Anthro 2200 Midterm #2

multimale, multifemale

"fission/fusion" is important. many old world monkey, a few new world, chimps and bonobos advanges: competition for mates is low, protection from predators, more effective food acquisition

One male, multifemale (polygyny) aka harem

AKA harem, gorillas, orangutan, some howler monkeys, some langurs, some old world monkeys advantage is the father is sure of his paternity, most common type of social group

What are the three main hypotheses for primate evolution?

Arboreal hypothesis, visual predation hypothesis, angiosperm exploitation hypothesis

What are colobines and cercopithecines?

Both are cercopithecoids, colobines are folivorous and are only arboreal (not terrestrial). Cercopithecines are frugivorous as well as arboreal and terrestrial.

SQ: ______ have a dental formula of 2.1.2.3 and hook-shaped nostrils.

Catarrhines

When the catarrhines split, what are the names of the two groups?

Cercopithecoidea (old world monkeys) / hominoidea

What is fluorine dating

Compares the accumulation of fluorine in bones. More fluorine = buried longer

Be able to calculate dental formula.

Dental formula: the numerical description of species' teeth, listing the number, in one quadrant of the jaws, of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

Sexual swellings

Female physically signal ovulation and estrus, some females fake it. Usually in multimale multifemale group (female strategy)

What features allow for primates' enhanced sense of vision?

Forward-facing eyes and color vision

Know the possible explanations for the origin of platyrrhines, and which is currently most commonly accepted.

Four pictures with globes and how they could swim, rafting, islands

intermembral index

In general, longer forelimbs is above 100, Vertical climbers and leapers: ~70 Bipeds: ~70 Arboreal quadrupeds: ~80-100 Terrestrial quadrupeds: ~80-100 Knuckle-walkers: ~110 Suspensory climbers: ~110-130 Braciators toward the high end

How have primate teeth changed through time?

Lose teeth over time

What is stratigraphic dating

Matches up strata from several different sites

Arboreal quadrupedalism

Most common, walk on top of branches, short limbs of equal length and long tails, platyrrhines, old world monkeys

What is a hinge joint? Give an example.

Move in one direction. Example- Elbow, and knee

What are Plesiadapiforms? Why are they important?

Paleocene organisms (primate-like mammals) that may have been the first primates

Who are the likely ancestors of platyrrhines?

Parapithecids

What is the difference between platyrrhines and catarrhines?

Platyrrhines have prehensile tails/2.1.3.3. dental/ and are new world monkeys, Central and South America, Round nostrils Catarrhines do not have prehensile tails/2.1.2.3 dental/ and are old world monkeys, Africa & Asia, Nostrils are hook-shaped

What are the "dental apes," and why are they called that?

Proconsulids and they are called that because they have cranium and teeth like apes but postcrania like monkeys

Who are the likely ancestors of catarrhines?

Propliopithecids

What are the absolute dating methods, explain a little about them

Radiometric: isotopes (number of neutrons in atoms nucleus), half-lives, radiocarbon dating (A radiometric dating method in which the ratio of 14C to 12C is measured to provide an absolute date) 12 doesnt decay

SQ: Which of the following reproductive strategies is usually associated with males in multimale-multifemale groups?

Sperm competition

What are the three types of relative dating

Stratigraphic Chemical dating Fluorine dating

When primates initially split, what are the names of the two groups?

Strepsirhines / haplorhines

What are the differences between strepsirhines and haplorhines? Which primates are included in these groups?

Strepsirhines: Most primitive primates, less sexually dimorphic, tooth comb, and mostly rely on smell because they are nocturnal, 2.1.3.3 Haplorhines: larger brains, more sexually dimorphic, most diurnal, no tooth comb

SQ: Which type of primate locomotion is associated with long limbs of equal length?

Terrestrial quadrupedalism

What is the arboreal hypothesis?

The proposition that primates' unique suite of traits is an adaptation to living in the trees

What is the visual predation hypothesis?

The proposition that unique primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and on small animals

What is the Angiosperm exploitation hypothesis?

The proposition that unique primate traits arose in response to the availability of fruit and flowers after the spread of angiosperms (flowering plants) (most supported argument for primate origins)

What are the three evolutionary trends that characterize ALL primates?

They are aborreal, have highly flexible diets, and invest a great deal of time in their young

What is chemical dating

Use predictable chemical changes that occur over time

Leaping

Vertical clinging and leaping: trunk stays vertical, short forelimbs and long hindlimbs, strepsirrhines and tarsiers

· What prehistoric primate is the ancestor of Old World monkeys?

Victoriapithecids: miocene primate that is possibly ancestral to OW monkeys

What are omomyids?

euprimates that may be ancestral to tarsiers

SQ: Which evolutionary adaptation provides primates with depth perception

forward facing eyes

sexual dimorphism

given by sexual selection, common in one male multifemale groups (male strategy)

Suspensory climbing

hang from the branches, long forelimbs and short hindlimbs, used by many primates

solitary

interaction between mates is only for sex, orangutans, tarsiers, and most (nocturnal) strepsirhines

sperm competition

large testes = better sperm most common im multifemale multimale groups like chimps (male strategy)

Terrestrial quadrupedalism

long limbs of equal length, short or no tail

dominance hierarchy

maintain dominance with aggressive behaviors, male competition relatively low, multifemale multimale (male strategy)

promiscuity

most common in multimale groups and it confuses paternity, (female strategy)

One female, multimale (polyandry)

most rare social group, only some new world monkeys, advantage, many males help raise offspring

What is the difference between a C3 and C4 plant?

o C3 plants: tend to be more temperate regions o C4 plants: tend to be from warmer regions with low humidity

What are the limitations of the absolute dating methods presented?

o Only organic material o Must be younger than 50,000 years

What factors are needed for fossilization?

o Remains covered soon after death (within a day or so) o Protection from scavengers o Oxygen-free (anoxic) environment limits decomposition o Avoid acidic groundwater/soils that dissolve bone/teeth

What are the functions of bone?

o Support for the body o Attachment for muscles o Protection for organs o Stores minerals o Stores fat o Produces red blood cells

infanticide

often occurs when one male multifemale group has new male conditions: male isnt father, female mates with infanticidal male, shortens inter birth interval (male strategy)

When the haplorhine subgroup anthropoid splits, what are the names of the two groups?

platrryhines / catarrhines

What is a ball and socket joint (include example)?

rounded head of one bone fits into the concave articulation of the adjacent bone; greatest range of motion, ex. shoulder joint, hip joint

Bipedalism

shorter forelimbs than hindlimbs, only humans and birds

all male

temporary groups formed before going to multimale multifemale, often seen in baboons and gorillas

Knuckle-walking quadrupedalism

type of terrestrial quadrupedalism, forelimbs longer than hindlimbs and used by great apes

one male, one female (monogamous)

uncommon!, gibbones, owl and tit monkeys, several strepsirrhines advantages: less competition for males, males invest large amount of time and energy in young