ANTHRO MIDTERM

Research that is guided by a hypothesis is

deductive

Most known Neanderthal sites in W. Europe are located in ______.

in caves and rock shelters

People who have a longstanding connection with their home territory predating colonialism are referred to as _____.

indigenous people

The field of anthropology that studies human language and communication is called ______.

linguistic anthropology

The gender division of labor in the agr. mode of livelihood

means that men work more hours and women work fewer than in horticulture

Anthropologists seek to counter ethnocentrism by:

objectively, accurately, and sensitively representing the diversity of human life and culture.

Archaeologists use which of the following as research materials?

old pottery, stone tools, ruined houses, contemporary garbage heaps.

Given current globalization and the rarity of small, isolated cultures, many contemporary cultural anthropologists have abandoned

participant observation

Cross-culturally, a key task in ag. mainly done by men is

plowing

According to the code of ethics of the American anthropological association, the anthropologists first responsibility is to

protect the people studied front he harm related to the research

An example of work that usually fits into the category of the informal sector is

sex worker

Archaeologist Ian Gilligan differentiates between what two types of clothing and their thermal effectiveness in situations of extreme cold in explaining Neanderthal extinction?

simple and complex

Gorillas live in what type of social group

single-male, multi-female

The theoretical approach which is the view that powerful structures such as economics, politics, and media shape cultures and create entrenched systems of inequality and oppression is referred to in the text as

structurism

On the basis of his experience in the Trobriand Islands during WWI, Malinowski is generally considered to be

the "father" of participant observation

​The difficulty of establishing clear links between genes and behavior has led to the recognition that culture is not part of our DNA. What are we born with that allows us to create culture?

the ability to learn any culture we are born or move into

One thing about which most cultural anthropologists agree is

the importance of fieldwork

The cultural materialist interpretation of the Hindu belief in sacred cows points to _____.

their economic and environmental value.

People's naming of places is called

toponymy

Compared to the pastoralism and horticulture, agriculture is a more land-intensive strategy

true

The main goal of cultural anthropology is to

understand why people behave and think the way they do

When doing fieldwork, establishing rapport

usually happens during the first week

Compared to Malinowski's research in the Trobriands, Weiner's restudy addressed

women's lives

​In 2015, what was the average level of credit card debt per household?

​$15,355

​The concept of culture is a very recent idea and was actually developed without the benefit of any fieldwork whatsoever by:

​Edward Burnett Tylor's work in his home.

Current paleoanthropological evidence indicates that the human ancestral line diverged from that of the living great apes

4-8 million years ago

Modern humans are not part of the primate order

False

The most recently discovered species of Homo, a dwarfed from found on an island in the Pacific has been named______.

Florensiensis

​Which of the following processes is intensifying the exchange and diffusion of people, ideas, and goods. Creating more interaction and engagement among cultures?

Globalization

The two most important factors on which the division of labor is based in horticultural societies are

age and gender

According to the text, micro cultures can be formed on the basis of____.

age, class, race, and gender

Which mode of livelihood has characterized most of human existance

agriculture

Compared to the foraging mode of livelihood the industrial/digital economy mode of livelihood

all choices are correct

An ethnography is

all of the above

A key factor that helps in selecting a research project is

all of the above.

An emit approach focuses on

all of the above.

Most nonhuman primate species are

arboreal, quadrupedal and diurnal

Evidence suggests that the first hominids left Africa

around 2 million years ago

​The export of television shows worldwide and the knowledge of other cultures that is subsequently disseminated to even remote areas of the world are examples of which of the following concepts?

Cosmopolitanism

​What global outlook is emerging in response to increasing globalization linking cultural practices, norms, and values across great distances?

Cosmopolitanism

The advent of computers and deregulation of banking in the 1970s initiated major changes in our financial environment. What was one of the biggest changes?

Credit cards

In the Trobriand Islands, the British colonialists substituted which activity for local warfare

Cricket

​Recognition that our genes are themselves highly susceptible to environmental factors is a body of research called ________.

Epigenetic

Until now, studies of human evolution have focused on ________ percent of our cells that we typically call human.

10

Anthropology is usually divided into four fields, but some people claim that a fifth, known as ________, should be included.

Applied anthropology

​Current estimates suggest that children in the United States view almost 40,000 commercials a year. All of this is accomplished by advertising, which helps us learn how to:

Be successful as consumers

​The credit card industry in the United States is able to extend credit to nearly anyone, even if they are unable to repay the credit card debt. In which population group is this is especially noticeable?

College students

​Family gatherings are often sources of tension when different family members want to "change things up." This reminds us that culture is

Constantly contested, negotiated, and changing

What allows anthropologists to develop a keen understanding of beliefs and practices of others as they conduct fieldwork?

Cultural relativism

​Anthropologists studying female circumcision must be able to suspend their own personal judgment in order to understand the beliefs and practices of others. This is known as?

Cultural relativism

Anthropologists attempting to understand humans and their interactions engage with the idea of ________ as both a definition and theoretical framework.

Culture

​Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) is credited with crafting the first definition of which of the following concepts utilized in anthropology?

