ANTH 275: Chapters 8-15

The newest and largest of Canada's provinces is __________.

Nunavut.

The Kuna people, known for their matrilineal descent and colorful molas, live mainly in __________.

Panama

Tok Pisin is one of the official national languages of __________.

Papua New Guinea

The culture which appears to have the simplest form of grammar is the __________.

Pirahã

Language endangerment is judged to exist when a language has fewer than __________.

10,000 speakers

Estimates of the number of indigenous people worldwide are __________.

300-350 million

About __________ people live on the Hopi reservation.

7,000

The stem household is most commonly found in __________.

East Asia (China and Japan)

A people's worldview always includes a religious element.

False

About one in every 10,000 people today is a refugee.

False

According to the constitution, the official state religion of Turkey is Islam.

False

All religions that cultural anthropologists have studied have anthropomorphic deities.

False

As yet, anthropologists have avoided studying aspects of the mass media.

False

Attempts to change the economy of the highland peoples of Thailand through alternative farming practices or relocation have been largely successful.

False

Capital punishment is most commonly used in tribal forms of political organization.

False

Compared to a myth, a religious doctrine is more likely to be unwritten.

False

Displacement is a key feature of nonhuman primate communication

False

El Salvador's population is predominantly indigenous.

False

Gullah men are largely responsible for "sewing" sweetgrass baskets.

False

Haitian braceros mainly go to Florida for wage work.

False

In Lebanon, Palestinian refugees are able to become citizens, work, and own land.

False

In the early years of cultural anthropologists' involvement with development work, they were most likely to play a role in the project identification stage.

False

International tourism has had little effect on indigenous arts around the world.

False

Investment in economic growth is the primary strategy of the United Nations' approach called "human development."

False

Mardi Gras is best thought of as a ritual of sacrifice.

False

Most anthropologists argue that art in museums should be presented with little or no supplemental information because such "context" is inherently biased.

False

No successful cases of women's cooperatives have been documented cross-culturally.

False

Prisons are the oldest form of social control.

False

Research on college campuses in the U.S. reveals that fraternities and sororities construct a sense of belonging through identical rituals.

False

Russia is now demanding back many objects from the Ukraine that have been housed in Ukrainian museums since the Soviet era.

False

Shell Oil has fully compensated the Ogoni people of the Niger Delta for the environmental and cultural damage caused by the petroleum industry.

False

Soldiers generally receive adequate cultural training before they arrive at a new location that provides them with an in-depth understanding of the context in which they will be operating.

False

Tattoos are universally associated with low-status members of society.

False

Thanks to efforts of the United Nations, we now have accurate demographic statistics on indigenous peoples.

False

Thanks to generous international donors, the billions of dollars of aid pledged to Haiti after the January 2010 earthquake reached the people in need within a few weeks of the disaster.

False

The Kayapo tribal groups are found in Melanesia.

False

The Klamath and Modoc Indians live in Canada.

False

The Muslim ritual of khatam quran creates a permanent sacred space.

False

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is an example of a cultural materialist theory.

False

The United Nations has authority over the issues surrounding internally displaced persons.

False

The Waanyi Women's History Project sought to preserve indigenous Australian women's culture in order to display it to tourists.

False

The city of Xi'an is located on the eastern coast of China.

False

The form of political organization typically found among horticulturalists is the band.

False

The issue of violence against women has long been accepted by development policy makers as being of high priority on their agenda.

False

The more different a refugee's place of origin and destination, the easier will be his or her process of adjustment to the new location.

False

The stem household is common throughout Europe.

False

The study of wife abuse in rural Kentucky found that the primary challenge was that women were unwilling to take advantage of existing social services and law enforcement.

False

When Muslim women in Kuwait wear a headscarf, the meaning it conveys is that the woman is an immigrant from a less-affluent Asian country.

False

When marriage involves a woman of lower status than the man, this is referred to as isogamy.

False

While there are many examples of women leaders in states, anthropologists have found no examples of women leaders in other forms of political organization.

False

A band is a form of political organization associated with __________.

Foragers

The only South American country whose official language is English is __________.

Guyana

The poorest country in the Western Hemisphere is __________.

Haiti

__________ is the heritage site in South India recently declared off-limits for regular use by local people.

Hampi

Which of the following is a characteristic of a tribal headman?

He is responsible for internal conflict resolution.

The two countries most centrally involved in the Tisza River pollution are __________.

