ANTH 204

La Chappelle

"Old Man" of La-Chapelle. Old man's skull found lacking teeth before death. Must have had someone else process food for him, evidence of social life

Domestication

"Training" of animals and plants to live with and/or be of use to humans o Occurs through controlled breeding

Broad-spectrum revolution

(sometimes abbreviated BSR) refers to a proposed subsistence shift at the end of the last Ice Age (ca 12,000-8,000 years ago) Proposed by Flannery

Mal'ta Child (boy)

- 3-4 years old - Male (Y chromosome) - Brown hair and brown eyes • Excavation Dates: 1928-1958 • Context: settlement, dwellings, art • Period: Upper Paleolithic (approx. 24,000 cal. BP) • Subject: Child burial under the dwelling

Swanscombe

- England -Partial skull -Shows brain expansion bones thick like homo erectus but look neanderthal

Schöningen

- Three wooden spears and fire hardened points - 400 to 300 kya

Petralona

250-150ka 1230cc -Greece H. erectus and neanderthal traits H. erectus traits: nuchal torus & sulcus Wide at base of the skull sloping back low forehead Neanderthal traits: derived: bun type region on back of skull wide face nose also wide

F. Bordes

3 major mousterian assemblage types... 1. quina 2.typical 3. denticulate • Considered to be the world expert on neandertals • Professor at University of Bordo • He Handled 1,000,000 Neandertal tools • 60 + tools made by Neandertals • Meticulous in his excavation ➢ Principle Investigator: Francois Bordes @ Combe Grenal

Mamontovaya Kurya

40,000 BP Humans at arctic latitudes

Olorgesailie

650,000 BP (species) H. erectus (significance) evidence of hunting

La Ferrassie

70-50kya discovered in early 1900s 8 individuals La Ferrassie 1: male, dental wear, dismissed Boule's depiction Modern h. sapian remains had much more complex burials than Neanderthals. deliberate burials were only found at LA Chapelle, La Ferrassie, Tabun, Amud, Kebara, Shanidar, Teshik-Task and places in france. body positions were deloberatly placed in certain positions such as a flexed posture.

Bering Land Bridge

A broad connection of land more than 15,000 kilometers (1,000 miles) across connecting northeast Asia with northwest North America during periods of sea level depression in the Pleistocene. People living in Asia walked east across the land bridge into the lands of the Western Hemisphere at least 15,000 years ago and possibly more

Pech de l'Azé

A cave.. Crayon like blocks of manganese dioxide, possibly used as body art

Sedentism

A pattern of settlement in which a community of people tends to remain in one place over the course of a year or years. A sedentary settlement pattern differs from nomadism in which a community may move seasonally, following the availability of resources

Denticulates Knives**

An artifact (flake or blade tool) with several small tooth-like (dentate or serrated) notches on the working edge.

Shanidar 1: The wear pattern on the teeth of Shanidar 1 Neanderthal indicates what?

Cave site in Iraq where 9 homo neandertalensis were found. No women, but a one-armed, partially blind, crippled old man (40 yo) was found That he used his teeth like a third hand.

Archaic

Chronological period in the New World that follows the Paleoindian period. The Archaic begins at the end of the Pleistocene and represents a period of cultural adaptation to the new, post-glacial environment by Native Americans

Clacton-on-the-Sea

Clactonian -stone tool industry found at Clacton-on-Sea in England. dominated by flakes, no handaxes. wood spear found (!!!) 250 kya -- implications for hunting practices

Wedge-shaped cores

Cores shaped like wedges from which blades were struck; found as part of the Paleo-Artic tradition in northeastern Asia and also found as part of the Denali Complex in the American Arctic

Mesolithic

Culture period after the Paleolithic and before the Neolithic. A period of the proliferation of many regional adaptations and an explosion of local cultural diversity

aDNA genomics

DNA retrieved from museum specimens, fossil remains and archeological findings allows the direct inspection and timing of the changes that have happened in a given species or evolutionary lineage throughout time. T

