Anth 21 FINAL

B

A mummy is discovered whose tomb includes cloth, food, and other organic remains. What dating method might be used to date the contents of the tomb? A. Carbon 4 B. Carbon 14 C. Dendrochronology D. Electron spin resonance

B

A species with obligate bipedalism A. walks on four legs on the ground B. walks on two legs all the time C. commonly switches between walking on two legs or four legs D. only walks on two legs in the trees

D

A viable explanation for the differences observed between H. habilis and H. rudolfensis would be: A. male and female of a sexually dimorphic species B. two members of a highly variable species C. members of two different species D. all of the above

False

All early hominids are in the genus Homo True False

C

An example of intra-specific variation is: A. coat pattern difference between leopards and cheetahs B. canine size difference between a mandrill baboon and a chimpanzee C. skin color difference between South Asians and Europeans D. body size difference between a blue whale and a shark

C

An index fossil is: A. A fossil found in a particular site. B. The ideal specimen of that species that all examples must follow C. A fossil used to categorize and compare stratigraphic layers D. The type specimen of a species

B

Ardi's (Ardipithecus ramidus) intermediate form of locomotion included the use of: A) longer hind limbs for vertical clinging and leaping. B) flared iliac blades for hip stabilization during walking. C) an arch of the foot to absorb the energy of landing on the feet. D) a prehensile tail.

A

Ardipithecus ramidus, as evidenced by the largely complete Ardi skeleton, was adapted to climbing in trees and: A) walking on two legs on the ground. B) knuckle walking on the ground. C) swimming in water. D) None of the above, Ardi was exclusively arboreal.

C

Bone is made of components that are: A. entirely organic B. entirely inorganic C. both organic and inorganic D. neither organic nor inorganic

B

Current evidence indicates that the first stone tools were used by A. H. habilis B. Au. garhi C. H. rudolfensis D. Au. sediba

C

Darwin hypothesized that human features evolved in which of the following orders? A) Bipedalism, Canine Reduction, Tool Use, Brain expansion B) Bipedalism, Language, Brain expansion, Monogamy C) Intelligence, Tool use, Bipedalism, Canine Reduction

C

From 2.5 - 1.0 million years ago there was clear evidence of two different hominid lineages living at the same time and same sites. Two species that represent these lineages are: A. Homo habilis and Australopithecus afarensis. B. Homo sapiens and Homo heidelbergensis. C. Homo erectus and Australopithecus boisei. D. Homo neanderthalensis and Homo floresiensis.

D

From nuclear genome sequence data, which contemporary human populations appear to have some Neanderthal ancestry? A) Sub-Saharan Africans only B) Europeans only C) East Asians only D) All non-African populations

C

Given that Neanderthals lived in a glacial environment, what would you expect them to look like according to Bergmann and Allen? A. Tall and lean, with long limbs B. Short and stocky, with long limbs C. Short and stocky, with short limbs D. Tall and lean, with short limbs

B

Homo erectus fossils date between: A) 3 - 1 mya. B) 1.8 mya - 300,000 ya. C) 2.5 mya - 0.5 mya. D) 200,000 ya - 10,000 ya.

B

Homo habilis experienced a major behavioral shift that was characterized by: A) arboreal climbing. B) tool use for obtaining and processing food. C) big-game hunting. D) use of marine resources.

C

How were the Acheulean tools more advanced than the Oldowan tools? A) They were smaller in size and lighter B) They didn't require much thought process and so were easier to make C) The flaking patterns were more elaborate and formed into specific tools such as hand axes D) They preserve better

A

If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of: A) superposition. B) paleomagnetism. C) fluorine analysis. D) geolayering.

