anthro 101: chapter 8 recharge
Out of _____ known plant species, ______ species account for 80 percent of the world's farm production.
200,000; 12
Middle Easterners were living in vibrant cities by _________
5,500 BP
Climate and climate change affected the origin of food production in the Middle East in which of the following ways?
A warmer and moister climate favored the expansion of wild plants and animals, and this enabled foragers to adopt settled (sedentary) lives.
Permanent architectural features existed in Natufian settlements such as _________
Abu Hureya, Syria
Select all that apply Which of the following happened during the era of increased specialization in food production(7500-5500 BP) in the Middle East?
Cattle and pigs were domesticated Agriculture extended to the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. New crops were added to the diet.
Where was the first pottery developed?
China
Select all that apply Which of the following is true about production in Neolithic versus foraging societies?
Early farming did not outproduce broad-spectrum foraging. Mature Neolithic economies outproduced foraging economies.
Archaelogical knowledge of the Mesolithic is most extensive for which world area?
Europe
As Middle Eastern economies became more specialized, what happened in the hilly flanks which were difficult to cultivate?
Eventually, farming replacing foraging.
Which of the following is the archaeological area known as Mesoamerica?
Guatemala
What is the purpose of wool for sheep?
It protects against extreme heat.
Evidence for the earliest bread making comes from a site in ________
Jordan
Which of the following was the tool-making tradition that came right after the late Upper Paleolithic?
Mesolithic
Select all that apply Which of the following occurred as Europe warmed after the Ice Age?
New, more solitary, hunting techniques were developed Dogs were useful as retrievers. The smoking and salting of meat and fish became increasingly important.
Which of the following is not one of the three main sources from which modern Europeans get their DNA?
Polynesia
In China, the development of communities based on food production led eventually, between 3600 and 3100 BP, to the
Shang dynasty civilization
Which of the following was a genetic change that occurred among Europeans after the introduction of farming?
a gene that aids milk digestion became increasingly common after 4,500 BP
What is a term used to described the rich, fertile soil that rivers and streams deposit?
alluvial
The findings at Nabta Playa reveal ________
an elaborate and ceremonial social complexity
Select all that apply Though not key caloric staples, ______ added variety and essential proteins, vitamins, and minerals to the Native American diet.
beans squash
The transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic occurred when groups ______
became dependent on domesticated foods for more than 50 percent of their diet
One constraint that may have kept foragers from quickly shifting to farming is a ________
belief in sharing and common property
The Natufians were able to establish year-round villages before domestication as a result of ______
broad spectrum foraging
How did the Neolithic spread to Europe?
by the actual migration of farmers
A changeover from _____ property to ______ property accompanied (coevolved with) the transition from foraging to food production.
common; private
The only animal domesticated throughout the New World was the ________
dog
Jared Diamond argues that the diffusion of plants, animals, technology and information in the Old World was _______
facilitated by geography
True or false: in the New World, there were many large animals available for domestication.
false
Select all that apply In the Middle East, sedentary village life developed before which of the following?
farming herding
Foragers tend to have ______ children as compared to food producers.
fewer
Nabta Playa, one of the earliest known Neolithic settlements in Egypt, was located in a basin that ________
filled with water seasonally
The primary barrier to diffusion in the Americas was _______
geographic
Caprine domestication involved which of the following?
goats sheep
Compared to wild plants, domesticated plants ________
have larger seeds
Select all that apply Which of the following led to new kinds of wheat barley?
human selection mutations genetic recombinations
Independent transitions from foraging to food production occurred _______
in at least seven world areas
Which of the following was not a feature of a Natufian life?
irrigated agriculture
The formation of states in the Middle East was made possible by the development of _______
irrigation techniques
With glacial retreat, foragers developed a more generalized economy, focusing less on
large animals
Select all that apply Compared with the diets of foragers, food producers' diets are generally ________
less varied lower in proteins less nutritious
Select all that apply As people began to select plants to cultivate, domesticated plants began to __________
lose their natural seed-dispersal mechanisms develop a stronger axis
What is another name for the corn domesticated by early residents of the Americas?
maize
Which of the following spread as food production spread during the Neolithic?
malaria smallpox
Select all that apply Early farming in China was based on the production of which of the following?
millet rice
Compared to foragers, food producers tend to have ________
more children
From the Middle East, domesticates first spread to ________
northern Africa
Of some 148 large animal species that might seem potentially domesticable, ________
only 14 have actually been domesticated
What is another name for plant crystals?
phyloliths
Most Eurasian crops spread _______
rapidly, both eastward and westward
Early cultivation began as an attempt to _______.
replicate or copy in the marginal zones the growth of wild grains in the flavored optimal zone
European hunter-gatherers ______
retained dark skin as recently as 9,000 years ago
______ was domesticated in southern China about the same time that ______ was domesticated in northern China
rice; millet
Select all that apply Neolithic cultures (which are called Formative in the Americas) are identifiable archaeologically by their combination of which of the following?
sedentary life dependence on cultivation ceramic vessels
As they were domesticated, animals generally became _______
smaller
Social stratification increased as a result of food production, largely because _________
strategic resources were no longer common goods, instead becoming private property
Maize's wild ancestor is a species of ________
teosinte
For thousands of years, ______ has had a vertical economy.
the Middle East
The earliest bread making is dated to _______
the Natufian period.
The Yamnaya, one of the three sources of modern Europeans' DNA, came from _______
the Russian steppes
Select all that apply Which of the following likely increased as maize became domesticated?
the average cob size the number of kernels per cob the number of cobs per stalk
Nabta Playa's significance as a regional ceremonial center is suggested by _______
the presence of an alignment of nine large, upright stone slabs
Select all that apply How were cereal grains spread outside their natural habitats?
trade migration
True or false: in the Middle East during the Neolithic, population growth and the expansion of farming led to deforestation.
true
Select all that apply Which of the following were among the animals domesticated in the New World
turkeys llamas dogs
The findings at Nabta Playa reveal a(n) ______ during the African Neolithic.
unsuspected ceremonialism
The first food-producing communities along Europe's Mediterranean coast
used imported species
Select all that apply Which of the following did people learn in the Neolithic, after adopting full food-producing economies?
weaving smelting arched masonry
Select all that apply Which of the following were the main caloric staples of early Native American farmers?
white potatoes manioc maize
According to many archaeologists, early food production was most likely adopted by Middle Easterners ________
who lived where wild foods were less abundant