anthro 101: chapter 8 recharge

Out of _____ known plant species, ______ species account for 80 percent of the world's farm production.

200,000; 12

Middle Easterners were living in vibrant cities by _________

5,500 BP

Climate and climate change affected the origin of food production in the Middle East in which of the following ways?

A warmer and moister climate favored the expansion of wild plants and animals, and this enabled foragers to adopt settled (sedentary) lives.

Permanent architectural features existed in Natufian settlements such as _________

Abu Hureya, Syria

Select all that apply Which of the following happened during the era of increased specialization in food production(7500-5500 BP) in the Middle East?

Cattle and pigs were domesticated Agriculture extended to the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. New crops were added to the diet.

Where was the first pottery developed?

China

Select all that apply Which of the following is true about production in Neolithic versus foraging societies?

Early farming did not outproduce broad-spectrum foraging. Mature Neolithic economies outproduced foraging economies.

Archaelogical knowledge of the Mesolithic is most extensive for which world area?

Europe

As Middle Eastern economies became more specialized, what happened in the hilly flanks which were difficult to cultivate?

Eventually, farming replacing foraging.

Which of the following is the archaeological area known as Mesoamerica?

Guatemala

What is the purpose of wool for sheep?

It protects against extreme heat.

Evidence for the earliest bread making comes from a site in ________

Jordan

Which of the following was the tool-making tradition that came right after the late Upper Paleolithic?

Mesolithic

Select all that apply Which of the following occurred as Europe warmed after the Ice Age?

New, more solitary, hunting techniques were developed Dogs were useful as retrievers. The smoking and salting of meat and fish became increasingly important.

Which of the following is not one of the three main sources from which modern Europeans get their DNA?

Polynesia

In China, the development of communities based on food production led eventually, between 3600 and 3100 BP, to the

Shang dynasty civilization

Which of the following was a genetic change that occurred among Europeans after the introduction of farming?

a gene that aids milk digestion became increasingly common after 4,500 BP

What is a term used to described the rich, fertile soil that rivers and streams deposit?

alluvial

The findings at Nabta Playa reveal ________

an elaborate and ceremonial social complexity

Select all that apply Though not key caloric staples, ______ added variety and essential proteins, vitamins, and minerals to the Native American diet.

beans squash

The transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic occurred when groups ______

became dependent on domesticated foods for more than 50 percent of their diet

One constraint that may have kept foragers from quickly shifting to farming is a ________

belief in sharing and common property

The Natufians were able to establish year-round villages before domestication as a result of ______

broad spectrum foraging

How did the Neolithic spread to Europe?

by the actual migration of farmers

A changeover from _____ property to ______ property accompanied (coevolved with) the transition from foraging to food production.

common; private

The only animal domesticated throughout the New World was the ________

dog

Jared Diamond argues that the diffusion of plants, animals, technology and information in the Old World was _______

facilitated by geography

True or false: in the New World, there were many large animals available for domestication.

false

Select all that apply In the Middle East, sedentary village life developed before which of the following?

farming herding

Foragers tend to have ______ children as compared to food producers.

fewer

Nabta Playa, one of the earliest known Neolithic settlements in Egypt, was located in a basin that ________

filled with water seasonally

The primary barrier to diffusion in the Americas was _______

geographic

Caprine domestication involved which of the following?

goats sheep

Compared to wild plants, domesticated plants ________

have larger seeds

Select all that apply Which of the following led to new kinds of wheat barley?

human selection mutations genetic recombinations

Independent transitions from foraging to food production occurred _______

in at least seven world areas

Which of the following was not a feature of a Natufian life?

irrigated agriculture

The formation of states in the Middle East was made possible by the development of _______

irrigation techniques

With glacial retreat, foragers developed a more generalized economy, focusing less on

large animals

Select all that apply Compared with the diets of foragers, food producers' diets are generally ________

less varied lower in proteins less nutritious

Select all that apply As people began to select plants to cultivate, domesticated plants began to __________

lose their natural seed-dispersal mechanisms develop a stronger axis

What is another name for the corn domesticated by early residents of the Americas?

maize

Which of the following spread as food production spread during the Neolithic?

malaria smallpox

Select all that apply Early farming in China was based on the production of which of the following?

millet rice

Compared to foragers, food producers tend to have ________

more children

From the Middle East, domesticates first spread to ________

northern Africa

Of some 148 large animal species that might seem potentially domesticable, ________

only 14 have actually been domesticated

What is another name for plant crystals?

phyloliths

Most Eurasian crops spread _______

rapidly, both eastward and westward

Early cultivation began as an attempt to _______.

replicate or copy in the marginal zones the growth of wild grains in the flavored optimal zone

European hunter-gatherers ______

retained dark skin as recently as 9,000 years ago

______ was domesticated in southern China about the same time that ______ was domesticated in northern China

rice; millet

Select all that apply Neolithic cultures (which are called Formative in the Americas) are identifiable archaeologically by their combination of which of the following?

sedentary life dependence on cultivation ceramic vessels

As they were domesticated, animals generally became _______

smaller

Social stratification increased as a result of food production, largely because _________

strategic resources were no longer common goods, instead becoming private property

Maize's wild ancestor is a species of ________

teosinte

For thousands of years, ______ has had a vertical economy.

the Middle East

The earliest bread making is dated to _______

the Natufian period.

The Yamnaya, one of the three sources of modern Europeans' DNA, came from _______

the Russian steppes

Select all that apply Which of the following likely increased as maize became domesticated?

the average cob size the number of kernels per cob the number of cobs per stalk

Nabta Playa's significance as a regional ceremonial center is suggested by _______

the presence of an alignment of nine large, upright stone slabs

Select all that apply How were cereal grains spread outside their natural habitats?

trade migration

True or false: in the Middle East during the Neolithic, population growth and the expansion of farming led to deforestation.

true

Select all that apply Which of the following were among the animals domesticated in the New World

turkeys llamas dogs

The findings at Nabta Playa reveal a(n) ______ during the African Neolithic.

unsuspected ceremonialism

The first food-producing communities along Europe's Mediterranean coast

used imported species

Select all that apply Which of the following did people learn in the Neolithic, after adopting full food-producing economies?

weaving smelting arched masonry

Select all that apply Which of the following were the main caloric staples of early Native American farmers?

white potatoes manioc maize

According to many archaeologists, early food production was most likely adopted by Middle Easterners ________

who lived where wild foods were less abundant