Hungary and Romania

__________ is the country that receives the largest total amount of remittances.

India

The concept of the garden as enclosed within four walls is most associated with which religion?

Islam

The major religion of people of the Central Asian states is __________.

Islam

A religion that traces its origin to an important male figure is __________.

Islam Rastafarianism Buddhism Christianity

Which of the following statements about the Minangkabau culture is accurate?

It is the world's largest matrilineal culture.

The most serious internal security issue of Turkey is the __________.

Kurdish quest for greater cultural autonomy and rights

Which of the following is an effect of the World Bank's supposed neutral stance with regard to the power structure of a recipient country?

Loans are offered without regard to human rights issues.

The region in which cargo cults emerged is __________.

Melanesia

The category of big-man/big-woman leadership is most characteristic of which cultural region?

Melanesia and the South Pacific

Most Maya people live in __________.

Mexico and Guatemala

While the dominant religion in Italy is Roman Catholicism, recent immigration patterns have substantially increased the number of __________.

Muslims

__________ is the most populous country in Africa, with over 140 million people. It has over 250 ethnic groups, with the largest being the Fulani, Hausa, Yorúbà, and Igbo.

Nigeria

A prominent interpretation offered by cultural anthropologists about games and sports sees them as

"microcosms" of society

The term used in some US fraternities to describe gang rape of a woman is a/an __________.

"train"

Magic __________.

is most likely to be practiced in situations of uncertainty

Country music in Brazil __________.

is usually performed by a pair of men who are brothers or resemble each other critiques American-driven globalization draws heavily on United States country music emphasizes themes about the past

An example of a form of theater is _____________.

kathakali

The research tool showing the relatives known by an individual or "ego" is a(n) __________.

kinship diagram

Asian women are the fastest growing category of __________.

labor migrants

Typically, circular migrants are also __________.

labor migrants

The system of human communication based on a systematic set of symbols and signs with learned and shared meanings is called __________.

language

The point at which a language no longer has competent users is referred to as __________.

language extinction

The incest taboo __________.

leads to exogamy

The subfield of anthropology that addresses issues of social order and conflict resolution cross-culturally is called __________.

legal anthropology

Bilineal descent systems are __________.

less common than unilineal descent systems

Compared to states in northern India, states in southern India have __________.

lower fertility rates higher literacy rates lower population density less severe gender inequality

Social control in small-scale societies is centered around __________.

maintenance of social relationships informal enforcement norms the use of personalized mechanisms such as gossip or shunning

The study of Salvadoran immigrants on Long Island demonstrates that __________.

many new immigrant people take on low-wage work that other Americans are unwilling to do

Cross-national review of women's leadership roles in states indicates that __________.

many women leaders have attained a prominent position due to their relationships with men

The system of descent in which kinship is traced through the female line is called __________.

matrilineal

The word khipu refers to a __________.

method of record keeping without the use of writing

Two features of traditional Roma life are __________.

migration and marginality

In relationship to migration, the push-pull theory refers to __________.

motivations for migrating from rural to urban areas

The indirect expression of religious beliefs through stories about supernatural beings and forces is referred to as __________.

myth

Women's organizations for change __________.

none of the above

Despite Carneiro's views, cultural anthropologists have shown that war is __________.

not a cultural universal

focuses on equity in the distribution of benefits

oil

Gers, or yerts, are associated with which mode of livelihood?

pastoralism

In a case described in the textbook, anthropologists combined ethnographic data with data on the environment to provide risk assessments and improve service delivery to African __________.

pastoralists

Compared to a family, a household may include __________.

people who are not related by kinship

The CO-MADRES organization demonstrates that __________.

personal interests can mix with political interests

Sounds that make a critical difference in a language are referred to as __________.

phonemes

According to the textbook, a nation is a group of people who share a __________.

political organization language culture territorial base

In Beatriz Manz' case study of a Maya group who relocated to the jungle to start a new life, the major threat they experienced in the new location was from __________.

political violence

The major items that the Hui Muslims of Xi'an, China, believe to be impure are __________.

pork and alcohol

A structurist view of youth gang violence sees it as a result of __________.

poverty and constricted economic opportunities

An example of a political confederacy is __________.

pre-colonial Hawai'i the Iroquois the Cherokee the Algonquins

Human language has an infinite capacity for generating very efficient messages, a feature called __________.

productivity

The first phase of the project cycle is __________.

project identification

Traditional theater in India is often revised and used as street theater with the purpose of __________.

