Anthro Final

Katchinas

A kachina is a spirit being in the religious beliefs of the Pueblo peoples, Native American cultures located in the south-western part of the United States. In the Pueblo cultures, kachina rites are practiced by the Hopi, Zuni, Hopi-Tewa, and certain Keresan tribes, as well as in most Pueblo tribes in New Mexico.

At what site in Western North Carolina were two small geometric earthworks recently discovered which, along with an assemblage of scrap pieces of cut mica, suggests the Appalachian peoples were involved with Hopewellian monument and crafting traditions?

Garden Creek

WHAT HAPPENS AS PEOPLE BECOME MORE SEDENTARY AND AGGREGATED?

Group identity-Rules to organize society (social organization)-Leaders

MIDDLE IROQUIANS: 1275 CE TO 1350

Heavily dependent on maize (and bean) agriculture Large communities with longhouses

What although native seed crops supported Native southeastern communities until the contact period, what new crop was introduced during the Mississippian period, making possible the accumulation of surplus that is thought to have driven the emergence of inequality at that time?

Maize

Owasco

Specific pottery formsLonghouses and matrilocal residence associated with nucleated villagesMaize-bean-squash agricultureControversy over whether this is just a continuation of Point Peninsula cultures into the Late Woodland

Archaeologists use differences in pottery styles, burial practices, and house forms, along with changing settlement patterns, to interpret when Iroquoian groups divide into different factions and nations.

True

Mississipian culture

Visible in material culture: shell tempered pottery; wall trench houses, and Southeastern Ceremonial Complex(artifacts, iconography, ceremonies, and mythology that indicate exchange among and/or movement of elites)Shared common elements yet ritual beliefs were very complex and varied region to region; changed significantly over time.

What tribe assisted the colonists at Plymouth, Massachusetts and had 90 warriors share in the "first" Thanksgiving feast in 1621?

Wampanoag

Earliest known Middle Archaic monument site in the Lower Mississippi Valley, consisting of a circular arrangement of mounds

Watson Brake

Burial pond in Florida where organic material culture and the remains of at least 160 Late Archaic people were exceptionally well preserved

Windover

longhouse

a home shared by several related Iroquois families

Archaeologists in the documentary "Pocahontas Revealed" found the location of what type of feature at Werowocomoco, that signaled the separation of the secular and sacred space and indicates this was a sacred, powerful place on the landscape? (Also discussed in the Gallivan 2007 article)

a pair of parallel ditch enclosures

Hohokam

akchin fields, pithouses, ball courts in NM/AZ

Estimates indicate the Native American population was reduced approximately 90% in the 16th century by:

epidemics such as smallpox and influenza

In 1130 CE, Chaco Canyon's population was suddenly forced to leave and abandon their important ritual center due to constant raiding and pillaging by their neighbors. If it was not for this conflict, they likely would have stayed and thrived.

false

birchbark canoe

fast durable lighweight way to travel in the NE easy to carry on land

adena culture

he Adena culture was a Pre-Columbian Native American culture that existed from 800 BCE to 100 CE, in a time known as the Early Woodland period. The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system

soapstone bowls

heavy steatite cooking vessels from the terminal archaic

A sipapu is:

hole or depression in base of kiva that symbolizes the entry from the underworld

down-the-line procurement

source with multiple trade partners

Mission Nuestra Senora de la Soledad

spanish mission

Wampum is:

strings or belts of shell beads that were often used for storytelling, ceremonial gifts, and for recording important agreements

This petroglyph in Chaco Canyon, known as the Sun Dagger site on Fajada Butte, is a calendar used by ancient Chacoan society to track:

the yearly solar cycle (summer and winter solstice, and the equinoxes) the 18.6 year lunar cycle (standstills)

What happens when people become sedentary and aggregate? (select all that apply)

they develop new group identity they develop rules to organize the group (social organization) leaders/leadership arise to manage conflict, organize labor, etc.