A

If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of: A. Superposition B. Paleomagnetism C. Geolayering D. Fluorine analysis

False

If you observe different levels of technological advancement between peoples, you can conclude that the more advanced had an inherent advantage in cognitive abilities. A) True B) False

A

Igneous rock (volcanic rock) can be absolutely dated with which of the following methods? A. K-Ar dating B. Dendrochronology C. C14 dating D. Stratigraphy

A

Igneous rock formed from volcanic eruptions can be dated with which of the following methods? A) potassium-argon (K-Ar) dating B) dendrochronology C) radiocarbon dating D) flourine dating

D

In a biped the foramen magnum of the skull is directed __________ A. medially B. laterally C. posteriorly D. inferiorly

D

In reference to the fossil skeleton with similar length forelimbs and hind limbs, a long lumbar portion of the vertebral column, and a narrow rib cage, what type of locomotion did it likely engage in? A) Bipedalism B) Vertical clinging and leaping C) Suspension D) Arboreal quadupedalism

False

Lucy is a member of Au. africanus True False

B

Neandertals show a high frequency of injuries such as broken bones and skull fractures that are NOT seen in anatomically modern human (AMH) fossils. Which is the favored explanation? A) Neandertals had annual rodeos, circuses, and raves. B) Neandertals were coming into close contact with large, dangerous animals. C) Neandertals had very fragile bones due to inadequate levels of calcium in their diet. D) Neandertals were prone to accidents, probably because they were less intelligent than AMHs.

B, E, F, G

Other than Africa, where have H. erectus fossils been found? (select all that apply) A. North America B. Republic of Georgia C. Russia D. Antarctica E. Indonesia F. China G. Spain

D

The Laetoli footprints demonstrate that the foot of Australopithecus afarensis was human- like in having: A) a rounded heel. B) a big toe in line with the other toes. C) an arch of the foot. D) all of the above

B

The Oldowan tools are characterized by A. Sharply pointed arrowheads B. Choppers and flakes C. Very processed handaxes D. Racloirs

C

The benefit of finding a particular fossil in the same layer as an index fossil (one whose geographic and temporal distributions are well understood) is: A) Both of them can be dated by Carbon 14 method B) It can be inferred that the index fossil is younger C) It shows that both species co-occurred in the same period of time D) There is no benefit, because there is no absolute date from either fossil

True

The dental formula for adult humans is 2:1:2:3 True False

C

The diaphysis is in the _____________ of a long bone, while the epiphysis is in the____________ of the bone A. trabecular, cortical B. endochondral, intramembranous C. shaft, end D. epiphyseal plate, marrow cavity

C

The earliest appearance of fossils of anatomically modern humans ("AMH"; Homo sapiens) occurs at about _____. A) 50ka B) 4.2 Ma C) 300 ka D) 1.8 Ma

C

The earliest hominids first show up in the fossil record approximately: A) 0.5 million years ago (mya). B) 2 Ma. C) 7 Ma. D) 20 Ma.

C

The earliest recognizable likely hominid (or hominin) is: A) Australopithecus afarensis. B) Paranthropus robustus. C) Sahelanthropus tchandensis. D) Proconsul africanus.

C

The first evidence for the expansion of the tool kit to include prepared cores to make specialized flakes and making fire hardened wooden spears occurs in: A) Australopithecus afarensis. B) Homo habilis. C) Archaic Homo sapiens. D) Anatomically modern Homo sapiens.

A

The first identified australopithecine (in terms of scientific discovery) fossil found was A. Lucy B. The Taung child C. The Laetoli footprints D. Oldowan

C

The fossil evidence of modern humans in Australia demonstrates that: A) the Australian Aborigines derive their origins largely from Archaic Homo sapiens. B) the route of migration to the Americas occurred through Australia. C) that humans were able to make open water crossing by at least 40,000 years ago. D) Migration into Australia occurred only recently (within the last 10,000 years).

D

The importance of the Taung Child discovered by Raymond Dart is that: A) It was the first early hominid specimen discovered in Africa. B) It shows that bipedalism evolved before brains became large. C) It was the first member of Australopithecus to be discovered. D) All of the above.

