ANTH 222 Part 2
Foramen Magnum
an opening in the base of the skull where the spinal cord enters
Aegyptopithecus
-Early anthropoid -13-18 poinds -Quadrupedal climber -Ate fruit and leaves -Monkey with ape teeth -Sexual dimorphism
Hominoids
-Humans and other apes -No tails -Large bodied -Longest maturation -Complex social behavior and cognition
Genetic Drift
-Increases variation between populations -Reduces variation within populations -Is stochastic
Strepsirhines
-Lemurs and lorises -wet rhinarium -dental comb -grooming claw -Madagascar, Africa, SE Asia
Anthropoids
-Monkeys, apes, and humans -Big bodies and brains -Dry noses -Slow growth -Greater parental care and socialization
Platyrrhines
-New World Monkeys -Prehensile tail -Arboreal, Diurnal -Central, South America
Catarrhines
-Old World Monkeys -Non-prehensile tail -Quadrupedal and arboreal -Ischial callosities -Africa, SE Asia
Homo Habilis
-Originated in East and South Africa (2.5-1.6 mya) -Bipeds with some climbing ability -Oldowan stone tools -Co-existed with robust australopithecines -Bigger brains
Allen and Bergmann's Rules
-People with long, slender torsos and limbs are better adapted to hot environments. -People with compact, stocky torsos ans short, stubby limbs can conserve heat better in cold environments.
Tarsiers
-Previously called "prosimians," with lemurs and lorises -Nocturnal eyes
Natufian culture
A Mesolithic culture from the lands that are now Israel, Lebanon, and western Syria, between about 10,200 and 12,500 years ago
Sivapithecus
A Miocene hominoid who is a likely ancestor to modern orangutans.
Cognitive Capacity
A broad concept including intelligence, educability, concept formation, self-awareness, self-evaluation, attention span, sensitivity in discrimination, and creativity
Upper Paleolithic
A cultural period: -Ice Age -Solutrean tool tradition -Art -Music -Body ornamentation
Blade technique
A method of stone tool manufacture in which long, parallel-sided flakes are struck off the edges of a specifically prepared core
La Chapelle aux Saints
A neandertal site that revealed compassion due to care for others
Denisovans
A newly discovered group of archaic Homo sapiens from southern Siberia dated to between 30,000 and 50,000 years ago
Monkey
A primate that does have a tail
Ape
A primate that does not have a tail
Microlith
A small blade of flint or stone, several of which were hafted together in wooden handles to make tools; widespread in the Mesolithic
Site
A spatial concentration of objects resulting from past human activities.
Pressure Flaking
A technique of stone tool manufacture in which a bone, antler, or wooden tool is used to press, rather than strike off, small flakes from a piece of flint or similar stone
Uniformitarianism
A theory proposed by Charles Lylell which stated that geological processes occurring today are the same that occurred in the past
Relative Dating
A type of dating that tells you oldest to youngest (law of superposition)
Linnaean
A type of taxonomy with Prosimians and Anthropoids
Revised
A type of taxonomy with Strepsirhines and Haplorhines
Acclimatization
Adaptation and Acclimatization: -individual (physiological -Reversible, not inherited -minutes to months
Developmental Adaptation
Adaptation and Acclimatization: -individual (physiological) -permanent, not inherited -Infancy -> childhood
Cultural Adaptation
Adaptation and Acclimatization: -individual and population -learned -acquired through membership in cultural group
Genetic Adaptation
Adaptation and Acclimatization: -population (genetic) -permanent and inherited -many generations
Tongue morphology
All of the following traits, as they appear in Neanderthals, suggest that they were capable of speech and spoken language EXCEPT: -Tongue morphology -Hypoglossal canal -Hyoid bone -FOXP2 gene
Northeast Asia
Genetic, linguistic, and archaeological evidence suggests that the first people to colonize North and South America most likely came from where?
Gorillas
Great Ape -Largest primate -Exclusively vegetarian -Calm and quiet -Central Africa
Orangutans
Great Ape -Slow-climbing brachiators -Becoming extinct from palm oil -Only in Indonesia
Anthropoids
Old World Monkeys, apes, and humans
Homo sapiens idaltu
One of the earliest populations of modern humans identified in Ethiopia about 160,000 years ago.
