Anthro Midterm

• bacha posh

"dressed up as a boy", girls disguised as boys, reasons: economic need, social pressure to have sons, superstition that doing so can lead to the birth of a real boy; no legal or religious proscriptions against it, parents make decision, child returns to womanhood with puberty,

race

"race is a process" (racialization), social structure constructed by the culture, racial differences cannot be successfully explained by biology

Brodkin Sacks

"whites" used to just be Nordic Europeans, expanded to Southern and Eastern Europeans and others, affirmative action for Euromales, institutionalized racism

Jenny Nordberg

Bacha posh; girls dressed as boys, Afganistan

Shanshan Du

Chopsticks only Work in Pairs; gender pairs; jobs and stuff; Lahu

Shaylih Muelmann

Cucapá swear words, etc.

Pablo Morales

Defining latino/a as a race/ethnicity in the census

Christine Helliwell

Engendering Sameness; western genders- fundamnetal differences between two human types; assumption of fundamental difference b/w male & female is not a human universal; Southeast Asia- stress sameness b/w women and men

Karen Brodkin Sacks

Euro-Americans advanced post-ww2 because of affirmative action such as GI Bill that wasn't afforded to blacks or women

Alma Gottlieb

Gender and Sexuality; gender may change through one's life

gender

Gender is not something we have, it is something we do (more behavior/culture than biology), gender roles (within the family, occupation), desirable qualities for each gender (femininity, masculinity), shaped by interactions with others/society

Serena Nada

Hijra: Hindu India, "neither man nor women", born as males through ritual surgical transformation become an alternative, third sex/ gender category

• hijra

Hindu India, "neither man nor women", born as males through ritual surgical transformation become an alternative, third sex/ gender category;, adopt the clothing, behavior, and occupations of women, usually have sexual relations with men (as receptors), 'man minus man' and 'man plus woman', female names, demand to be counted as women rather than men in the census, aggressive female sexuality contrasts strongly with submissive demeanor of ordinary women,

Michael Yudell

Race as a biological term was disproved in science, but scientists are still using race/ethnicity to examine differences in .1% of the genome, and racism is still a thing

Jared Diamond

Race as a social construct, blah blah

• "affirmative action for Euromales"

The GI Bill and FHA and VA mortgages were forms of affirmative aciton that allowed Euro-American men to become suburban homeowners and to get the training that allowed them, but not woment vets or war workers, to become professoinals, technitians, salesmen, and managers in a growing economy

McIntosh

White privilege; lists things she doesn't need to worry about; compares it to male privilege and heterosexual privilege

ethnicity

a group whose members share something in terms of culture; a social organization of culture difference; matters personally to individuals; need for selectivity; ethnicity is not a matter of definable degrees or obvious kinds of cultural similarity; whether a group is seen by its members to be different, not whether it 'really' is different; distinctive by others

• institutionalized racism

a pattern of social institutions — such as governmental organizations, schools, banks, and courts of law — giving negative treatment to a group of people based on their race.

gender, sexuality, race, and ethnicity

are culturally constructed systems of meaning with socially real effects (or, as Jenkins states: they are "imagined but not imaginary")

• Triqui farmworkers and ethnic segregation

arm execs (3rd gen of Tanaka bros, and Anglo-American professionals); Administrative Assistants (white, a few Latina US citizens,all female, reception); Crop Managers (in charge of details involved in the efficient production of a specific crop- doesn't say race/ethnicity); supervisors (in chage of crews of 10-20 pickers; most are U.S. Latinos, with a few white citizens, a few mestizo Mexicans, and one indigenous Mixtec Oaxacan (the only Oaxacan not a picker), most live in insulated, year-round labor camp), checkers (local white teenagers, punch beginning and ending times and weigh each bucket of berries); field workers paid per hour (12 men, mostly mestizo mexicans with a few Mixtec Oaxacans, drive tractors between fields and processing plants; 30 rasberry pickers using raspberry harvesters, all are Latinos from Texas); Field workers by weight (white teenage pcikers paid 14 cents/pound but have no minimum weight b/c dont' need ot be paid minimum wage; Apple pickers: 25 people, mostly mestizos with a few MIxtec and Triqui men, highest paid picking; 350-400 strawberry pickers, almost all Triqui, 14 cents/lb but need to pick enough to be paid minimum wage/hour or they'll get fired.) Anglo-American/ Japanese American; U.S. Latino, Mestizo Mexican, Mixtec Mexican, Triqui Mexican

"Unnatural Causes" movie

black ladies having babies too early because of cultural systems of radicalization

• blood quantum vs. hypodescent

blood quantum- qualification for Native American ancesty?; hypodescent- historically applied in the US to African heritage, such that any known African ancestry makes an individual 'black'

• race and ethnicity on the US Census

concepts of race and ethnicity are not mutually exclusive; race is fluid, changing, dynamic; only recognizes Hispanic as an ethnicity, other categories are a race

• third gender

distinguished from male/female within the culture; neither man nor women; majority of Native American groups before European influence had 3rd gener systems, berdache; hijra

"In My Own Skin" movie

ethnicity struggles for middle eastern women

Richard Jenkins

ethnicity; belonging; eastern vs. western Sicilians- political, economic, and other consequences to what it means to be Sicilian

Biolsi

example of hypodecent: African Americans more talked about Hypodecent, any known heritage) whereas Native American protection depends on degree of blood, difference caused by insecurity/division of labor

"Bacha Poch" movie

gender identity as a process or performance, 3rd gender category (not really men or women)

• gender identity as a process or performance

gender identity is shaped by interactions with others, sometimes takes time to realize/develop, sometimes affected by cultural expectations

• dual gender systems

gender identity where the person moves between any two gender identities and behaviors, possibly depending on context

• Lahu gender unity

joint roles as much as possible in all areas, husband-wife dyads, adult only with pair, government as a pair, etc., gender sameness, unity in pairs, men and women used to both have power to give birth, diety is "X-gender"

• Cucapá swear words and indigenous identity

knowing swear words means you're authentic/indigenous, calls out outsider ignorance for those who don't understand the words as "inauthentic," infers connection to the history of their people and their land from before they were "robbed of their language"

"Straightlaced" movie

movie when kids talk about how/why they dress the way they do any how they identify

• ethnic boundary markers

overt characteristics used to denote ethnic group membership, geographic origins, language/dialects, cultural traditions, food, dress, customs, art, etc.

sexuality

people are expected to have a clear sexuality because an unclear sexuality leads to confusion and discomfort, erotic orientation. Homosexual, heterosexual, other

• berdache

primarily male-bodied individuals, each group had own man which translated as 'not-man', cross-dressing, tasks for men & women; 'two-spirit', present in 113 native american groups, often religious and spiritual

Eric C. Thompson

race as a social construct; takes place in specific and historical contexts

Thomas Biolsi

races are simultaneously constructed by history and powerfully constructive of individual experience

• cultural systems of racialization

root in long histories of population contact under conditions of deep inequality, typically privilege European (white) power and prestige, incorporated into lower-status parent group, lower than both parents (mixed groups in Asia), higher than both parents (mixed families in Haiti), distinct status in the middle (Colored in SOuth Africa in the Apartheid regime), status varies (Latin America based on skin tone), assimilating (slowly incorporated into dominant group)

Mary Beth Mills

systems of racialization; how you're defined if you don't "fit" into racial groups- mixed

• white privilege

unearned power conferred systematically; an invisible system conferring racial dominance on white people from their birth

• heterogender sexuality

when there is a third-gender; it is heterogender sexuality to have relations with a gender other than your own