A

The molecular clock has been useful to determine the time of divergence of species based on the assumption that: A. A species accumulates genetic differences over time at a constant rate. B. All species are related. C. Species will eventually change in time D. Species adapt at specific rates

B

The most likely contender for the common ancestor of all later catarrhines is: A) Proconsul. B) Aegyptopithecus. C) Notharctus. D) Neanderthals.

A

The most obvious difference between the pelvises of chimpanzees and humans is in the: A. ilium B. pubis C. femoral angle D. foramen magnum

A

The nose is _________________ to the ears. A) Medial B) Lateral C) Inferior D) Superior

C

The obstetric dilemma results from a conflict between ___________ A. femur and the tibia B. humans and chimpanzees C. narrow pelvis and a fetus with a large brain D. stereoscopic vision and narrow pelvis E. all of the above

C

The oldest australopithecine (in terms of geological chronology, not earliest discovery by anthropologists) was A. afarensis B. aethiopicus C. anamensis D. sediba

D

The orbits (eye sockets) in many mammals are divergent and oriented ____________ on the skull, while the orbits of primates are convergent and oriented _____________. A. medially, anteriorly B. superiorly, laterally C. inferiorly, medially D. laterally, anteriorly

C

The spongy bone found inside your skeleton is called ____________. A. cortical B. diaphyseal C. trabecular D. bicondylar

D

The time it takes for 50% of an unstable isotope to decay to a stable form is called the: A. Semichron B. Middlemorph C. Demidose D. Half-life

D

The types of dating methods that only tells whether one event is younger or older than another are known as: A) Absolute dating B) Radiocarbon dating C) Cross dating D) Relative dating

False

True or False: The femoral angle of "Lucy" (Australopithecus afarensis) is more similar to chimpanzees than anatomically modern humans. True False

C

We think the first migration of hominins out of Africa was of Homo erectus. What piece of evidence, if found, would force us to rethink this? A) Homo erectus found in America B) Homo neanderthalensis discovered in East Asia C) Homo habilis discovered in Europe D) Homo habilis discovered in Africa

C

We think the first migration of hominins out of Africa was of Homo erectus. What piece of evidence, if found, would force us to rethink this? A. Homo erectus found in America B. Homo neanderthalensis discovered in East Asia C. Homo habilis discovered in Europe D. Homo habilis discovered in Africa

A, D

What are some features of the robust australopithecines that are markedly different from gracile australopithecines? (select all that apply) A. Presence of a sagittal crest B. Presence of a post-orbital bar C. Presence of bilophodont molars D. Size of the molars

A, B, D

What are some general trends in skull features that you observed in the hominid phylogeny moving from a common ancestor with chimpanzees to Homo sapiens? Pick the three that apply. A. Decreasing canine size B. Increasing cranial capacity C. More teeth D. Decreasing prognathism E. Brow ridge moves superiorly

C

What does the large size of the robust australopithecines tell us about their diet? A. There was a lot of male-male competition B. They live in cold environments C. The likely fed on hard objects such as nuts and tubers D. They only ate plants that used CAM photosynthesis

B

What is a potential reason that robust australopithecines went extinct? A) They never became obligate bipeds. B) Early Homo species living in the same regions out-competed them. C) They merged and interbred with emerging Homo sapiens populations. D) They retained a dependence on arboreal climbing.

C

What is the basic difference between relative and absolute dating? A. The use of species B. The use of bones and teeth C. The determination of an actual number of years D. The use of wood

B

What is the likely explanation for the rapid increase in body size among Homo erectus? A) an influx of genes from H. sapiens for increased height B) greater access to protein and improved nutrition with expanded tool use C) reaching for fruits higher in the trees, which increased their height over time D) selection for wading into deeper water to cross between islands

B

What is the likely reason for the decrease in 'robusticity' of skull features going forward in the hominid timeline? A. Increasing reliance on bipedality B. Increased tool use and cooking C. Increase in global temperature D. Increase in sexual dimorphism

B

What is the protrusion of bone above the eye orbits called? A. Prognathism B. Brow ridge C. Zygomatic arch D. Femur

