Anthro Test 2

The first civilizations were present by about __________ B.C.

3,500

Writing is about ________ years old.

6,000

The first clear indication of a changeover to food production took place in the Near East about __________ BC

8,000

Anatomically modern humans first evolved in

Africa

Which of the following areas was not a primary location for the origin of agriculture?

Africa

Which of these innovations appeared during the Upper Paleolithic?

Art

The most supported alternative to the Beringia model of movement of Native Americans is that they came to the Americas from __________.

Asia by boat

Which of these is the earliest evidence of art?

Carvings on stone and bone

Most archaeologists believe that the __________ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication.

Fertile Crescent

Which civilization is believed to have collapsed due to environmental degradation?

Mayan

Where would you expect to find the earliest examples of states in the archaeological record

Mesopotamia

How did the environmental change at the end of the Upper Paleolithic affect hunting patterns?

The density of big game animals decreased, forcing people to shift their attention to plants, fish, and small game.

Why does health often suffer in cities?

The high population allows infectious diseases to flourish

__________ theorized that long-distance trade led to the development of the state

Wright and Johnson

What is one of the major consequences of horticulture?

a more sedentary way of life

Children learn spoken language at __________.

about the same age in all cultures

What is the term that refers to cultural changes when two cultures come into extensive contact, especially when one culture is more powerful than the other?

acculturation

Ethnographers are focusing more explicitly now on the importance of the individual in bringing about change. This is called individual __________

agency

The subjects of European cave paintings are mostly __________.

animals

Cross-cultural studies of child rearing habits have shown that compared to non-Western societies, American parents __________.

are less likely to breast-feed on demand

During the Upper Paleolithic the world experienced the last ice age. At this time, the world's temperature was __________.

as much as 50°F lower than today's temperature

The Mesoamerican wild grass teosinte led to today's domesticated __________.

corn

Methodological relativism states that

cultural practices can be understood relative to the culture in which they exist

The first form of writing found in Sumer and dating to around 3000 BC is known as __________.

cuneiform

What is the first domesticated animal?

dog

__________ is making an evaluation (usually negative) on the goodness or badness of another culture from the perspective of one's own culture

ethnocentrism

In the state, many people are relieved of the need for __________.

food production

Non-human forms of communication show no evidence of the use of

grammar

When would a toolmaker use pressure flaking?

in the final stages of retouching a tool

Creoles are languages that

incorporate elements of two languages to create a new language

Which of the following is part of the state's infrastructure

irrigation systems

Humans are very unusual among mammals in our __________.

long post-reproductive life span for females

__________ is often given as a reason for the decline of the Roman Empire.

over extension

The invention and spread of agriculture quickly led to

rapid population growth

Cross-cultural studies have shown that both cognitive abilities among children and their ability to think abstractly are influenced by how much __________ they receive.

schooling

Archaeologists can determine if an ancient society had different socioeconomic classes of people by looking at

the differences in house size and furnishing

Many facial expressions of emotion are

the same cross-culturally

A study comparing Japanese and American facial expressions found that __________.

the two had similar expressions in private, but the Japanese participants tried to mask their feelings in front of authority figures

Diffusion is the process by which

traits are spread from one culture to another

Parental encouragement of violence is associated cross-culturally with a society's involvement in __________

war