Aurignacian/Ahmarian

Early Upper Paleolithic: -49-25 cal ka. -Aurignacian/Ahmarian (49-35 ka): -Gravettian/Pavlovian (35-25ka). Upper Paleolithic spread of modern human culture

Steinheim

Euro find cranium (Germany); Swanscombe partial cranium (England) 200,000-250,000 years ago

Homo heidelbergensis

Europe, Asia, Africa 800,000-100,000 years ago 1280 cc - insipient chin, massive brow ridges, less prognathic face, small teeth, thinner vault bones

Upper Paleolithic

Final phase of the Paleolithic, dating to after 40,000 years ago. The Upper Paleolithic is associated with the first appearance of anatomically modern humans in Europe.

Clovis

Fluted point type of the Paleoindians. Large, laurel-leaf-shaped stone blades exhibiting a channel or "flute" (as in a fluted column) on both faces to aid in hafting the stone point onto a wooden shaft. The channel begins at the base and generally extends from 1/3 to no more than 1/2 the length of the point. Clovis points date from 13,200 to 11,900 years ago

Gravettian/Pavlovian

Gravettian: Tool-making tradition of the Upper Paleolithic, characterized by the production of small blades and denticulate knives. Dated from 27,000 to 21,000 B.P.

Middle Pleistocene

Homo heidelbergensis (700-200ka) (The African version is sometimes called Homo rhodesiensis) - lived in Ethiopia, Zambia, S. Africa, and Europe, Thre were the Sima de los Huesos people who may have had symbolic thought, as evidenced by the red Handaxe "Excalibur" Homo neanderthalensis (250-30ka) Homo sapiens (200ka --> ?) (781-126ka)

What are the main theories for the extinction of Australian Mega-fauna? What happened to Australia's climate around the time of the mega-fauna extinction?

Human hunting, fire stick farming and climate change. It changed to a warm-dry climate, with water becoming scarce.

Vertesszollos

Hungary, fire-pits or hearths, 210,000-160,000

Osseous points

Hunting: Upper Paleolithic in Europe, and earlier in Africa, projectiles tipped with osseous points were of great importance for subsistence

Jerimalai Cave

In East Timor erimalai Cave in East Timor is the oldest evidence of occupation by modern humans on the islands that were the stepping stones from South-East Asia to Australia. People lived there more than 42 000 years ago, eating turtles, tuna and giant rats.

Ariendorf

In Germany Mousterian site Large animals of lithic and faunal debris Some hearths an example of a kill site

Yana RHS

In Siberia (RHS stands for "rhinoceros horn site.") 25,000-27,000 year old hunting site at latitude 70 degrees north, on the Yana River.

Mezhirich

In Ukraine Mammoth bone house ca. 16,000-10,000 BCE (Paleolithic). Inhabitants likely covered the interlocked mammoth bones with animal hides. Inside the huts they likely prepared food, manufactured tools and processed skins. The structures were likely seasonal residences for mobile groups who would return for months at a time over the years

Teshik-Tash

In Uzbekistan found Neanderthal child associated with tools of mousterian industry, shows that species has dispersed a long way into asia.

Mal'ta

Inhabitants: nomadic hunter-gatherer date: 23,000 BP location: southeastern siberia in semi-subterranean homes artifacts: Venus figurines Significance DNA testing showed migration across Bering Straight to the New World

Amud Cave

Known for Neanderthal burial remains Evidence: plants- phytoliths analysis, suggests a broad spectrum of plants used for fuel, bedding, and food. Found a lot of grasses, which includes domesticated cereals

Magdalenian

Late Paleolithic culture in Europe dating from 16,000 to 11,000 B.P. Known from sites primarily in France and Spain, the Magdalenian material culture included finely made barbed harpoons, carved decorative objects, and cave paintings.

Combe Grenal

Lime stone cave Dordogne River (France) • Very rich in stone tools; Site excavated from 1953 to 1965 • 64 layers (or strata) were unearthed: o 55 of the 64 layers were archaeological layers 9 geological layers • No hominid fossil remains have been found • Two bottom most layers were occupied by: Homo Heidelbergensis • Discussion: the Neandertal occupation of the site from about 105,000-40,000 years ago

Blade technology

Long thin stone flakes, commonly twice as long as they are wide. Blades represent an efficient use of stone, producing a high proportion of edge for the amount (weight) of stone used.