ADENA GRAVE GOODS: UTILITARIAN OR CEREMONIAL

Adult men in central tomb (with ceremonial items), others buried with everyday thingsMounds = family lineage, related by common ancestorLeaders = achieved, power derives from kinship and religious knowledge

Chaco Canyon

An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.

Spanish New Spain colonizing

By mid-17th century, dozens of missions are established across La FloridaBy 1830, we have more than 50 missions in the Southwest and a chain in CaliforniaMission policy was for conversion but also for Christian labor force to support Spanish military All of Pardo's forts were summarily burned in 1568, marking the end of Spanish occupation of the Southern Appalachians

What was the first and largest Mississippian city, and included the famous Monks Mound and Mound 72? (One word, please spell correctly)

Cahokia

Chaco trade

Chaco was a resource-poor location; they needed regional and long-distance tradeTurquoise brought in and crafted into ornaments; workshops were common at ChacoMacaws, shell and copper also came into Chaco CanyonChaco Road Network

Which of the following crops was part of the Eastern Agricultural Complex? (select all that apply) (1 pt)

Chenopodium berlandieri (goosefoot) Iva annua (sumpweed) Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin)

CHACOAN POLITICAL ECONOMY

Communalism Model: Equal constituencies with shared power; some gain status by performing activities that support the collectiveInequality Model: Elites controlled staple (food) economy through irrigation and importation, and reinforced status with prestige goods. Leadership required for growing population.

Point Peninsula Complex

EARLY IROQUOIANS: 1000 BCE TO 1100 CEContemporaneous cultures at this time: Laurel, Saugeen, Point Peninsula ComplexStill not sedentary but would gather in larger groups during spring/summer monthsBurial ceremonies, exotic artifacts, exchange hint at alliance-building during this Woodland time period

CONSEQUENCES OF MAIZE

Encourage greater commitment to sedentism and larger population concentrations (fully fledged towns) Storage ability surplus accumulation opportunities for creating social inequality between households and communities AD 800-1000

Native peoples in the Northeast never farmed any cultigens like maize because it was too cold and the growing season was too short.

False

The prehistoric Southwest societies are known for their highly stratified social structure, their early writing system, and their large monumental pyramid constructions.

False

The ritual themes of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex were remarkably consistent across the entire American Southeast, and they underwent no changes throughout the Mississippian period. The central "Birdman" theme was universal from the beginning of the Mississippian period, indicating that southeastern societies all underwent an ideological shift toward individual power ca. AD 1000.

False

The tradition of ring building on the South Atlantic Coast ended around 3000 - 2500 years ago because of the catastrophic sea level rise during the last millennium BC, which completely submerged these sites and their surroundings. (1 pt)

False

When the Haudenosaunee moved their villages every decade or so, they would rebury their dead in an elaborate community ritual known as:

Feast of the Dead

Shell ring off the coast of Georgia where foragers relying on estuarine resources like oysters established semi-permanent settlements during the Late Archaic period

Fig Island

IROQUOIAN SOCIAL ROLES

Formal institutions to counteract disputes: village councils made up of representatives of each clan Hereditary offices within each clan: chiefs (sachems) for war and peace Fortified Middle Iroquoian communities likely appear on western Iroquoian country where conflict with Algonquians was higher

Pueblo Bonito

Large and well-known Great House that became an important ritual center; consisted of at least 600 rooms, multiple clan kivas, and two great kivas - all divided down the middle by a line of rooms, possibly organized to represent the duality of the pueblos

The largest prehispanic structure north of Mexico, situated at Cahokia, is called:

Monks Mound

Draper Site

Native American palisaded village with long house

At what Hopewell site did archaeoastronomers identify monumental alignments to the 18.6-year-long lunar cycle?

Newark Earthworks, Ohio

What exotic material is thought to have been retrieved in "one shot" from Wyoming by Ohio Hopewell travelers?