raising awareness of social problems such as dowry abuse

Shan tattooing in Thailand is an example of __________.

religious syncretism

Carnival is an example of a __________.

ritual of inversion

The three universal phases of life-cycle rituals, according to Victor Turner, are __________.

separation, transition, reintegration

Among the Apache, in situations of ambiguous relationships between people, __________.

silence is maintained

Where is Hindmarsh Island?

southeastern Australia

A case study of stress among boarding school girls in Madagascar revealed that stress expresses itself through __________.

spirit possession

A cultural materialist interpretation of Klamath and Modoc Indian myths, supports the idea that they __________.

store and transmit information for managing economic crises

The cultural materialist interpretation of Aztec human sacrifice and cannibalism emphasizes __________.

strengthening the role of the elite by demonstrating their power and providing food to the people

World Bank requirements that lending countries adjust their spending away from social programs such as education and health is called __________.

structural adjustment

The current style in which cricket is played in the Trobriands is the result of __________.

syncretism local adaptation and change colonialism

The country of ________________ imprisons more people than any other country in the world.

the United States

Anthropological research shows that refugees have an easier time adapting to their new location when __________.

the culture of their destination area resembles the one they left

A major argument in anthropology and human rights policy about laborers who migrate to the Dominican Republic to cut cane concerns __________.

the degree of free will in the participation in cane-cutting in the Dominican Republic

In villages in India, a group of people who control most of the land and may also be the numerical majority are referred to as __________.

the dominant caste

Among the new immigrant groups in the United States, __________.

the largest number come from Mexico

Cultural anthropologists who study art focus on __________.

the meaning of art to the people of the culture ethno-esthetics the process of making art the artist

Dalits are __________.

the most oppressed social category in India

A major lesson gained from the study of change among the Saami is __________.

the need to do social impact assessments before introducing new technology

According to the "lifeboat mentality," __________.

the number of people in a group should not be increased because it will reduce resources available to those already in the group

The historical view of high rates of violence among the Yanomami emphasizes __________.

the role of the increased presence of Westerners in the region

The comparative analysis of Islam's Feast of the Sacrifice in Morocco and Sumatra shows that __________.

there is less specificity about which animals are to be sacrificed in Sumatra the Moroccan ritual receives far more public fanfare Islamic ritual practices vary cross-culturally Islam is more patriarchal as practiced in Morocco

Which of the following is not a general feature of African religions?

they prohibit elements of syncretism with other religions

Remittances are most closely associated with __________.

transnational migrants

The use of a physically painful procedure for determining guilt or innocence is called __________.

trial by ordeal

A study of Japanese interior decoration __________.

used home decorating magazines as a major source of data

A person's class position is __________.

usually measured in terms of income level

A comparison of how baseball is played in the United States and Japan revealed the importance of __________ in Japan.

wa

Among the low-income African Americans with whom Carol Stack did research, an important basis of economic survival is the creation of social bonds through __________.

Shared childhood, friendships, and monetary exchanges

A feature that unites the Masta Liu of Samoa is __________

Shared unemployment

Formal taxation most characterizes which form of political organization?

State

Brideservice involves __________.

The groom working for the bride's family

Historical linguistics originated in the 18th century after Sir William Jones discovered similarities in the vocabulary and syntax of Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin.

True

In English, Textese involves making words shorter and using several stock phrases that are widely recognized.

True

In Niger, the current marriage crisis is caused by the fact that many young men cannot raise the necessary funds for the brideprice and additional gifts to the bride's family.

True

In Turkey, belly dancing is influence by Roma dancing traditions.

True

In chiefdom forms of political organization, a combination of achievement and ascription is typically the basis of leadership.

True

In much of Latin America, local categories of "race" and ethnicity overlap.

True

In the United States, notions of romantic love are more strongly held by Euro-American women than by African-American women.

True

In the United States, southern states have higher rates of incarceration (imprisonment) than northern states.

True

Many body modifiers in the U.S. are motivated to alter their bodies through a wish to belong with a specific group of people.

True

Most cultural anthropologists would accept as the minimal accepted definition of marriage a "union between two or more people."

True

Productivity is the ability to create an infinite range of understandable expressions from a finite set of rules.

True

Proto Indo-European is the earliest form of the language family that includes Sanskrit and English.

True

Religious syncretism refers to the merging of a religious belief or practice from one religion with another.