Groundstone

Mesolithic Hunter Gatherer Adaptations, new technologies Formed by the grinding of a coarse-grained tool stone, either purposely or incidentally.

Siberian EUP, MUP, LUP what is the diff in subsistance btwn the MUP and LUP?

Middle - settled, diverse animals when hunting Late - focused, highly mobile, followed herd

Mousterian points

Mousterian points Retouched flake tools characteristic of the Middle Paleolithic. The retouched edges converge to form a point, which may or may not have been hafted and used as a hunting weapon.

Milford Wolpoff

Multi regional theory, independent populations appear in Europe and Asia multiregional model of human dispersion challenges the "out of africa" model. suggests that after an african origin of homo sapiens (including ergaster and erectus) and the subsequent migration of h erectus throughout much of the globe with the exception of the americas, local evolutionary events took place across the world. (africa, europe, asia, and when they were advantageous, they spread everywhere else) according to wolpoff, populations of homo evolved together as a single species

Regional Continuity

Multiregional Evolution; Says that most local populations in Europe, Asia, Africa continued their indigenous evolutionary development from premodern middle pleistocene forms to anatomically modern humans.

Shanidar Cave

Neanderthal burial site--individual buried in cave with flowers (pollen) Evidence of compassion--individual was previously horribly wounded, but survived--had to have been taken care of by someone *compassion

Classic Levallois

Oval shaped

Parallel Levallois

Pointed

L. Binford

Processual (L. Binford) functional culture, scientific methods & statistics, asked about adaptation - highly influential in CRM archaeology

Burins

Sharp and durable stone tool used in engraving. Burins were used in etching out thin slivers of antler or bone which then were modified further to make awls and needles

The sites of Kasar Akil and Boker Tachtit are significant?

Significant because of shell necklaces, bone tools. They were the right place/right time 'invader species' that made it into Europe. Full blown blade technology

Mal'ta Burial and aDNA •

Skeletal data: o Europeans or Asians • Archaeological data: oSiberian Gravettians • Results o U mtDNA haplogroup shared with European Gravettians Only gets passed down through the females o R YDNA haplogroup shared with modern-day Europeans, SW Asians, South/Central Asians YDNA is males o Genome SNPs: European/Central Asian (most closely aligns with) SNP; polymorphism means that they can change and this is what they look for

Tack

Special Techniques: such as harnesses for ox's and other working animals

Atapuerca

Species Homo heidelbergensis Time Range 300 thousand years ago Site Sima de los Huesos Cranial Capacity 1125 cc Paleoanthropologist Juan-Luis Arsuaga Morphologies heavy brow ridges, wide nasal openings, large projecting middle face

Paleo-arctic tradition

Stone-tool tradition in the Arctic dating to the period before 10,000 years ago. The technology involved the production of micro-blades detached from wedge-shaped cores

Solutrean

Stone-toolmaking tradition of the European Upper Paelolithic. Dating from 21,000 to 16,000 B.P. Solutrean bifaces are often exquisitely made, symmetrical, leaf-shaped projectile points

Mousterian

The Neanderthal tool industry. Uses more flake tools making hand-axes, racloirs, and points. Used Levallois technique

Vogelherd

The Wild Horse: Ivory carved in cave 30,000 BC mammoth ivory 2 inches Vogelherd, Germany

Anthropomorphic figurines

The attribution of human characteristics to non-human creatures and beings, phenomena material states and objects or abstract concepts

Arago

The sites of Sima de los Huesos and Arago contain fossil evidence that supports Cave shaft cavern - Homo heidelburgensis - precursors to Neanderthals - out of those we get Neanderthals at 200kya -characteristics were the same as EMH or erectus?

