ANTHRO MIDTERM
Research that is guided by a hypothesis is
deductive
Most known Neanderthal sites in W. Europe are located in ______.
in caves and rock shelters
People who have a longstanding connection with their home territory predating colonialism are referred to as _____.
indigenous people
The field of anthropology that studies human language and communication is called ______.
linguistic anthropology
The gender division of labor in the agr. mode of livelihood
means that men work more hours and women work fewer than in horticulture
Anthropologists seek to counter ethnocentrism by:
objectively, accurately, and sensitively representing the diversity of human life and culture.
Archaeologists use which of the following as research materials?
old pottery, stone tools, ruined houses, contemporary garbage heaps.
Given current globalization and the rarity of small, isolated cultures, many contemporary cultural anthropologists have abandoned
participant observation
Cross-culturally, a key task in ag. mainly done by men is
plowing
According to the code of ethics of the American anthropological association, the anthropologists first responsibility is to
protect the people studied front he harm related to the research
An example of work that usually fits into the category of the informal sector is
sex worker
Archaeologist Ian Gilligan differentiates between what two types of clothing and their thermal effectiveness in situations of extreme cold in explaining Neanderthal extinction?
simple and complex
Gorillas live in what type of social group
single-male, multi-female
The theoretical approach which is the view that powerful structures such as economics, politics, and media shape cultures and create entrenched systems of inequality and oppression is referred to in the text as
structurism
On the basis of his experience in the Trobriand Islands during WWI, Malinowski is generally considered to be
the "father" of participant observation
The difficulty of establishing clear links between genes and behavior has led to the recognition that culture is not part of our DNA. What are we born with that allows us to create culture?
the ability to learn any culture we are born or move into
One thing about which most cultural anthropologists agree is
the importance of fieldwork
The cultural materialist interpretation of the Hindu belief in sacred cows points to _____.
their economic and environmental value.
People's naming of places is called
toponymy
Compared to the pastoralism and horticulture, agriculture is a more land-intensive strategy
true
The main goal of cultural anthropology is to
understand why people behave and think the way they do
When doing fieldwork, establishing rapport
usually happens during the first week
Compared to Malinowski's research in the Trobriands, Weiner's restudy addressed
women's lives
In 2015, what was the average level of credit card debt per household?
$15,355
The concept of culture is a very recent idea and was actually developed without the benefit of any fieldwork whatsoever by:
Edward Burnett Tylor's work in his home.
Current paleoanthropological evidence indicates that the human ancestral line diverged from that of the living great apes
4-8 million years ago
Modern humans are not part of the primate order
False
The most recently discovered species of Homo, a dwarfed from found on an island in the Pacific has been named______.
Florensiensis
Which of the following processes is intensifying the exchange and diffusion of people, ideas, and goods. Creating more interaction and engagement among cultures?
Globalization
The two most important factors on which the division of labor is based in horticultural societies are
age and gender
According to the text, micro cultures can be formed on the basis of____.
age, class, race, and gender
Which mode of livelihood has characterized most of human existance
agriculture
Compared to the foraging mode of livelihood the industrial/digital economy mode of livelihood
all choices are correct
An ethnography is
all of the above
A key factor that helps in selecting a research project is
all of the above.
An emit approach focuses on
all of the above.
Most nonhuman primate species are
arboreal, quadrupedal and diurnal
Evidence suggests that the first hominids left Africa
around 2 million years ago
The export of television shows worldwide and the knowledge of other cultures that is subsequently disseminated to even remote areas of the world are examples of which of the following concepts?
Cosmopolitanism
What global outlook is emerging in response to increasing globalization linking cultural practices, norms, and values across great distances?
Cosmopolitanism
The advent of computers and deregulation of banking in the 1970s initiated major changes in our financial environment. What was one of the biggest changes?
Credit cards
In the Trobriand Islands, the British colonialists substituted which activity for local warfare
Cricket
Recognition that our genes are themselves highly susceptible to environmental factors is a body of research called ________.
Epigenetic
Until now, studies of human evolution have focused on ________ percent of our cells that we typically call human.
10
Anthropology is usually divided into four fields, but some people claim that a fifth, known as ________, should be included.
Applied anthropology
Current estimates suggest that children in the United States view almost 40,000 commercials a year. All of this is accomplished by advertising, which helps us learn how to:
Be successful as consumers
The credit card industry in the United States is able to extend credit to nearly anyone, even if they are unable to repay the credit card debt. In which population group is this is especially noticeable?
College students
Family gatherings are often sources of tension when different family members want to "change things up." This reminds us that culture is
Constantly contested, negotiated, and changing
What allows anthropologists to develop a keen understanding of beliefs and practices of others as they conduct fieldwork?
Cultural relativism
Anthropologists studying female circumcision must be able to suspend their own personal judgment in order to understand the beliefs and practices of others. This is known as?
Cultural relativism
Anthropologists attempting to understand humans and their interactions engage with the idea of ________ as both a definition and theoretical framework.
Culture
Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) is credited with crafting the first definition of which of the following concepts utilized in anthropology?