True

Romania has the highest number of Roma of any country in the world.

True

Specialized forms of nonkin groups are more common in agricultural and industrial societies than in foraging, horticultural and pastoralist societies.

True

The Japanese terms for box lunch, "bentoo" and "obentoo," reflect gender code differences.

True

The Kurds are an example of an ethnic group that seeks to form a separate nation.

True

The Republic of Ghana has rich natural resources and exports gold, timber, and cocoa.

True

The Republic of Madagascar is the home of 5 percent of the world's plant and animal species, of which 80 percent are unique to Madagascar.

True

The Tisza disaster was the first environmental disaster in Europe in which the EU played a prominent role

True

The concept of class was especially important to the theories of Karl Marx.

True

The government of Australia has made substantial progress recently in recognizing Aboriginal territorial rights.

True

The major ethnic group in Ghana are the Akan.

True

The naming system in rural Hong Kong reflects the power, importance, and autonomy of males.

True

The tongue is placed against the roof of the mouth when making a retroflex sound.

True

Tourism is an important aspect of the economy of the Hui Muslims of Xi'an, China.

True

All systems based on inequality (such as" race," caste, etc.), regardless of their local specificities, share this feature:

Underprivileged groups may rebel against the system. Members of dominant groups work to keep their position. People are relegated to particular levels of entitlement

A major bilateral aid organization is __________.

United States Agency for International Development

The origin of the cultural heritage of the Gullah people of South Carolina is in __________.

West and Central Africa

In Michael Cernea's strategy for Cultural Heritage Preservation, written for the World Bank, he urges __________.

a "do no harm" approach

An example of a life-cycle ritual is __________.

a coming-of-age ceremony for young men or women

Neolocal residence for married couples is associated with __________.

a foraging mode of livelihood Western industrialized society bilineal kinship systems

Brideprice refers to __________.

a gift to the bride's family from the groom's side

Studies of U.S. fraternities show that __________.

a sense of privilege and power among the brothers appears to be related to abuse of women they are similar to exclusive male clubs in many other cultures gynophobic (woman-hating) behavior is not typical of the entire fraternity system

In terms of traditional political organization, pastoralism is most associated with __________

a tribal or chiefdom model of political organization

In Africa, youths who go through circumcision rituals together are said to constitute __________.

age sets

Large extended households are most prevalent in the __________ mode of livelihood

agriculture

Ken Saro-Wiwa was __________.

an Ogoni martyr

Social ranking on the basis of caste is __________.

an ascribed system

Unilineal descent systems __________.

are found in about 60 percent of the world's cultures

Among the Temiar of Malaysia, economic and musical roles are __________.

balanced and complementary between men and women

The current anthropological definition of religion says that it is __________.

beliefs and behavior concerning supernatural beings and powers

The rising popularity of __________ is evidence of Turkey's growing cosmopolitanism.

belly dancing

Moka is associated with which form of political organization?

big-man/big-woman systems

An example of an institutional migrant is a(n) __________.

boarding school student soldier resident in a home for the aged

Souvenirs sold as "Israeli" in an upscale tourist shop in Israel are actually made __________.

by local Arabs

Vocal communication among nonhuman primates is referred to as __________.

call system

__________ is the process used by immigrants, such as the Dominicans in New York City, to help bring in and settle relatives and friends.

chain migration

The sense of collective unity that develops out of individual diversity is called __________.

communitas

Many of the terms the Saami use to describe snow are related to __________.

conditions for reindeer herding

If someone were to collect bits of your hair and nail clippings to use in a magical ritual, this person is practicing __________.

contagious magic

The form of political organization called the state is characterized by __________.

control of information (propaganda) a way of maintaining demographic records about its citizens a standing army its ability to define citizenship

Cultural anthropologists who focus on revealing how legal systems discriminate against certain groups are referred to as __________.

critical legal anthropologists

One aspect of communication that causes problems during medical interviews with Mohawk speakers of English is __________.

cueing

According to the textbook, kinship is based on which three factors?

descent, sharing and marriage

Esthetics __________.

differ widely cross-culturally in what they include may vary among different individuals within a culture are a set of standards defining what is art exist in all cultures

Culture change that occurs through contact is referred to as __________.

diffusion

Culturally patterned verbal language is referred to __________.

discourse

The feature of human language that allows people to talk about the past and the future is referred to as __________.

displacement

Kerala, India, provides an example of success in terms of which approach to development?