Venus figurines

Upper Paleolithic sculptures of females, often, but now always, with exaggerated secondary sexual characteristics. Venus figurines have been found in geographic clusters in western, central, and eastern Europe. Most date to a rather narrow time span of between 27,000 and 20,000 years ago

There are 3 Paleolithic Stages:

Upper, Middle and Lower o Lower: Oldowan and Acheulian; habilis, erectus, and heidelbergensis o Middle: Mousterian; neanderthalensis

Willendorf

Venus of Willendorf venus female nude what was it a fertility good luck charm found in 1907 in austria when: 25,000 bce how big: 4.5 inches important? first human constructed art what does she represent: survival and the want for children who made her: Paleolithic humans

Microblade technology

Very small stone blade, often with a very sharp cutting edge. Micro-blades often were set in groups into wooden, bone, or antler handles

Microliths

Very small stone tool

Colonization of Australia What controversies are linked with the colonization of Australia? What effect did the Ice Age have on the colonization of Australia and the New World? oldest human burials date in Australia?

When it was settled, (40-60,000 ya) older is controversial and how many waves of migration there were glacial advances made sea levels fall, exposing shallow ocean floors as land people could walk on 42,000-48,000 ya

Are there still Mega-fauna around today in Australia?

Yes, although the majority of mega-fauna died out in the Late Pleistocene era. Mega-fauna still around include the salt-water crocodile, emu, and certain breeds of kangaroo!

Denisova Cave

a Paleolithic-era species of the genus Homo or subspecies of Homo sapiens. In March 2010, scientists announced the discovery of a finger bone fragment of a juvenile female who lived about 41,000 years ago, found in the remote Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains in Siberia, a cave which has also been inhabited by Neanderthals and modern humans.

Side scrapers

a retouched working edge along the long edge of the flake

Markers of Modernity?

a term of art used in the humanities and social sciences to designate both a historical period (the modern era), as well as the ensemble of particular socio-cultural norms, attitudes and practices that arose in post-medieval Europe and have developed since

Out of Africa

a well-supported theory that argues that every living human being is descended from a small group in Africa, who then dispersed into the wider world displacing earlier forms such as Neanderthal.

AMHS

anatomically modern Homo sapiens tools* Upper Paleolithic paleoanthropology to individual members of the species Homo sapiens with an appearance consistent with the range of phenotypes in modern humans.

Castanet

concave pieces of wood held in the palm of the hand and clicked together, usually to accompany dancing

Istallosko Bacho Kiro

earliest site exhibiting Aurignacian(associated w/ AMHS in Europe included retouched blades, engraving tools called burins, and stone scrapers)

Lake Mungo

early habitation site, Mungo Lady (40 kya, female skeleton, poorly documented & preserved, earliest cremation in world), Mungo Man (adult male skeleton, posed, ochred)

Kostenki

european ancestor found Stone Tools!!

Homo neanderthalensis

existed during which years? -130,000- 24,000 years ago many sites overlap with who? -Anatomically modern humans located where? (3) -Primarily Europe but also Middle East and Western Asia first discovered where, when? -1856, Neander Valley Germany thought to orignally be what? -Barbarian that lived in the area before Celtic and Germanic tribes

Hohle Fels

figure: 35,000 B.C.E. Cared Mammoth Tusk. Oldest surviving carved human figure. Depicts the great mother goddess

Mauer

large mandible, no chin. -teeth similar to chinese homo erectus -homo heidelbergensis

LGM

last glacial maximum the last period in the Earth's climate history during the last glacial period when ice sheets were at their greatest extension

Hohlenstein-Stadel Cave

location: Germany note: paleolithic art was found in caves like these; found all throughout European mountainous regional; images found throughout the region are very similar; suggests that there was a great deal of movement of people and they exchanged ideas; revealed the earliest images of human form

Stone tools at Combe Grenal

o About 19,000 tools were found o The tools are from the Mousterian Industry (C&L pg. 288-290) o Name given to Neandertal Tools - Mousterian tools o Recall that Bordes (C&F p. 288) is credited with identifying 60+ types of tools within the Mousterian o Of 766 tools found in one layer, c. 600 were "Denticulate" tools (9 additional strata were predominately "denticulates")