Obsidian

Casa Riconda

One of the great kivas that sands alone, separate from any Great House structure, and was likely used to mark important astronomical events like the summer solstice

What type of Southwestern architecture is associated with the earliest sedentary Basketmaker villages, and may have served as the template for ceremonial structures called kivas?

Pithouses

Center of a vast Late Archaic interaction sphere where the second largest mound ever erected in North America was built in 30-90 days

Poverty Point

Mogollon

Prehistoric village culture of northern Mexico and southern Arizona/New Mexico mimbres pot

southwest characteristics

Presence: Farming, pottery styles, villages with multi-room architecture Absence: Large cities/monuments,social stratification, writing Maize ca. 1750 BCSquash ca. 1000 BCBeans ca. 500 BCFull fledged agriculture can be identified in parts of the SW about 800 BC, but it does not take off every-where until AD 600.

puebloan oral tradition

Pueblo oral traditions are a continuous dialogue about all aspects of life including beliefs, stories, songs, dances, and skills. Oral traditions were fundamental to the survival of the Ancestral Pueblo people and are integral to the identity of the Pueblo people today. Archaeologists' understanding of Pueblo history derives primarily from the application of the scientific method.

Which of the following is an ascribed status?

Queen of England

CHACO RITUALITY

Ritual exchange model: Chaco controls the ritually salient turquoise exchange system, and becomes ritually important in itselfPilgrimage model: Chaco essentially functioned as a pilgrimage site with monuments and feasts

Which of the following is/are evidence attesting to the large geographic extent of Chacoan interaction? (select all that apply)

Roads linking Chacoan outliers, including steps ascending canyon walls Exotic artifacts such as tropical bird feathers, copper, shell, and cylinder jars with cacao residue

sachems

Sachems and Sagamores were paramount chiefs among the Algonquians or other Native American tribes of the northeast. The two words are anglicizations of cognate terms from different Eastern Algonquian languages. The Sagamore was a lesser chief than the Sachem. Both of these chiefs are elected by their people.

Woodland life

Sedentary forager-farmers•Broadly egalitarian domestic communities of varying sizes•Regular larger-scale aggregations indicative of complex social, political, and ritual relationships

EARLY VILLAGES: BASKETMAKER

Sedentism accelerates ca. AD 200 - 900 with advent of pithouses. AD 700-900, some pithouses were larger and had specialized features. These may have been early kivas - communal ritual structures.

The Haudenosaunee League (also known as the Iroquoian Confederacy) was made up of what five nations?

Seneca Cayuga Onondaga Oneida Mohawk

NE colonial period

The arrival of the Europeans and fur traders created a new, highly volatile political situationClear advantage for neighbors to be closely linked in alliances; so it was easy for Haudenosaunee to utilize their established confederacies

Haudenosaunee Confederacy of the Five Nations

The confederacy, made up of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas was intended as a way to unite the nations and create a peaceful means of decision making. ... The main meeting place was and still exists today on Onondaga territory.

What are archaeologists describing when they refer to the "seasonal round" of Archaic hunter gatherers in Eastern North America? (1 pt)

The seasonal movement of camp locations within a wider territory, in order to best access geographically restricted resources during certain times of the year.

ring people

archaic period monumental rings of shells constructed by american indians

Southeastern Ceremonial Complex

artifacts, iconography, ceremonies, and mythology that indicate exchange among and/or movement of elites

birdstones

ceremonial items produced in the Woodland/Meadowood

With the decline of Chaco, the center of political and social impotence moved to the Mesa Verde area. Unlike at Chaco Canyon, the construction of Puebloan villages along cliffs suggests:

conflict and competition were pushing communities into defensible positions

The highest ranking men at Moundville were buried with:

copper axes

Cliff Palace

puebloans sites in Mesa Verde Co

Chaco Canyon was a resource-poor location, therefore they relied heavily on regional and long-distance trade for raw materials they needed such as lumber for beams in pueblo construction and turquoise for their manufacturing of prestige goods.

true