Culture

The movement and exchange of material goods and cultural pieces supports which of the following concepts?

Diffusion

​Humans learn culture from the people and cultural institutions that surround them. When does this occur?

During their entire lives

What informal learning process helps you learn culture from family, friends, and the media?

Enculturation

​Margaret Mead's (1901-1979) fieldwork in Samoa was controversial because she examined sexual freedom, and considered sex to be a matter of ________.

Enculturation

Interpretivist anthropologists tend to favor which kind of research approach?

Etic

​Which of the following is defined as the ability to create consent and agreement within a population, sometimes unconsciously?

Hegemony

​Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution, suggested that different cultures arise as the result of different causes, and will vary widely. What do we call his approach?

Historical particularism

​What do we call the process that diminishes the diversity of the world's cultures as a result of foreign influences that inundate local practices, products, and ways of thinking?

Homogenization

What do critics fear that the expansion of these stores (walmart, McDonald's) will do?

Homogenize

species level and within the individual lifespan?

Human becomings

Biological anthropologists focus on _____.

Human evolution and contemporary human variation.

​Recent research has revealed the existence of a kind of "second body" within all humans. What is this called?

Human microbiome

What is one key aspect in how we understand the idea of culture?

Humans learn culture throughout their lives

​Culture as a system includes knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, and artifacts. It also must include which of the following?

Institutions

​Clifford Geertz (1926-2006), urged anthropologists to explore culture as a symbolic system. This meant that symbols and their meanings required a great deal of ________.

Interpretation

Who was among the earliest anthropologists that sought to organize vast quantities of data about the diversity of world cultures that were being accumulated via colonial and missionary enterprises?

Lewis Henry Morgan

​When someone gets sick, this may not simply represent a deficiency in the person's immune system, but a shift in his or her ________.

Microbiome

Cultures are influenced by many different factors, including a constant flow of ideas, goods, and people. What is one of the major ways that people influence culture?

Migration

Many scholars believe the shift in diet was a significant part of how our ancient ancestors adapted so quickly to a varied set of environments. This demonstrates the intimate connection between ________.

Nature and nurture

​Ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people are considered ________.

Norms

​Which of the following is defined as the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence?

Power

​What does anthropologist Eric Wolf believe to be inherent in all relationships?

Power dynamics

The recent changes in same-sex marriage laws reflect what kind of mechanism?

Powerful institutions

Which aspect of culture among American women did Margaret Mead so powerfully contrast?

Repressed sexuality

​Which student of Boas explored the unique patterns and integration of cultural traits and entire cultures?

Ruth Benedict

The earliest known primitive hominid is

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

​Early British anthropological researchers believed they could isolate and scientifically study the structure and function of what?

Society

Many early anthropologists drew from biology to support their work. They believed society, like the human body, was composed of interconnected parts. Each part having a:

Specific function

​What do anthropologists call the uneven distribution of resources and privileges. Aligned with gender, racial or ethnic group, class, age, family, religion, sexuality, or legal status?

Stratification

​In his research conducted in the Trobriand Islands, Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) employed an early form of what type of anthropological theory?

Structural functionalism

​In many Latin American cultures, people greet one another with a kiss on the cheek. In the U.S a hug or a handshake. An anthropologist would call these ________ actions.

Symbolic

​Which of the following is one of four elements an anthropologist considers in attempting to understand the complex workings of a culture?

Symbols

​Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) described two aspects of power. One included material power. What characterized the other aspect?

The ability to create consent and agreement

In deconstructing the Happy Meal, which of these facets of culture and human life would an anthropologist be likely to view as ethnocentric?

The existence of only two genders

​We often find ourselves seeing something as a "natural truth" and viewing any alternative as unthinkable. What is this an expression of?

The hegemony of ideas

​In her book Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street, Karen Ho uses ethnography to explore the ways in which Wall Street bankers are socialized into the temporal life of the market. An examination of the meaning of time among Wall Street bankers is an example of ________.

Thick description

Like humans, most primate species are highly social

True

​The work of many nonanthropologists through the 19th century suggested what theoretical idea about human life that anthropologists applied to culture?

Unilineal cultural

The tendency to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures is known as

cultural universalism

A major theoretical debate exists in cultural anthropology today between _______.

cultural materialists and interpretivist anthropologists.

The fossil Lucy fits in the category of

early hominins

Tapeworm infections in archaic homo likely indicate

eating meat

Which area of study would allow researchers to understand which environmental factors activate genetic predispositions toward violent behavior?

epigenetics

According to the text, economic systems include three components: livelihood, consumption, and

exchange

Clifford Geertz argued that every cultural action is more than the action, It is symbol of deeper meaning, subject to interpretation. What key idea in anthropology did this promote?

​Symbols are a crucial means of understanding other cultures.

​Evolutionary psychologists argue that how we think and behave is hardwired in our DNA. This has led to ideas about differences in men and women. How do anthropologists critique this idea?

​The importance of genetic inheritance is significantly overstated

​Rather than studying changes in organisms caused by alterations of the genetic code itself, epigenetics examines changes caused by:

​environmental factors that switch genes on and off.