A, C

What of the following are potential reasons for why the robust australopitehcines went extinct? (Select all that apply) A. the foods they specialized in went extinct B. they never became obligate bipeds C. early Homo species living in the same regions outcompeted them D. the merged and interbred with the Homo erectus population

B

What type of tool is H. Erectus associated with in the fossil record? A. Oldowan B. Achuelean C. Mousterian/Middle Stone Age

A

What type of tool is H. Habilis associated with in the fossil record? A. Oldowan B. Achuelean C. Mousterian/Middle Stone Age

C

What type of tool is H. Neanderthalensis associated with in the fossil record? A. Oldowan B. Achuelean C. Mousterian/Middle Stone Age

B, C, F

Which conditions are best for fossilization? (Select all that apply) A. An acidic area B. An area with few micro-organisms C. A dry area D. A damp area E. A place where the body takes a long time to be buried F. A place where the body is buried quickly

C

Which dating method would be most appropriate for establishing the absolute age of a volcanic ash layer from an early hominid site in eastern Africa? A. Carbon 14 dating B. Faunal succession C. Potassium-argon dating D. Faunal correlation

B, C, E

Which features of a fossil skeleton would allow you to infer that the species was bipedal? (select all that apply) A. Presence of a sagittal crest B. Presence of a femoral angle C. Foramen magnum at the base of the skull D. Large amount of sexual dimorphism in the skull E. Bowl shaped pelvis with flared iliac blades

A

Which group shows the least amount of sexual dimorphism in the skull? A. Humans B. Robust australopithecines C. Gorillas D. Mandrill baboons

B

Which is a feature possessed by early Homo that distinguishes it from preceding australopithecines. A. megadontia B. reduced molar tooth size C. facultative bipedalism D. strong facial prognathism

B

Which is true about the combination of arboreal and bipedal features found in the australopithecine skeleton? A) The majority of features associated with locomotion suggests that australopithecines spent most of their time climbing in trees. B) Bipedal features appear to reflect recent selection while arboreal features appear to be retained from an earlier ancestor. C) Despite the appearance of the skeleton it is impossible to infer how our ancestors truly walked or climbed. D) None of the above.

A

Which location provided the strongest evidence for regional continuity of morphological features between archaic and modern Homo sapiens outside of Africa? A) East Asia B) Europe C) North America D) There is no evidence that supports regional continuity.

C

Which of the following best explains how Native American populations came into being? A. A sub-population of H. erectus journeyed across the Beringian land bridge into the Americas and evolved into Native Americans. B. A lineage of Australopithecines existed in the Americas which evolved into Native Americans today. C. A subset of H. sapiens, probably from East Asia journeyed into the Americas across Beringia and formed ancestral Native American populations. D. The Americas were first colonized by humans traveling West from Europe and Africa.

D

Which of the following features distinguishes living apes from early hominoids such as Proconsul? A) Living apes have longer hind limbs than forelimbs B) Living apes have longer tails C) Living apes have larger bicondylar or femoral angle D) Living apes have wider chests with scapula (shoulder blade) on the back

C

Which of the following is NOT a likely ancestor-descendent relationship between an extinct and living species or group? A) Adapiforms & strepsirrhines B) Sivapithecus & orangutans C) Plesiadipiforms & plattyrhines D) Omomyids & haplorhines

C

Which of the following is NOT a trait of Neanderthals? A. no chin B. greater mid-face prognathism than anatomically modern Homo sapiens C. long slender limbs D. barrel chest E. long, low cranial vault

C

Which of the following is NOT a trait that is characteristic of early Homo? A) Reduction of the molars B) Reduced facial prognathism C) Large sagittal crest D) Association with stone tools

E

Which of the following is NOT an adaptive trend observed during hominid evolution? A) Increasing brain size B) Changes in reproductive behavior C) Bipedalism D) Change in diet E) All are adaptive trends observed in hominids

A

Which of the following is the best way to become a fossil? A) Get buried in sediment very quickly after you die B) Die in a rain forest and get buried in the rich, damp soil and leaf litter C) Get buried in sand on a good surfing beach (i.e. big crashing waves) D) Get eaten by a crocodile so that the stomach acids petrify your bones

A

Which of the following is true of Oldowan tools? A) They are the earliest stone tools on record. B) Some populations of wild chimpanzees produce them. C) They consist of handaxes and spear points. D) They are typical tools of modern Homo sapiens.