Agriculture

o Cultivation of soil o Production of crops o Raising of livestock

Polished Stone Tools

o Grinding slabs and pestles o Axes and adzes o Hoes o Net sinkers

First European Upper Paleolithic Sites

o Istallosko, Hungary, 42-40 ka o Bacho Kiro, Bulgaria, >42 ka o Willendorf, Austria, 42- 40 ka

Okladnikov Cave

o Mousterian archaeology o Neanderthal DNA

Pottery

o Portable storage o Cooking vessels

Bilzingsleben

old!! evidence for artistic behavior in early Europeans evidence for fire use by early Europeans evidence for the construction of shelters by early Europeans

Ksar Akil

personal ornamentation: less than 41 kya in Turkey (Ucgazili), Lebanon (Ksar 'Akil), South Africa (75,000 years), Moscow (25,000 years), Siberia (15,000 years)

Sahul what period is sahul occupied in

pleistocene period Nauwalabila - Early Sahul site - 60.3-15.5 k cal BP - rock shelter - Arnhem Land Nawarla Garbarnmang (NG) - Early Sahul site - 45.5 k cal BP - painted cave - Arnhem Land Malakuhania (MJB) - Early Sahul site - 10-18, 62 k cal BP - rock shelter - north Arnhem Land Mungo I - Early Sahul site - 43-40 k cal BP - oldest cremation - SE interior Mungo III - Early Sahul site - 37-78 k cal BP - oldest ochre burial -SE interior Devil's Lair - Early Sahul site - 46-41 k cal BP - early symbolism - rock shelter - SW Australia Huon-Bobongara Peninsula - Early Sahul site - 51-44 k cal BP - oldest ground stone? - NE New Guinea Ivane Valley - Early Sahul site - 49-38 k cal BP - highland use, extensive environment modification - E New Guinea Jerimalia Rockshelter - Early Sahul site - 42.5 k cal BP - Early pelagic fishing, oldest fish hook (23 k cal BP) - Timor L'Este Maros Karst Sites - Early Sahul site - 40 k cal BP - oldest hand stencils - Sulawesi

Levallois technology

stone tool technology involving the production of consistently shaped flakes from carefully prepared cores. Levallois technology is associated with archaic forms of homo sapiens

L. Keeley

suggested functional differences in lithic variation! scrapers for butchery, and denticulates for woodworking

Kebara Cave

suggests that the Neandertals: relied on meat from a variety of animals in addition to locally available plants.

Black Earth site

• Carrier Mills, Illinois • 3 large village sites o 7.5-4 ka o Midden soil concentrations Get a lot of rich earth association with these sites o Black earth site dates to 7.5-6.8 ka • Excavations revealed: o Continuous midden deposits o Long term occupation

Neolithic

• Cultural period marked by village settlement, agriculture, domestication and new technologies o In the new world it is called formative • Earliest at 11,000 cal BP (11ka) in Near East. Latest by 4 ka in East and SW US Various places across the landscape at different times Independent invention • In some places agriculture never occurred o Brought to these regions later on by others • Neolithic marked by new technologies

Mt. Sandel: Seasonality and Sedentism

• Fauna: wild boar, salmon, eel, sea bass, duck, pigeon, dove, goshawk and grouse • Flora: hazelnut, water lily, wide apple • Multiple season exploitation of resources • Nearly year-round settlement

Holocene

• Geological Epoch from 12ka to present • Change in earth's orbit > Glacial melting > Rise in sea level > Shift in ocean currents> Shift in atmospheric currents >< Continued climate change> o Land bridge was completely submerged by 12

Benefits of Domestication?

• Meat: control over food source more reliable than hunting o More control over the food source and more reliable • Renewable resources: eggs, milk, hair, wool, labor, manure o Hair and wool helps with clothing • Plants: greater yields and surplus for trade/storage • Would domestication take less time than hunting and gathering? o No

European Case Study: Mount Sandel

•Northern Ireland, 11ka • Large circular structures o 6 meters diameter o Made of post construction o Central fireplace and interior storage pits