distributional approach

The cross-cultural study of music is referred to as __________.

ethnomusicology

The male bias in development planning and projects refers to the __________.

exclusion of women from many development projects

One key characteristic of the "new immigration" is __________.

feminization

Within a particular language, an especially rich cluster of related words is referred to as a __________.

focal vocabulary

Distributional development __________.

focuses on equity in the distribution of benefits

A social group in which ritual is important in reinforcing bonding is __________.

fraternities youth gangs body piercers age sets

A factor in high rates of wife abuse in rural Kentucky is __________.

geographical isolation

Life projects promote development through __________.

giving priority to local people's aspirations

An example of kinship established through sharing is __________.

godparenthood

Among the Hopi, the link between living humans and the spiritual world is through the ritual sacrifice of __________.

golden eagles

One thing that all languages have is __________.

grammar/syntax

Women vendors in San Cristobal, Mexico, faced problems related to __________.

harassment from men the lack of traditional kin ties in the city the fact that they were refugees from the highlands robberies

A big-man's position depends on __________.

his personality many supporters working on his behalf his generosity having at least one wife

John Chernoff's research on drumming in Ghana revealed __________.

how creativity is related to society. fieldwork is more than gathering data. how Ghanaian family life is connected to music. how the role of the ethnographer affects the research.

A challenging issue surrounding Palestinian refugees is __________.

how many refugees there actually are whether they should have citizenship rights in the countries in which they now reside whether or not they should have the "right of return"

Gerald Murray helped United States Agency for International Development address problems with reforestation projects in Haiti by __________.

improving cultural fit

Nuclear households are associated with which two modes of livelihood?

industrialism/digital economy and foraging

Research on spirit possession among school girls in Madagascar is an example of a study of __________.

institutional migrants

A reason for the emergence of linguistic anthropology in the United States is the __________.

interest in recording disappearing languages

The jajmani system of India __________.

involves exchange of services between various caste groups has been viewed as benefitting the better-off at the expense of the poor has been viewed as a system that links different groups together in mutual support is declining in importance

A refugee's entitlement to return and live in his or her homeland __________.

is a pressing issue for many refugees worldwide including Palestinian refugees following the 1948 war is included in a United Nations resolution passed in 1948 is referred to as the right of return has been considered a basic human right in the West since the signing of the Magna Carta

Groups formed to help protect the ecology in contemporary nations fit in the category of civil society.

True

Bonds based on friendship are __________.

Probably found in all cultures

Which of the following is an ascribed status?

Queen of England

A case study of the Society of Muslim Women (SMW) in Kazakhstan found that __________.

SMW's main approaches to dealing with wife abuse are counseling, shelter, and mediation Sheltering abused women fits with the Kazakhi custom of hospitality SMW sees domestic violence as a problem that the Islamic faith should address SMW members have no funding or professional training

The claim that a person's language determines the person's thought is called __________.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A major challenge facing Soviet Jewish immigrants to the United States is finding employment commensurate with their training and experience.

True

A rule that says a person must find a marriage partner from outside their village is called exogamy.

True

A structurist interpretation of handling poisonous snakes in religious ceremonies in "Holiness-type" churches in the United States explains this phenomenon as related to economic insecurity.

True

Access to natural resources is a basic component of indigenous people's development.

True

Adopting a child forms kinship bonds that the textbook categorizes as sharing-based.

True

Agricultural and credit cooperatives are the most common forms of cooperatives worldwide.

True

Analysis reveals that Indian wrestlers are a lot like Hindu holy men in their discipline and diets

True

Anthropologist Robert Carneiro is pessimistic about the future of world peace and about anthropology's ability to contribute to world peace.

True

Bilineal kinship is more characteristic of foraging and industrial/digital societies than of the other three modes of livelihood.

True

Cultural anthropologists who study migration tend to do multi-sited research.

True

English is the official language of Nigeria.

True

Games can both reflect and reinforce cultural values.

True

Going to a Turkish-style bath may involve both pleasure and pain.

True

In a patrilineal kinship system, a married couple is most likely to reside __________.

with or near the parents of the groom

According to case study of friendship in Andalucia, Spain, __________.

women's friends are also neighbors gender roles explain the different types of friends men and women have men's friendships are built on work roles and reinforced through socializing outside work

A key marker of gender coding in spoken English in the U.S. is __________.

women's greater use of tag questions

Language refers to __________.

words written forms of communication communication based on arbitrary symbols speech