B

Which of the following places these primates in proper geological order from earliest to latest? A) Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus ramidus, Proconsul. B) Aegyptopithecus, Proconsul, Sahelanthropus tchadensis. C) Neandertals, Sivapithecus, Eoanthropus dawsoni.

B

Which of the following set of species represents a strongly lumping taxonomy? A. H. habilis, H. ergaster, H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis, H. sapiens, B. H. habilis, H. erectus, H. sapiens archaic, H. sapiens modern C. H. rudolfensis, H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis, H. antecessor, H. neanderthalensis, H. sapiens D. H. rudolfensis, H. habilis, H. ergaster, H. erectus, H. floresiensis, H. antecessor, H. heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis, H. sapiens

C

Which of the following traits appeared latest (i.e., most recently) in hominin evolution? A) Bipedalism B) Large brain size, in excess of 1,000 cc C) Prominent chin D) Stone tools

A, B, D

Which of the following traits are characteristic of the genus Homo, when compared to earlier hominids? Please choose all that apply A. Big brains B. Larger, more rounded brain case C. Large teeth D. Less prognathism

D

Which of the following two skeletal features taken together would you analyze to help you establish that an individual is bipedal? (i.e. which two features will be the most informative?) A. dental formula, eye orbit orientation B. eye orbit orientation, presence/absence of a femoral angle C. pelvic inlet size, foramen magnum location D. presence/absence of a femoral angle, foramen magnum location

A

Which of the species below was the first to make regular use of art and other symbolic representations? A) H. sapiens B) H. erectus C) P. boisei D) A. afarensis

D

Which particular feature of the skull is larger in Homo erectus compared to australopithecines? A. Canine sexual dimorphism B. Molar size C. Prognathism D. Cranial capacity

A

Which trait is NOT unique to the robust austalopithecines compared to other hominids: A. Bipedal locomotion B. Flared zygomatics C. Megadontia D. Presence of a sagittal crest

D

Who was the first hominid to move out of Africa, and when? A. H. habilis, ~2.5 million years ago B. H. habilis, ~1.8 million years ago C. H. antecessor, ~1.8 million years ago D. H. erectus, ~1.8 million years ago E. H. erectus, ~500,000 years ago

A

You find a fossil skull with a foramen magnum at its base and canine teeth that wear from the tips and have no diastema. From this you determine that: A) The individual likely represents an early hominid or hominin. B) The individual had an enlarged brain. C) The individual likely climbed in trees. D) There is not much you can infer from these features.

C

You have dated by means of U-235:Pb-207 a volcanic ash layer. You found that 30% of the original U-235 remains in the rock. How old is this layer? *So... when it was 0 years old, the rock had 100% of its original U-235 *In this original question, there was a graph where you would select the age that correlated with the amount of U-235 left... A. 80% left --> 350 million years old B. 75% left --> 400 million years old C. 30% left --> 1200 million years old D. 20% left --> 1600 million years old

C

You have found a fossil skeleton with similar length forelimbs and hind limbs, a long lumbar portion of the vertebral column, and a narrow rib cage. However, it appears to lack a tail and its molars have a Y-5 pattern. This specimen most likely represents: A) Ardipithecus. B) Oreopithecus. C) Proconsul. D) None of the above.

D

You have found a large subfossil lemur arm bone in a cave showing evidence of butchery using stone tools. You want to measure the absolute time at which this animal died, the technique most likely to give you the answer is: A) biostratigraphy. B) potassium-argon dating. C) paleomagnitism. D) carbon 14 dating.