Anthro 2200 Midterm #2
multimale, multifemale
"fission/fusion" is important. many old world monkey, a few new world, chimps and bonobos advanges: competition for mates is low, protection from predators, more effective food acquisition
One male, multifemale (polygyny) aka harem
AKA harem, gorillas, orangutan, some howler monkeys, some langurs, some old world monkeys advantage is the father is sure of his paternity, most common type of social group
What are the three main hypotheses for primate evolution?
Arboreal hypothesis, visual predation hypothesis, angiosperm exploitation hypothesis
What are colobines and cercopithecines?
Both are cercopithecoids, colobines are folivorous and are only arboreal (not terrestrial). Cercopithecines are frugivorous as well as arboreal and terrestrial.
SQ: ______ have a dental formula of 2.1.2.3 and hook-shaped nostrils.
Catarrhines
When the catarrhines split, what are the names of the two groups?
Cercopithecoidea (old world monkeys) / hominoidea
What is fluorine dating
Compares the accumulation of fluorine in bones. More fluorine = buried longer
Be able to calculate dental formula.
Dental formula: the numerical description of species' teeth, listing the number, in one quadrant of the jaws, of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
Sexual swellings
Female physically signal ovulation and estrus, some females fake it. Usually in multimale multifemale group (female strategy)
What features allow for primates' enhanced sense of vision?
Forward-facing eyes and color vision
Know the possible explanations for the origin of platyrrhines, and which is currently most commonly accepted.
Four pictures with globes and how they could swim, rafting, islands
intermembral index
In general, longer forelimbs is above 100, Vertical climbers and leapers: ~70 Bipeds: ~70 Arboreal quadrupeds: ~80-100 Terrestrial quadrupeds: ~80-100 Knuckle-walkers: ~110 Suspensory climbers: ~110-130 Braciators toward the high end
How have primate teeth changed through time?
Lose teeth over time
What is stratigraphic dating
Matches up strata from several different sites
Arboreal quadrupedalism
Most common, walk on top of branches, short limbs of equal length and long tails, platyrrhines, old world monkeys
What is a hinge joint? Give an example.
Move in one direction. Example- Elbow, and knee
What are Plesiadapiforms? Why are they important?
Paleocene organisms (primate-like mammals) that may have been the first primates
Who are the likely ancestors of platyrrhines?
Parapithecids
What is the difference between platyrrhines and catarrhines?
Platyrrhines have prehensile tails/2.1.3.3. dental/ and are new world monkeys, Central and South America, Round nostrils Catarrhines do not have prehensile tails/2.1.2.3 dental/ and are old world monkeys, Africa & Asia, Nostrils are hook-shaped
What are the "dental apes," and why are they called that?
Proconsulids and they are called that because they have cranium and teeth like apes but postcrania like monkeys
Who are the likely ancestors of catarrhines?
Propliopithecids
What are the absolute dating methods, explain a little about them
Radiometric: isotopes (number of neutrons in atoms nucleus), half-lives, radiocarbon dating (A radiometric dating method in which the ratio of 14C to 12C is measured to provide an absolute date) 12 doesnt decay
SQ: Which of the following reproductive strategies is usually associated with males in multimale-multifemale groups?
Sperm competition
What are the three types of relative dating
Stratigraphic Chemical dating Fluorine dating
When primates initially split, what are the names of the two groups?
Strepsirhines / haplorhines
What are the differences between strepsirhines and haplorhines? Which primates are included in these groups?
Strepsirhines: Most primitive primates, less sexually dimorphic, tooth comb, and mostly rely on smell because they are nocturnal, 2.1.3.3 Haplorhines: larger brains, more sexually dimorphic, most diurnal, no tooth comb
SQ: Which type of primate locomotion is associated with long limbs of equal length?
Terrestrial quadrupedalism
What is the arboreal hypothesis?
The proposition that primates' unique suite of traits is an adaptation to living in the trees
What is the visual predation hypothesis?
The proposition that unique primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and on small animals
What is the Angiosperm exploitation hypothesis?
The proposition that unique primate traits arose in response to the availability of fruit and flowers after the spread of angiosperms (flowering plants) (most supported argument for primate origins)
What are the three evolutionary trends that characterize ALL primates?
They are aborreal, have highly flexible diets, and invest a great deal of time in their young
What is chemical dating
Use predictable chemical changes that occur over time
Leaping
Vertical clinging and leaping: trunk stays vertical, short forelimbs and long hindlimbs, strepsirrhines and tarsiers
· What prehistoric primate is the ancestor of Old World monkeys?
Victoriapithecids: miocene primate that is possibly ancestral to OW monkeys
What are omomyids?
euprimates that may be ancestral to tarsiers
SQ: Which evolutionary adaptation provides primates with depth perception
forward facing eyes
sexual dimorphism
given by sexual selection, common in one male multifemale groups (male strategy)
Suspensory climbing
hang from the branches, long forelimbs and short hindlimbs, used by many primates
solitary
interaction between mates is only for sex, orangutans, tarsiers, and most (nocturnal) strepsirhines
sperm competition
large testes = better sperm most common im multifemale multimale groups like chimps (male strategy)
Terrestrial quadrupedalism
long limbs of equal length, short or no tail
dominance hierarchy
maintain dominance with aggressive behaviors, male competition relatively low, multifemale multimale (male strategy)
promiscuity
most common in multimale groups and it confuses paternity, (female strategy)
One female, multimale (polyandry)
most rare social group, only some new world monkeys, advantage, many males help raise offspring
What is the difference between a C3 and C4 plant?
o C3 plants: tend to be more temperate regions o C4 plants: tend to be from warmer regions with low humidity
What are the limitations of the absolute dating methods presented?
o Only organic material o Must be younger than 50,000 years
What factors are needed for fossilization?
o Remains covered soon after death (within a day or so) o Protection from scavengers o Oxygen-free (anoxic) environment limits decomposition o Avoid acidic groundwater/soils that dissolve bone/teeth
What are the functions of bone?
o Support for the body o Attachment for muscles o Protection for organs o Stores minerals o Stores fat o Produces red blood cells
infanticide
often occurs when one male multifemale group has new male conditions: male isnt father, female mates with infanticidal male, shortens inter birth interval (male strategy)
When the haplorhine subgroup anthropoid splits, what are the names of the two groups?
platrryhines / catarrhines
What is a ball and socket joint (include example)?
rounded head of one bone fits into the concave articulation of the adjacent bone; greatest range of motion, ex. shoulder joint, hip joint
Bipedalism
shorter forelimbs than hindlimbs, only humans and birds
all male
temporary groups formed before going to multimale multifemale, often seen in baboons and gorillas
Knuckle-walking quadrupedalism
type of terrestrial quadrupedalism, forelimbs longer than hindlimbs and used by great apes
one male, one female (monogamous)
uncommon!, gibbones, owl and tit monkeys, several strepsirrhines advantages: less competition for males, males invest large amount of time and energy in young