Gradualism
Species emerged gradually (Darwin)
Epigenetics
Stably heritable phenotypes resulting from changes in a chromosome without alterations in the DNA sequence.
Brain endocasts
Tells us which portions of the brain are well developed
Middle Paleolithic
The middle part of the Old Stone Age characterized by the development of the Mousterian tool tradition and the earlier Levalloisian traditions
Oldowan
The oldest stone tool technology dates to approximately 2.5 million years ago, includes purposeful but crude generalized tools, and is called the _____________ tradition.
Mutation
The only new way to create genetic material
Neandertals
The people found at the Sima de los Huesos site are most likely the ancestors to ________________:
Epidemiological
The recent transition from infectious diseases (like smallpox) to chronic, degenerative diseases (like congestive heart failure) as the leading causes of mortality in developed countries is referred to as the ________________ transitions.
Adaptive Radiation
The relatively rapid expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches
Ecology
The science of how organisms interact in, and with, the natural world
Analogous
The similarly-shaped flippers of seals (which are mammals) and penguins (which are birds) are best described as ____________ structures.
Archaic Cultures
The term used to refer to Mesolithic cultures in the Americas
Mousterian tool tradition
The tool industry of the Neandertals and their contemporaries in Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa from 40,000-125,000 years ago
False
True or False: Fossil evidence indicates that Homo habilis used stone-tipped weapons to hunt and kill large prey, including elephants.
False
True or False: Genetic adaptation involves changes in gene frequencies in the DNA of an individual person over the course of their life cycle in response to external stimuli.
True
True or False: Genetic evidence indicates that our hominin line diverged from the ape line that evolved into chimpanzees and bonobos most likely between 5-7 million years ago.
True
True or False: If culture is defined as learned, socially shared practices or knowledge, then chimpanzees have culture.
False
True or False: It is impossible to reverse epigenetic marks on your genome and that of your descendants once they have been added to your genome.
False
True or False: It is unlikely that the earliest human colonizers of the Americas came by sea, as they lacked the necessary seafaring knowledge and technology.
False
True or False: Neandertals had much smaller average brain size (smaller cranial capacities) than modern humans.
False
True or False: Neandertals have been found in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
False
True or False: Neandertals lived only in natural shelters inside caves.
False
True or False: Primates tend to live alone
False
True or False: Removing a keystone species from an ecosystem increases species diversity within that ecosystem.
False
True or False: Robust australopithecines are the ancestors to modern humans.
False
True or False: The brains of human children keep growing in size until well past the age of 10.
True
True or False: The diet of various primate species is reflected in the numbers and shape of different types of teeth (molars, premolars, canines, incisors) each species possesses.
False
True or False: The discovery of Homo habilis proved that Homo erectus could not be a human ancestor.
False
True or False: The earliest known cities are found in what is now Europe.
False
True or False: The emergence of states is an inevitable stage in human evolution.
True
True or False: The only Neandertal hyoid bone ever found is identical to those of modern humans, implying that Neandertals were at least physically capable of spoken language.
False
True or False: The transition to agriculture greatly improved the health and quality of life for all humans.
True
True or False: With the adoption of agriculture, human life expectancy decreased
False
True or false: All species are amenable to domestication.
True
True or false: Anatomically modern Homo sapiens and Neandertals in the Middle East shared an area about the size of Indiana from about 100,000 to 40,000 years ago.
False
True or false: Homo floresiensis suffered from a rare recessive genetic disease.
True
True or false: Injury patterns observed in skeletal remains suggests that Neanderthals participated in "up-close and personal" hunting that involved killing animals with close-range weapons.
False
True or false: Neandertals cremated their dead (burned their bodies to ash).
True
True or false: Neandertals did not use spearthrowers
True
True or false: Neandertals drew cave paintings.
False
True or false: Neandertals were exclusively carnivorous.
False
True or false: The Ice Age climate meant that there were very few large mammals to hunt.
