ANTH Test 1

Forensic scientists can identify the race of an individual's skull with 100% accuracy True False

False

The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named L.H. Morgan E.B. Tylor Franz Boas Mary Douglas

Franz Boas

Genetically speaking, humans are a remarkably homogeneous species: there is far greater variation withinhuman groups than there is between them. True False

True

A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called a creole language a language ideology slang a pidgin language

a creole language

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is understanding the racial diversity of the human species that people are fundamentally ethnocentric deconstructing cultures into the four subfields of anthropology a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

The Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that all life was arranged in a great chain of being the order in which each was created by the Gods a random order based on chance order from most to least useful

a great chain of being

Talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of an elaborating symbol a metaphor a summarizing symbol a simile

a metaphor

What is the cause of clinal variations? intermingling between populations historical movement all answers are correct gene flow

all answers are correct

Which of the following is a feature of language? it is used to communicate all answers are correct it is systematic it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar

all answers are correct

Ethnocentrism presents a major problem for anthropologists is a common feature of culture all of the answers are correct means you think your culture is superior to others

all of the answers are correct

Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm? archaeologists study other people's trash by salvaging it anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out anthropologists produce paradigms to salvage the dignity of oppressed people anthropologists study the natural destruction of societies

anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called archaeology linguistic anthropology biological anthropology cultural anthropology

archaeology

The peppered moth is a classic example of how environmental factors can lead to unwanted genetic changes in non-human organisms created by human activity negatively affect other life forms have nothing to do with genetic or DNA changes in a population are part of the interaction between genotype and phenotype

are part of the interaction between genotype and phenotype

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called cultural anthropology biological anthropology linguistic anthropology archaeology

biological anthropology

Anthropometry measures human leukoctye antigen activity the expression of racial traits ratio of melanin production to skin reflectance body parameters to assess physical variation

body parameters to assess physical variation

A taxonomic structure is one that both names and classifies all organisms according to a system organizes all plants and animals in random fashion determines the importance of an organism based on a system of classification names and classifies animals according to an evolutionary logic

both names and classifies all organisms according to a system

Animal call systems can combine calls to make new call meanings can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli reflect social diversity express information about things that are not currently in their present environment

can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli

One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that organisms changed only as a result of not interacting with their environment all organisms change over time regardless of their environment change in organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment biblical forces were responsible for the changes we see in organisms

change in organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment

Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called loan words synonyms cognate words phonology

cognate words

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is known as multiplicity cultural relativism diversity

cultural relativism

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called enculturation symbolism acculturation ethnocentrism

enculturation

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called cultural relativism ethnocentrism ethical responsibility natural selection

ethnocentrism

What is the study of how people classify things in the world called? biological determinism ethnoscience ethnography sociolinguistics

ethnoscience

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would most likely focus on the principles and values people hold dear the symbolic use of the body ceremonialized aspects of a society everyday interactions

everyday interactions

The refinement of Darwin's theory has shown that evolution is limited in both time and place according to creation theories evolution can only be measured or seen across generations within a population creation science has actually been correct all along evolution cannot be measured, even across generations within a population

evolution can only be measured or seen across generations within a population

Founder effect is an example of mutation natural selection reproductive fitness genetic drift

genetic drift

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is symbolic ethnocentrism structural holistic

holistic

The defining feature of historical particularism is individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change all societies pass through stages from primitive to complex cultural differences are the result of different evolutionary stages the material world shapes people's customs and beliefs

individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change

Culture is a product of individual psychology learned and shared static and unchanging easily defined

learned and shared

What other disease do people with sickle cell disease rarely contract? epilepsy malaria dystentery cholera

malaria

What is the study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, called? sociolinguistics phonology morphology ethnography

morphology

One of the key aspects of evolution is that there is no evidence to support it yet an eventual stasis point that is in tune with the organism's whole environment no specific direction or goal as an outcome, but that it is dynamic always a directional component that guides the process

no specific direction or goal as an outcome, but that it is dynamic

When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, what are they are focusing on? parole phonetics morphology langue

parole

Norms are stable because they are always written down culture rarely changes people learn them from an early age they are the most ritualized aspects of a culture

people learn them from an early age

What term refers to the structure of speech sounds? syntax phonology philology cognates

phonology

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as something to be celebrated and reproduced a positive characteristic proof of their primitive nature basic human diversity

proof of their primitive nature

Sickle-cell anemia, a blood cell mutation, takes a toll on those afflicted, but is an example of a mutation that may also be useful because it provides a way for people to resist dangerous viruses like Ebola provides resistance to malaria in the tropics helps reduce the instance of melanoma, or skin cancer, in the tropics offers health researchers a way to understand genetic differences in a closed population group

provides resistance to malaria in the tropics

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing historical data ethnographic data quantitative data qualitative data

quantitative data

Which of the following is not an example of the ways humans vary biologically? the ability to resist certain diseases race immune system response blood type

race

The significance of Ashley Montagu's writings about race was his observation that only "uncivilized" people believe in myths Franz Boas and his students were correct in their initial thinking about race biology and race are inherently linked race is a myth that shapes understanding of how the world works

race is a myth that shapes understanding of how the world works

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by seeing matters from the point of view of another culture studying a culture's customs defending whatever another culture does developing theories to explain human action

seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

Edward Sapir urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because we understand the material world through the language we speak all answers are correct the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built from the language habits of a particular social group language is a guide to "social reality"

the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built from the language habits of a particular social group

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because they use only qualitative methods ethnography is part fiction they do not do research in a laboratory the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

Variations in skin pigmentation can be traced to the latitude where one's ancestors spent the most time changing body shapes since Homo emerged as a genus differences in the human leukocyte antigen system differences in body mass

the latitude where one's ancestors spent the most time

The social processes that make race part of the natural order of things—by producing theories, schemes, and typologies about human differences is structural violence the way race is naturalized stereotyping hegemony

the way race is naturalized

A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is observation of facts theories participant observation hypnosis

theories

One of the important ways that genetic material is moved between different populations, such as through gene flow, is through the decision about when to have a child through the careful use of birth control products through the prevention of sexually transmitted infections through the choice of a sexual partner

through the choice of a sexual partner

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as norms traditions customs symbols

traditions

The core idea of Darwin's and Wallace's ideas—descent with modifications via natural selection—is intimately tied to what larger force? global warming environmental homeostasis variation speciation

variation

Does race have biological consequences? no, because of culture yes, because of racialization yes, because of racism no, because of naturalization

yes, because of racism