Culture
The movement and exchange of material goods and cultural pieces supports which of the following concepts?
Diffusion
Humans learn culture from the people and cultural institutions that surround them. When does this occur?
During their entire lives
What informal learning process helps you learn culture from family, friends, and the media?
Enculturation
Margaret Mead's (1901-1979) fieldwork in Samoa was controversial because she examined sexual freedom, and considered sex to be a matter of ________.
Enculturation
Interpretivist anthropologists tend to favor which kind of research approach?
Etic
Which of the following is defined as the ability to create consent and agreement within a population, sometimes unconsciously?
Hegemony
Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution, suggested that different cultures arise as the result of different causes, and will vary widely. What do we call his approach?
Historical particularism
What do we call the process that diminishes the diversity of the world's cultures as a result of foreign influences that inundate local practices, products, and ways of thinking?
Homogenization
What do critics fear that the expansion of these stores (walmart, McDonald's) will do?
Homogenize
species level and within the individual lifespan?
Human becomings
Biological anthropologists focus on _____.
Human evolution and contemporary human variation.
Recent research has revealed the existence of a kind of "second body" within all humans. What is this called?
Human microbiome
What is one key aspect in how we understand the idea of culture?
Humans learn culture throughout their lives
Culture as a system includes knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, and artifacts. It also must include which of the following?
Institutions
Clifford Geertz (1926-2006), urged anthropologists to explore culture as a symbolic system. This meant that symbols and their meanings required a great deal of ________.
Interpretation
Who was among the earliest anthropologists that sought to organize vast quantities of data about the diversity of world cultures that were being accumulated via colonial and missionary enterprises?
Lewis Henry Morgan
When someone gets sick, this may not simply represent a deficiency in the person's immune system, but a shift in his or her ________.
Microbiome
Cultures are influenced by many different factors, including a constant flow of ideas, goods, and people. What is one of the major ways that people influence culture?
Migration
Many scholars believe the shift in diet was a significant part of how our ancient ancestors adapted so quickly to a varied set of environments. This demonstrates the intimate connection between ________.
Nature and nurture
Ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people are considered ________.
Norms
Which of the following is defined as the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence?
Power
What does anthropologist Eric Wolf believe to be inherent in all relationships?
Power dynamics
The recent changes in same-sex marriage laws reflect what kind of mechanism?
Powerful institutions
Which aspect of culture among American women did Margaret Mead so powerfully contrast?
Repressed sexuality
Which student of Boas explored the unique patterns and integration of cultural traits and entire cultures?
Ruth Benedict
The earliest known primitive hominid is
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Early British anthropological researchers believed they could isolate and scientifically study the structure and function of what?
Society
Many early anthropologists drew from biology to support their work. They believed society, like the human body, was composed of interconnected parts. Each part having a:
Specific function
What do anthropologists call the uneven distribution of resources and privileges. Aligned with gender, racial or ethnic group, class, age, family, religion, sexuality, or legal status?
Stratification
In his research conducted in the Trobriand Islands, Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) employed an early form of what type of anthropological theory?
Structural functionalism
In many Latin American cultures, people greet one another with a kiss on the cheek. In the U.S a hug or a handshake. An anthropologist would call these ________ actions.
Symbolic
Which of the following is one of four elements an anthropologist considers in attempting to understand the complex workings of a culture?
Symbols
Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) described two aspects of power. One included material power. What characterized the other aspect?
The ability to create consent and agreement
In deconstructing the Happy Meal, which of these facets of culture and human life would an anthropologist be likely to view as ethnocentric?
The existence of only two genders
We often find ourselves seeing something as a "natural truth" and viewing any alternative as unthinkable. What is this an expression of?
The hegemony of ideas
In her book Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street, Karen Ho uses ethnography to explore the ways in which Wall Street bankers are socialized into the temporal life of the market. An examination of the meaning of time among Wall Street bankers is an example of ________.
Thick description
Like humans, most primate species are highly social
True
The work of many nonanthropologists through the 19th century suggested what theoretical idea about human life that anthropologists applied to culture?
Unilineal cultural
The tendency to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures is known as
cultural universalism
A major theoretical debate exists in cultural anthropology today between _______.
cultural materialists and interpretivist anthropologists.
The fossil Lucy fits in the category of
early hominins
Tapeworm infections in archaic homo likely indicate
eating meat
Which area of study would allow researchers to understand which environmental factors activate genetic predispositions toward violent behavior?
epigenetics
According to the text, economic systems include three components: livelihood, consumption, and
exchange
Clifford Geertz argued that every cultural action is more than the action, It is symbol of deeper meaning, subject to interpretation. What key idea in anthropology did this promote?
Symbols are a crucial means of understanding other cultures.
Evolutionary psychologists argue that how we think and behave is hardwired in our DNA. This has led to ideas about differences in men and women. How do anthropologists critique this idea?
The importance of genetic inheritance is significantly overstated
Rather than studying changes in organisms caused by alterations of the genetic code itself, epigenetics examines changes caused by:
environmental factors that switch genes on and off.