False
True or false: The age and body size of the Nariokotome skeleton suggests that Homo erectus growth patterning was more similar to apes than modern humans.
False
True or false: The earliest evidence for bow and arrow technology is known from Australia.
True
True or false: You can be someone's great, great, great, great, great grandparent without passing on any of your DNA to them.
Linguistic, Cultural, Archaeological, Biological, Applied
What are the five types of anthropology?
Autoimmune, genetic, infectious, metabolic, chronic
What are the five types of diseases?
Reproduction, Heredity, Individual Variation, Variation in Fitness
What are the four preconditions of natural selection?
Environment, systems, hierarchy
What are the three fundamental ecological concepts?
Adaptive, genetic, passive
What are the three types of immunity?
Sickle-cell anemia
What is an illness that is a good example of balanced polymorphism?
Vertebral column
What is not a derived characteristic of placental mammals?
Mother and infant
What is the most basic primate social unit?
Encephalization
What represents the most significant change from Australopithecines to early Homo?
Dog
What was the first domesticated species?
Encephalization
What was the most significant change between Australopithecines and Homo?
Transhumance
When a group moves a lot throughout the year to exploit various resources they are said to practice:
Structural Violence
When a society's social, political, and economic structures cause physical or psychological harm to a group of people within that society, what has occurred?
Anagenesis
When a species evolves into a new species, the old species becomes extinct
Cladogenesis
When a species evolves, it may branch into two or more species
Gene flow
When new alleles are introduced through interbreeding
K-selected
When primates invest a great deal of energy into raising their offspring and primates produce very few offspring.
Lazaret Cave
Where was the earliest-known evidence of a constructed shelter?
Occipital bun
Which of the following is NOT a derived feature of anatomically modern Homo sapiens? -Vertical forehead with reduced browridges -Occipital bun -Mental eminence (a chin) -Small face (not projecting)
Projecting chin
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Neandertal crania? -occipital bun -projecting chin -very large brains -receding forehead
they tended to be small bodied
Which of the following is not a characteristic of animals that made the more pre-disposed to being domesticated? -they tended to form hierarchical bonds -they tended to be small bodied -they lived in groups (herds or packs) -they were not particularly skittish (nervous around humans) -they were not particularly territorial
Sagittal crest
Which of the following traits was NOT exhibited by Homo habilis: -small face -sagittal crest -Rounded crania -Bipedalism
Hunting of large game
Which of the following was probably not a part of Homo habilis lifestyle? -Using locally-available resources -hunting of large game -Scavenging meat -Plant gathering using tools
Neandertals
Who created the earliest known cave paintings?
Linnaeus
Who developed the first classification system for living things?
Foraging
_______________ (daily) vs. food collection (storage)
Mitochondrial
_______________ DNA that is only inherited through our maternal genetic lineage
Robust
_______________ australopithecines: -Larger molars and cheekbones -Came later -Prominent sagittal crest
Gracile
_______________ australopithecines: -Smaller molars and cheekbones -Came earlier
Bipedalism
_______________ evolved in the forests during the late Miocene period.
Bipedalism
_______________ helped hominids: -cope with heat -forage for plants -carry stuff (like babies and food)
Sima de los Huesos
_______________ is an important hominin site located in northern Spain where the bodies of at least 32 individuals of both sexes, and juveniles as well as adults, were deliberately deposited (post-mortem) into a deep cave shaft.
Levallois
_______________ technology: -Used by archaic homo sapiens -long distance procurement -hafted tools
Brachiation
a method of locomotion in which a primate swings from one arm to the next
Taphonomy
The laws of preservation and destruction in buried contexts
Arboreal life
Binocular vision is an adaptation that arose in primates in response to:
Entoptic Phenomena
Bright pulsating forms that are generated by the central nervous system and seen in states of trance
Africa
Genetic evidence suggests that nearly all modern humans inherit our mitochondrial DNA from a small population (or a hypothetical woman dubbed "mitochondrial Eve"), who lived in _________________________ sometime around 200,000 years ago.
Homo Erectus
How _______________ spread out of Africa: Groups split off and moved into new territories close by, with populations still connected by gene flow.
