ANTH Exam 2
The first clear indication of a changeover to food production took place in the Near East about __________ b.c.
8,000
How do domesticated plants get to be different from their wild varieties?
Certain variations are artificially selected through the harvesting and planting process.
Most archaeologists believe that the __________ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication
Fertile Crescent
What is one possible factor in the observation that boys tend to be more aggressive than girls?
Girls are given more tasks, and therefore spend more time around adults.
The Harappan civilization was located in the __________ Valley.
Indus
Why do members of food-collecting societies not have private ownership of land?
Land has no intrinsic value to foragers; only the animals and plants on the land have value.
Cross-culturally, how do pastoralists compare with farmers in terms of adult behavior?
Pastoralists are more likely than farmers to express aggression.
How do anthropologists deal with the range of individual behaviors they meet when trying to describe a culture?
They use the variations to define acceptable limits of behavior
There are clear differences in social, political, and economic organization between societies that had writing and those that did not.
True
Which of these is a consequence of intensive agriculture?
a high degree of craft specialization
Anthropologists have explained the lack of parents' emotional interaction and playfulness with infants in some preindustrial societies as __________.
a need to create emotional distance due to high infant mortality rates in these societies
The process of cultural change known as __________ describes a situation in which a subordinate society adopts cultural traits or technologies through contact with a more powerful society, either through force or due to perceived economic or social advantages.
acculturation
Ethnographers are focusing more explicitly now on the importance of the individual in bringing about change. This is called individual __________.
agency
What is one way that states change the lifestyles of people?
allowing for larger populations
Into what principal types of political organization did Elman Service suggest most societies could be classified?
bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states
Which important tenet of anthropology was first championed by Franz Boas to challenge the attitude that Western culture was inherently superior to others?
cultural relativism
For most horticulturalists, people __________.
do not own the land, but own the foods obtained from it
The earliest Neolithic societies were __________.
egalitarian
Which anthropological term may be used in place of socialization?
enculturation
A major reason for the decline of states appears to be __________.
environmental degradation
The tendency to judge other cultures without trying to grasp the reasons behind their customs is what anthropologists refer to as __________.
ethnocentrism
Often, in the aftermath of violent events such as depopulation, relocation, enslavement, and genocide by dominant powers, deprived peoples have created new cultures in a process called __________.
ethnogenesis
What subsistence strategy characterized most of human history?
food collection
The different types of political organization are often strongly linked to variation in __________.
food-getting, economy, and social stratification
Which societies tend to show more warmth and affection toward their children?
foraging
On what factors is the division of labor based in most foraging societies?
gender and age
Toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, people got most of their food from __________.
hunting
Among horticulturalists __________.
individuals almost always make all their own tools
In archaeological terms, _______ refers to the use of inputs of increased human labor and technology such as plowing or irrigation to increase agricultural productivity.
intensification
Which of these specific features allows for the emergence of cities in state-level organizations?
intensive agriculture
Large-scale warfare is usually practiced by societies with __________.
intensive agriculture or industrialization
The most powerful transmitter of culture is probably __________.
language
Which of these features is characteristic of a band?
low population density
The threats of famine and disease are __________ intensive agriculture.
more likely with
What is one of the major consequences of horticulture?
more sedentary way of life
The term "transnationals" refers to migrants who __________.
move back and forth between their homelands and their adopted countries
Which cultural development would you expect to see only after states appear?
organized religion
The origins of agriculture are related to all of the following except:
pastoralism
What happens to customs of sharing when money is introduced into a society?
people tend to be less inclined to share after money is introduced
What do anthropologists call the transformation of resources into food, tools, and other goods?
production
Complex foraging societies like the Tlingit and the Nimpkish tend to have more __________ than most other foraging societies.
social inequality
In which societies can there be no profit motive for work?
subsistence economies
The fact that monkeys and apes can learn new behaviors from each other __________.
suggests that they have a culture
Which species was domesticated independently in North America?
sunflowers
In what region do we see the very first evidence of a changeover to food production, dating to around 8000 B.C.?
the Near East
From where do most traditional pastoralists get their animal protein?
the milk and blood of the animals they raise
What is the modal response for a cultural rule?
the most frequently encountered response
In addition to government and politics, political life includes __________.
the resolution of disputes
Hunting-and-gathering societies have always existed in marginal environments.
true
The first domesticated animal was the dog.
true