
The emergence of warfare as defined in the text emerged with what form of political organization?
tribes
A friendship is always __________.
voluntary
What is language shift?
when speakers have a limited vocabulary in their native language and more often use a new language
How are kogals similar to bahasa gay speakers?
They both challenge gender norms through language.
Which of the following concepts is associated with sociolinguistics?
cultural constructionism
The transition to democracy is especially difficult when __________.
the change is from a highly authoritarian socialist regime
Evidence based on human mental and physical capacity, as well as indicators of cultural evolution, indicate language may have been developed about __________.
100,000 to 50,000 years ago
How does the term "ascribed status" apply to the concept of race?
A person's race is understood to be something that comes from birth and cannot change.
Why is the caste system particularly associated with Hinduism?
Ancient Hindu scriptures are the sources that define the major social categories in Indian society.
Why are foragers less likely to develop social groups beyond kin relationships compared with settled groups?
Foragers have less continuous interaction with other people.
Robert Carneiro's low opinion of the United Nations is related to which of the following factors?
Because the UN rarely uses force, it is ineffective.
How did the beliefs of Franz Boas contrast with the prevailing belief about race at the time?
Boas believed that culture rather than biology explains human behavior.
How are pidgins and creoles related?
Creoles develop from pidgins.
What is the difference between gestures and sign language?
Gestures are not a complete communication system, whereas sign language is.
Which of the following statements about global languages is accurate?
Global languages interact with local languages and change within the local context.
Which of the following statements exhibits the African roots of African American English (AAE)?
He tired.
What is the main difference between a social norm and a law?
Social norms are learned through socialization; laws are created through official enactment.
Which is a characteristic of Puerto Rico that makes it an example of the difficulty of applying the definition of a nation to a society with fluid populations?
Immigration increases diversity in the local population, while emigration from the island disrupts the identification with a territory.
Which of the following is true of big data?
It is generated by modern digital communications.
Why do small-scale societies use ostracism as a means of social control?
It is the most serious form of punishment because small-scale societies are based on principles of personal relatedness and interdependence.
How does the term meritocratic individualism apply to people in capitalist societies?
It says that every individual can experience upward mobility.
Which statement accurately characterizes the approach of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation?
It uses science to address basic human concerns.
What is one explanation for why archaeologists have found fewer examples of utilitarian writing than ceremonial writing?
Most utilitarian writing was done on perishable materials and did not survive as well as ceremonial writing.
According to the textbook, why would the United States not be considered a nation?
One definition of a nation is that it is culturally homogeneous, which the United States is not.
What is linguistic determinism?
a theory stating that language determines consciousness of the world and shapes behavior
What can be concluded from the high rate of incarceration of Blacks in the United States?
Racial inequality in the United States is demonstrated through unequal imprisonment.
What would the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis say about the Saami repertoire of words for snow?
Saami people have an entirely different conception of snow than English speakers do.
Which of the following includes a tag question?
She left, didn't she?
How is social control different in small-scale societies compared with states?
Small-scale societies can handle disputes on interpersonal levels, but states are much larger and need specialized forms of punishment.
How do cooperatives function as a social group?
Surpluses are shared among the members and each member has a vote in decision making.
For men in Andalucia, Spain, how does an amigo contrast with an amigo de verdad?
The first is a casual friend, the other a friend with whom you share secrets.
What was the reason the initial leadership of CO-MADRES was composed only of women?
The government had killed or imprisoned many of their husbands and sons.
How does the women's movement in China contrast with the CO-MADRES of El Salvador?
The women's movement in China is supported by the government, whereas the CO-MADRES group is trying to change conditions in the government.
How does the language of the Pirahã people of the Brazilian rainforest challenge anthropological definitions of human language?
Their language includes little productivity and displacement.
How is critical discourse analysis similar to critical media anthropology?
They both study language and power.
What is true about leaders of bands?
They have influence, but not power.
How do structurists interpret the fact that some low-income youths join urban gangs?
They point to a connection between the desire to be successful and the inability to do so.
Which of the following is a characteristic of chiefdoms?
They typically comprise more than one village.
What did Karl Marx believe about class differences and class conflict?
They were catalysts of change that would lead to the end of capitalism.
What does the fact that women form about 19 percent of all the world's parliamentary members illustrate?
Women in most countries have limited access to political power.
Based on Deborah Tannen's analysis of indirect responses, what conclusion about gender roles could the following exchange between a couple suggest? Johan: Let's throw a party. Betsy: Are you worried your old crew is excluding you?
Women understand their role to include support for men in social contexts.
Which of the following is an example of an instance where class and status do not match up?
a person who gains wealth in a disreputable way and never gains respect in his community
Jimmy is from an impoverished family and joins a local gang of youths. What characteristic of his environment or personality, if it were observed in Jimmy, could have been used to predict his gang involvement before it occurred?
a strong survival instinct
What is a logograph?
a symbol used in writing that resembles that to which it refers
Which of the following is the definition of language?
a systematic set of symbols and signs with learned and shared meanings
On what did Stuart Kirsch base his decision to act on behalf of the indigenous residents of Ok Tedi?
his belief that he should consider his research findings an item of exchange
What does the process known as moka illustrate?
how leadership develops through exchange in a big-man system
Why would a government seek to build civil society?
in order to further its own goals and agenda