Habitual and obligate
Human beings exhibit ____________ bipedalism
Domesticated animals
Human populations initially acquired many infectious diseases (including smallpox, measles, and influenza) from interactions with ____________________
Strepsirhines
Humans can be placed in all of the following categories EXCEPT: -Haplorhines -Strepsirhines -Anthropoids -Hominoids
C-Sections
Implications of _______________: -Higher risk of complications -Severe morbidity/mortality -Increase in postpartum depression -Can affect future pregnancies -Infant respiratory distress
Macroevolution
Large-scale changes over many generations (speciation)
Genoytpe
Part of the Punnet Square that shows genetic makeup
Phenotype
Part of the Punnet Square that shows physical expressions of genotype
Chronometric Dating
Precise dating yielding actual age in years
Omnivores
Primates are: -Omnivores -Carnivores -Herbivores
Laetoli Footprints
Reveal the following information about Australopithecines: -Their big toe was non-divergent -They had an arched foot -They were habitual bipeds
Bipedalism
Skeletal adaptations of ________________: -foramen magnum -S-shaped spine -Angled femurs -Pelvic girdle
Microevolution
Small-scale changes from one generation to the next
125,000, 40,000
The Middle Paleolithic occurred between: ___________ and ______________ years ago
Mesolithic
The Middle Stone Age of Europe, Asia, and Africa beginning about 12,000 years ago
Partial Replacement Hypothesis
The _______________ proposes that anatomically modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, then spread to other parts of the world, interbreeding and then ultimately replacing existing populations of Archaic Homo sapiens in other regions.
Miocene
The ___________________ is referred to as "The Golden Age of Hominoids".
Hygiene Hypothesis
The ____________________ proposes that environments that are too clean and sterile can cause our immune systems to overreact to things that are not really a threat to human health, like pollen, pet dander, and certain foods, leading to more asthma and allergies.
Less, more
The adoption of agriculture meant that humans had ________ free time, and their subsistence systems were _________ prone to catastrophic failures.
Pastoralism
The breeding and managing of migratory herds of domesticated grazing animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, llamas, and camels
Horticulture
The cultivation of crops in food gardens, carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks and hoes
Neolithic revolution
The domestication of plants and animals by peoples with stone-based technologies, beginning about 10,000 years ago and leading to radical transformations in cultural systems
Paleocene epoch
The earliest fossil primates come from the: -Cretaceous period -Paleocene epoch -Eocene epoch -Cambrian period
Paleoindians
The earliest inhabitants of North America
Founder Effect
The example given in lecture of the prevalence of Huntington's disease among Dutch Afrikaaners in South Africa was used to illustrate which of the following?
Locus
The fixed location of a gene on a chromosome
Multiregional hypothesis
The hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world
Monte Verde
This place is considered to be the earliest widely-accepted human habitation site in the Americas
Regional continuity
This theory proposed that AMH: -Archaics in Europe, Asia, and Africa evolve into AMH -Gene glow -Evidence: Regional differences, continuity of fossils, DNA
Complete Replacement
This theory proposed that AMH: -evolved out of Africa -Replaced archaics in Europe and Asia -Evidence: Mitochondrial DNA and molecular clock
Partial Replacement
This theory, which is the most likely of the three, proposed that AMH: -AMH evolved in Africa, then spread, interbreeding and replacing archaics -Complex and gradual process
Endogamous
Throughout human history, human mate choice has tended to be _______.
Aurignacian Tradition
Toolmaking tradition in Europe and western Asia at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic
True
True or False: All humans come from ancestors who had darkly pigmented skin, regardless of the great range of variation seen in skin color today.
False
True or False: All primates have tails.
True
True or False: Australopithecines had brain sizes that were slightly larger than living apes
False
True or False: Chimpanzees do not exhibit any emotional responses to the death of infants or group members.
False
True or False: Climate change fostered the evolution of new megafaunal species in the Pleistocene-Holocene environmental transition
True
True or False: Early Holocene hunters and gatherers broadened their resource base and started exploiting resources that gave a smaller "bang for the buck".
Punctuated Equilibrium
the theory that evolutionary change proceeds through long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid periods of change.