Anthro Midterm #2 B

The typical catarrhine dental formula is

2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

Chimpanzee material culture dates to

4,000-5,000 yBP.

Which dating method would be most appropriate for establishing the age of a volcanic ash layer from an early hominid site in eastern Africa?

40K/40Ar dating

Food quality is important for feeding success because

Both a and c: A.) high-quality food provides energy and protein that are readily digestible. C.) not all primates have anatomical adaptations to adjust for differences in food quality.

Which type of plants is associated with open grasslands typical of tropical savannas?

C4 plants

Fossils representing most of the living groups of animals (e.g., fish, insects, mammals) derive from the Precambrian eon.

False

Large upper canines in male primates are used primarily for capturing vertebrate prey.

False

Now-fossilized foraminifera with shells enriched in 18O lived during relatively warm periods.

False

Rapid burial after death usually impedes fossilization.

False

Suspensory locomotion is characteristic of macaques.

False

One of the only fossil sites in the world that preserves a great deal of evidence for anthropoid evolution during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs is

Fayum, Egypt.

Examples of culture include all of the following except

Koko the gorilla recognizing herself in the mirror.

The "supercontinent" that existed about 200 mya, from which the modern continents ultimately emerged, is called

Pangaea

________ is a fist-like grip in which the fingers and thumbs wrap around an object in opposite directions.

Power grip

Which geological time period is referred to by geologists as the oldest portion of Earth's history, accounting for roughly 87% of that history?

Precambrian eon

Which of the following is true about the process of fossilization?

Remains must be surrounded by an oxygen-free environment for fossilization to occur.

Which of the following has the greatest likelihood of becoming fossilized?

Teeth

According to the text, humans differ by sex in their ability to adapt to excessive heat.

True

Both undernutrition and overnutrition can lead to cardiovascular disease.

True

Fission-fusion groups break apart and reunite depending on food supply.

True

Loss of body hair during human evolution may have resulted from thermoregulatory adaptation to sweating in hot climates.

True

Valid taxonomic categories include family and tribe.

True

The English surveyor who developed the technique of stratigraphic correlation between regions was

William Smith

While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to move throughout the trees in its enclosure. This is most likely

a New World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.

Research on primate vocalizations shows that

a and b only.: A.)primates must learn to use and respond to vocalizations appropriately. B.)primate vocalizations are modified to reflect context.

In response to changes in food supply, some primate groups

adjust the size of the group.

Although altruistic behavior benefits others while being a disadvantage to the altruistic individual, it likely exists in primate societies because

all of the above.: A.)altruistic behaviors are not directed randomly but toward related individuals. B.) altruistic behaviors are an example of kin selection. C.) altruistic behaviors are likely to be observed in groups where there is high genetic relatedness among individuals.

Phylogeny is important to the study of human evolution because

all of the above: A. in order to understand modern human anatomy and behavior, we must understand our evolutionary relationships to other extinct and living organisms. B. in order to account for changes in our species over time, we need to know what processes drove natural selection. C. it allows us to study our closest living relative in order to better understand how natural selection acted in previous environments.

Which of the following were identified by Sir William le Gros Clark as tendencies of primates?

all of the above: A. the presence of arboreal adaptations B. increased parental investment C. the presence of dietary plasticity

The dating technique in which proteins are examined under high magnification using polarized light is

amino acid dating.

Prehensile tails

are present only in some platyrrhines.

Before adulthood, height deficits can be made up by

both a and b: A.)rapid growth following disruption. B.)longer duration of growth.

In your primate anatomy lab, you are asked to observe the skulls of a male and a female baboon. After examining each skull and making notes about the large difference in canine size, you conclude that

both b and c: B. male baboons are likely to compete regularly for resources, including access to females. C. male baboons of this species disperse from their natal groups and are less likely to be related.

C. Loring Brace argued that the race concept

can be traced to the Renaissance, when seafaring travelers observed differences between people from distant lands.

Primate vocalizations

can serve as subtle social cues to mediate group and individual behavior.

The presence of a honing complex relates to

canine size.

The absolute dating method that involves counting the annual rings visible in the cross-section of a tree is called

dendrochronology.

Primate females invest more in their offspring

due to the relative high level of intelligence in primates.

According to the text, females are less able to tolerate heat than males because

females have a higher body fat content.

Prior to the invention of absolute dating techniques, one of the chemical dating methods useful for establishing the relative age of fossils from a single site was

fluorine dating.

When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses,

full adult height is attained.

Primate females

give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.

The higher the rank of a female primate, the

greater her access to resources, which results in higher birth rates.

The time it takes for 50% of an unstable isotope to decay to a stable form is called the

half-life.

Tarsiers are unique among prosimians because they

have a fovea.

In comparison to Prosimians, anthropoids

have a reduced sense of smell.

The genetic classification for apes and humans

includes three subfamilies within hominids: pongines, gorillines, and hominines.

While conducting a study on hypoxia among individuals living in the Peruvian Andes, you have been able to show that individuals in the population have likely suffered hypoxia and/or resided there for long periods of time. You know this because

individuals who moved to the region as children have greater lung volumes than individuals who moved to the area as adults.

A group of primates at the local zoo includes one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring. It is possible that this group

is a group of howler monkeys.

Sexual dimorphism in canine size

is greater in societies where males compete.

Which of the following are prosimians?

lemurs

Sexual dimorphism in body size is greater in societies where

males compete for access to females.

Sagittal crests are pronounced in some primates with highly developed ________ .

masticatory muscles

Anthropologist Sarah Hrdy has suggested that infanticide

may be an evolved reproductive strategy.

Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations including

opposable thumbs.

Historically speaking, which came first in the science of giving ages to the fossil record?

relative ages

DNA

schedules growth, but environment and events influence actual development.

Dark skin (a result of increased melanin production in equatorial peoples) is likely a response to ultraviolet radiation, because UV radiation can cause

skin cancer.

Functional adaptations to high altitude include all of the following except

smaller diameter of blood vessels.

Chimpanzee tool use challenges the assumption

that material culture is unique to humans.

Ocean-dwelling microorganisms called foraminifera are important in evolutionary studies mainly because

the chemical composition of their shells records past temperatures.

The fact that Turkana children are often initially shorter than American children is indicative of

the fact that growth is often related to nutrition and other environmental factors.

Preadaptation is

the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature's original function.

Primate societies are considered to show diversity in all of the following features except

their reliance on a mother-infant bond for social learning.

Sweating evolved in humans as a response to what?

thermoregulatory adaptation to hair loss in humans

In class your professor shows you an MRI scan of a primate brain. The professor points out the relatively large size of the olfactory bulb beneath the frontal lobe. This suggests to you that

this primate must be a species of prosimian, as that suborder of primates still relies heavily on the sense of smell for many aspects of daily life.

R. C. Lewontin found that human "races" have no taxonomic significance. He demonstrated this

through research indicating that most genetic variation is found across human populations.

The strength and mass of bone

vary with an individual's level of physical activity.

Hypoxia has been shown to be an agent of natural selection because Tibetan women

with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had more surviving children.

Recent paleoenvironmental reconstructions suggest that the earliest members of the hominid lineage evolved in

woodlands along both rivers and lakes.